Durian

Flying fox

Smells Like Hell, Taste Like Heaven? – YouTube

Bizarre Foods (Asia) [part 6] LAST PART – YouTube

ANGRY BOB CONQUERS THE DURIAN FRUIT – YouTube

FRUIT BAT – YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FK9t

WT5pA4Flying fox bat fighting a Python – YouTub

ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=l

7K5dhiuYT4&feature=endscreen

Keystone Species in Tropical Forests

Mutualism

What is the niche of the flying fox?

What happens if the flying fox becomes extinct?

Key Concepts

Community structureCommunity structure

Roles of speciesRoles of species

Species interactionsSpecies interactions

Changes in ecosystemsChanges in ecosystems

Stability of ecosystemsStability of ecosystems

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Can be changed by three things:Latitude

Depth

Pollution

1. Latitude1. Latitude1. Latitude1. Latitude

Fig. 7-3 p. 142Fig. 7-3 p. 142

Sp

ecie

s D

iver

sity

Sp

ecie

s D

iver

sity

Sp

ecie

s D

iver

sity

Sp

ecie

s D

iver

sity

1,0001,000

100100

1010

LatitudeLatitude

80ºN80ºN 6060 4040 2020 00

200200

100100

0090ºN90ºN 6060 3030 00 30ºS30ºS 6060

LatitudeLatitude

http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/ecosystems/ecology.html

Depth Depth – diversity decreases with – diversity decreases with increasing ocean water depthincreasing ocean water depthCoral reefsCoastal areasOpen oceansDeep oceanHydrothermal vents

Number of individuals per diatom species

Nu

mb

er o

f d

iato

m s

pec

ies

Unpollutedstream

Pollutedstream

Fig. 7-4, p. 142

3. Pollution - Changes in Diversity and Abundance of Diatom Species

Community Structure

Physical appearanceSpecies diversity or richnessSpecies abundanceNiche structure

Parking lot community

High

Low

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

Equilibrium number

Immigration and extinction rates

Number of species on island

(a)

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Fig. 7-5a, p. 143

C. Species Equilibrium Model

High

Low

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

Small island

Effect of island size

Number of species on island

(b)

Large island

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Fig. 7-5b, p. 143

Effect of distance from mainland

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

High

Low

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

Far island

Number of species on island

Near island

Immigration(near island)

Immigration(far island)

Extinction

Fig. 7-5c, p. 143

Island biogeography animation

Click to view animation.

Area and distance effects interaction.

D. The Ecological Niche

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Niche - conditions and resources influence the maintenance, growth, and reproduction of organisms

practically it is not possible to describe all conditions and resources that influence an organism, so ecologist focus on the most important niche parameters.

for example: temperature may be the most important niche parameter for a plant growing at the northern limit of the range.

1. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

a. fundamental niche: the full range of conditions and resources that an organism could theoretically use in the absence of competition with other species.

b. realized niche: the portion of the fundamental niche that an organism actually occupies; actual range of conditions and resources that an organism uses.

2. Generalists vs. Specialists

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

a. generalists have broad niches;

b. specialists have narrow niches

Examples?

E. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of SpeciesE. General Types of Species

1.1. Native speciesNative species – species that normally live and thrive in an ecosystem

2.2. Non-nativeNon-native species (exotic, alien, introduced) – species that migrate into ecosystem, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced by humans, some beneficial, others thrive and out-compete native species

General Types of Species cont’dGeneral Types of Species cont’da. Introduced speciesIntroduced species – see aboveb. b. Invasive speciesInvasive species – non-native species that

has become a pest Fire Ants

3. 3. Keystone speciesKeystone species – role is important, more so than their abundance or biomass

Flying Fox

4. 4. Indicator speciesIndicator species – serve as an early warning sign of damage to community or ecosystem.

Birds, insects, amphibians

sperm

Eggs

Sexualreproduction

Fertilized eggdevelopment

Organ formation

Egg hatches

Tadpole

TadpoledevelopsInto frog

Young frogAdult frog(3 years)

Fig. 7-6, p. 145

Life Cycle of a Frog-indicator species

F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition

a. Intraspecific competition

- same species

b. Interspecific competition

-diff. species same resource

a. Intraspecific competition

- same species

b. Interspecific competition

-diff. species same resource

Fig. 7-8, p. 148

Resource Partitioning of Warbler Species

Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. For example, specialized feeding niches of various birds of coastal wetland enable coexistenceof many species.

Fig. 9–4a

c. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization

Fig. 7-7, p. 147

Species interactions-Symbiosis

CompetitionPredationParasitismMutualismCommensalism

ResearchPredationParasitismMutualismCommensalismInvasive speciesNative speciesIndicator speciesKeystone species

Click to view animation.

f. Competitive Exclusion Principlef. Competitive Exclusion Principle

Gause's competition experiment interaction.

2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation2. Species Interactions: Predation

PredatorPredator PredatorPredator

PreyPrey PreyPrey

c. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 typesc. Prey acquisition – 2 types

d. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidanced. Predator avoidance

e. Defensee. Defensee. Defensee. Defense

Avoiding or Defending Against PredatorsAvoiding or Defending Against Predators

Escape Escape Senses Senses Armor Armor Camouflage Camouflage

Chemical warfare Chemical warfare

Warning coloration Warning coloration

Mimicry Mimicry

Safety in numbers Safety in numbers

Behavioral strategies Behavioral strategies

Avoidance Defense

Both

Span worm Bombardier beetle

Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly

Foul-tasting monarch butterfly

Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake

Wandering leaf insect

Hind wings of io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal

p. 169How Species Avoid Predators

3. Species Interactions: Parasitism 3. Species Interactions: Parasitism

ParasiteParasite ParasiteParasite

HostHost HostHost

Dangers of parasitesDangers of parasites Dangers of parasitesDangers of parasites

Importance of parasitesImportance of parasites Importance of parasitesImportance of parasites

4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism4. Species Interactions: Mutualism

Pollination Pollination Pollination Pollination Nutritional Nutritional Nutritional Nutritional Gut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsGut inhabitantsProtectionProtectionRhizobiumRhizobium and legumes and legumes

ProtectionProtectionRhizobiumRhizobium and legumes and legumes

a.a. ExamplesExamplesa.a. ExamplesExamples

5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism5. Species Interactions: Commensalism

Species interaction that benefits one Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the otherand has little or no effect on the other

Species interaction that benefits one Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the otherand has little or no effect on the other

Symbiosis

Species 1

Sp.

2+ - 0

+

-

0

Mutualism& Synergism

Predation& Parasitism

Commensalism

Competition

Amensalism Neutralism

APES Chapter 7

Community Ecology Part 2

What is a bee’s niche?

YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS

Diversity

Succession. Animation.

G. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionG. Ecological SuccessionProcess in which communities of plant and animals species are replaced over time by a series of different communities

Enchanted Rock

Two kinds of SuccessionTwo kinds of Succession

1. Primary succession - 1. Primary succession - begins with a lifeless area where there is no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss.

2. Secondary succession - 2. Secondary succession - begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain.

1. Primary Succession

1. Primary Ecological Succession

Fig. 7-11 p. 152

Click here for animation

2. Secondary Ecological Succession2. Secondary Ecological Succession

Fig. 7-12, p. 153

Succession

3. Pioneer species 3. Pioneer species pioneer pioneer communitycommunity

4. Equilibrium species4. Equilibrium species5. Successional species = 5. Successional species =

pioneer & equilibrium speciespioneer & equilibrium species

6. Climax species 6. Climax species climax climax communitycommunity

(Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s)

Mechanisms of SuccessionMechanisms of Succession

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Both primary and secondary succession are driven by three mechanisms:

• facilitation: a process by which an earlier successional species makes the environment suitable for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing nitrogen can enable later successional species;

• inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders the establishment and growth of other species; e.g., shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of early successional trees;

• tolerance: a process whereby later successional species are unaffected by earlier successional species.

6. Effects on Succession and Species Diversity

a. Disturbancea. Disturbancea. Disturbancea. Disturbance

b. Intermediate b. Intermediate disturbance disturbance hypothesishypothesis

b. Intermediate b. Intermediate disturbance disturbance hypothesishypothesis

Harvester ant mound

1000Percentage disturbance

Sp

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sity

Fig. 7-13, p. 154

6 b. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

7. How Predictable is Succession?

Climax communityClimax communityClimax communityClimax community

““Balance of nature”Balance of nature”““Balance of nature”Balance of nature”

Unpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggleUnpredictable struggle

Ecologists’ viewsEcologists’ viewsEcologists’ viewsEcologists’ views

H. Ecological Stability and SustainabilityH. Ecological Stability and Sustainability

1. Stability1. Stability1. Stability1. Stability

2. Inertia2. Inertia2. Inertia2. Inertia

3. Persistence3. Persistence3. Persistence3. Persistence

4. Constancy4. Constancy4. Constancy4. Constancy

5. Resilience5. Resilience5. Resilience5. Resilience

6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability

7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle7. Precautionary principle

Grizzlybear

NORTHAMERICA

Spottedowl

Black-footedferret

Kemp’sridleyturtle

Californiacondor

Goldentoad

Columbia haslost one-third ofits forest

Black liontamarin

SOUTHAMERICA

More than 60% of thePacific Northwestcoastal forest hasbeen cut down40% of North America’srange and croplandhas lost productivity

Hawaiianmonk seal

Half of the forestin Honduras andNicaragua hasdisappeared

Mangrovesclearedin Equador for shrimp ponds

SouthernChile’s rainforest isthreatened

Little of Brazil’sAtlantic forestremains

Every year 14,000square kilometers ofrain forest is destroyedin the Amazon Basin

Coral reef destruction

Much of Everglades National Park has dried outand lost 90% of its wading birds

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Manatee

Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted

Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen42% since its peak in 1973

Humpbackwhale

St. Lawrencebeluga whaleEastern

cougar

Floridapanther

Environmental degradation

Vanishing biodiversity

Endangered species

6.0 or more childrenper woman

Fig. 7-14a, p. 156

I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation

EUROPE

Mediterranean

LiberiaAFRICA

Imperial eagle

640,000 square kilometerssouth of the Sahara haveturned to desert since 1940

MaliBurkinaFaso

SierraLeone Togo

Sao Tome68% of theCongo’srain forestis slatedfor cleaning

Fish catches inSoutheast Atlantichave dropped by morethan 50% since 1973

Blackrhinoceros

Zambia

Angola

CongoRwandaBurundi

UgandaSomalia

NigeriaChad

NigerBenin Golden

tamarin

Ethiopia

Eritrea

Madagascar haslost 66% of itstropical forest

Aye-aye

YemenOman

SaudiArabia

Poland is one ofthe world’s mostpolluted countries

Many parts offormer Soviet Unionare polluted withindustrial and radio-active waste

Area ofAral Sea hasShrunk 46%

Central Asia from theMiddle East to Chinahas lost 72% of rangeand cropland

ASIA

Asianelephant

India andSri Lankahave almostno rainforest left

In peninsular Malaysiaalmost all forests havebeen cut

INDIAN OCEAN

Indonesia’scoral reefs arethreatenedandmangroveforestshave beencut in half

Giantpanda

Kouprey

Queen Alexandra’sBirdwing butterfly

Nail-tailedwallaby

AUSTALIA

Much ofAustralia’srange andcroplandhave turnedto desert

90% of the coral reefsare threatened in thePhilippines. All virginforest will be goneby 2010

Deforestation in the Himalayacauses flooding in Bangladesh

Japanese timber importsare responsible for muchof the world’s tropicaldeforestation

Blue whale

ANTARCTICA

A thinning of the ozone layer occursover Antarctica during summer

Snow leopard

Fig. 7-14b, p. 157

I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation

Random Sampling lab

Groups of 2-3 peopleMaterials:

ScissorsPaperRulerTwo containersPencilCalculator