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WORLD WAR II
WWI Peace Treaty Fails Did not create
a just and secure peace as hoped
Germans saw nothing fair in treaty
A Weak League Of Nations
Joseph Stalin
1917: Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas out, Stalin in
began an agricultural and industrial restructuring
5 year plan: a campaign to build massive state-owned factories, steel mills, and power plants.
Became a vast police state
Totalitarian govt
Benito Mussolini establishing a totalitarian
regime in Italy 1921 established Fascist
party: a new political movements that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator, state comes first and individual liberty is secondary
Arises in a time of crisis promising to revive an earlier era of glory
young men wearing black shirts provided security
Adolf Hitler been a jobless soldier
drifting around Ger, joined struggling group called National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party), soon became leader
Mein Kampf dreamed of uniting all
Ger speaking people in a great Ger empire
GD helped the Nazis come power
Militarists and Japan Nationalist military leaders in
Jap wanted control of their govt, wanted more living space for a growing population, ignoring protests of more moderate Jap officials,
General Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister
the militarists launched a surprise invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931, Jap troops controlled the entire province
Success of Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Jap govt
League Of Nations
intended to serve as an instrument of international law, could impose boycotts and other economic sanctions,
weak organization (partly b/c US was not a member)
failed to respond to Japan’s challenges
Hitler’s first steps 1933 Hitler took
Ger out of League of Nations
1935 Began Military buildup in violation of Versailles treaty (L of N did nothing in response)
1936 sent troops to Rhineland
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Signed the Berlin Axis Pact
Mussolini’s first steps
began building a new Roman Empire First target Ethiopia, Africa’s only
remaining independent country
Emperor Haile Selassie
US Response US believed should not get involved,
joined 61 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact in which they pledged never to make war again
Antiwar feeling became all the rage FDR kept up US policy of isolationism Good Neighbor Policy Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937
5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:
Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.
Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].
Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up.
Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!
Hitler’s New Empire Looked to Austria and Czechoslovakia http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map36wii.jpg
Austria: Hitler bullied Schuschnigg into signing an agreement to bring Austrian Nazis into his govt
Czech: Sudetenland housed 3 million Ger speaking people which was broke up after WWI; ), Hitler charged that Czechs were abusing Sudeten Ger and he began massing troops on Czech border
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Hitler claimed that Sudetenland would be his last conquest
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop &
Molotov
Hitler’s New Empire
policy of appeasement Hitler then has eyes set on Poland nonaggression pact Sept 1, 1939 Ger invaded Pol using
Blitzkrieg BR and Fr declared war on Ger Sept 3
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
Phony War
Maginot Line Siegfried Line Ger called this
warfare sitzkrieg (sitting war) and GB called it Phony war.
Soviet Union first broke peace
European Theater of Operations
European Theater of Operations
France and Britain
Fr set up fortifications on Maginot Line and Ger was about to pass with the invasion of Belgium,
GB troops were eventually sent back across the channel,
Italy entered into the war on the side of Ger and invaded Fr from the south as the Ger closed in on Paris from the north,
Hitler handed Fr officers his terms to surrender, turned Fr into a Nazi control puppet govt headed by Petain.
Charles de Gaulle (Fr general) fled to England
France SurrendersJune, 1940
France SurrendersJune, 1940
The French ResistanceThe French Resistance
The Free French
General Charles DeGaulle
The Maquis
Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!
Battle of Britain Germany felt their victory over England
was only a matter of time. Ger launched an air war as well as a
naval battle, b/c their navy could not compete with GB navy.
Luftwaffe v. Br Royal Air Force
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
The Holocaust
April 4, 1933, Hitler orders all “non-Aryans” to be removed from government jobs.
Many Ger looking for a scapegoat
Nuremberg Laws Identification of Jews Kristallnacht Other countries did not
want the massive amount of Jews either.
St. Louis
Final Solution Jews healthy enough to work were sent to
labor camps to perform slave labor, rest sent to extermination camps,
This became known as GENOCIDE Final Solution rested on their belief that
“Aryans” were a superior people and that the strength and purity of this “master race” must be preserved.
“special treatment” centers
Concentration Camps
began implementing final solution in Poland,
Nazis murder squads were assigned to round up Jews, strip them of their clothing and shoot them in cold blood,
Jews were herded to ghettos(Jewish sections) to live
Crematoria at Majdanek
Entrance to Auschwitz:
Work Makes You Free
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Eli Wiesel
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Extermination
Ger built six death camps in Poland
Auschwitz: Bodies were buried
in large pits Prisoners were also
shot, hanged, or injected with poison. Camp doctors would perform experiments on some victims
US gathering Force
Sept 8, 1939 FDR announced that he was calling a special session of Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts.
cash-and-carry Neutrality Act of 1939 Tripartite Pact (Known as Axis powers) 1940 Congress passed first peacetime
draft lend and lease
1939 Neutrality Act5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:
The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.
5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.
5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
Great Britain......31 billion Soviet Union......$11 billion
France…...........$3 billionChina..............$1.5 billionOther European…$500 millionSouth America..$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Hitler invades SU
June 22, 1941 Hitler ignored peace treaty with Stalin and invaded SU.
SU employed scorched-earth policy FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to
the SU
US meets with BR FDR and Churchill
secretly met abroad coast of Newfoundland,
Atlantic Charter, y Roosevelt and
Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941.
y Solidifies alliance.y Fashioned after
Wilson’s 14 Points.y Calls for League of
Nations type organization.
Japan’s expansions dreamed of
creating a vast colonial empire that would stretch from Manchuria and China south to Thailand and Indonesia,
http://www.asiaonline.com.au/images/asia_map.gif
Only US and it’s Pacific Islands stood in the way, Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister of Jap, said he would make attempt to keep peace with Amer Nov 5, 1941 day that Tojo special “peace” envoy flew to Washington for talks, the PM ordered the Jap navy to prepare for an attack on the US Jap codes broken and knew Jap was preparing for a strike, didn’t know when/where attack was going to happen
Japan’s expansions
late Nov FDR sent out “war warning” to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam and Philippines
Dec 6, 1941 Pres received a decoded message that had been intercepted for Jap to reject all US peace proposals,
FDR said this means war, Dec 7 Pearl Harbor was attacked last until about 9:30am, for Jap this was a stunning victory, crippling the US Pacific Fleet,
FDR: radio address “day that will live in infamy” next day went to Congress asking to declare war, Congress quickly voted Yes. 3 days later Ger and Italy declared war on US
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of WarPresident Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War
USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
