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2021CORROSION MANAGEMENT

Corrosion Managementwww.icorr.org

Corrosion Management • Circulation of 1500 subscribers.

• Published bimonthly – 6 issues a year.

• 75% of subscribers UK Based.

• Majority of readers employed at senior level as decision makers and specifiers in their field.

• The main focus of each issue is a themed technical article (see the features list on the back page).

• Editorial also includes: Institute News, Industry News, Innovative Products, Diary of Events, Recruitment and currently the Sustaining Members Directory.

www.icorr.org • All the latest industry news is updated on a regular basis.

• Conferences and events can be booked online.

• Visitors can ‘find an expert’ using our full searchable business directory.

• Visitors can also access information about the Institute and its activities as well as applying for membership online.

Key Facts

The leading Journal and Website for corrosion control and prevention, Corrosion Management is published bi-monthly and is sent to subscribers throughout the world.

www.icorr.org complements Corrosion Management as the Institute’s official website. Both the journal and the website are read by a large international audience of academics and professionals in the field of corrosion science, technology and engineering management.

Institute News

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Technical Article Technical Article

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Reinforced Concrete Structures, Part 1 - Corrosion Assessment Methodologies and TechniquesAhmed Mahgoub, Cathodic Protection Specialist, Saipem SA. Paris, France.

In reinforced steel or prestressed concrete structures, corrosion attack is generally very low due to the high alkalinity of the concrete environment. The reason for this protection is the passive layer formed on the steel surface, which provides adequate corrosion resistance. The long-term durability of this protection is related to the stability of the conditions necessary for the passive layer formation. Depending on concrete quality and the construction, this passivation can be neutralised under certain environmental conditions, eg by carbonation or chloride ingress, leading to a de-passivation of the reinforcement surface. As a result, corrosion of the steel may occur. Consequently, and due to the volume expansion of the iron oxide reaction products produced, cracks or spalling of the concrete cover can develop. This is shown graphically in Figure 1.

Deterioration due to corrosion is a key issue affecting the durability, safety, and sustainability of buildings and structures. Therefore, it is important to provide suitable protection and offer appropriate repair methods for structures vulnerable to the degrading effects of corrosion. The first step of implementing any repair strategy is by determining the level of degradation undergone by exposed concrete structures. However, there is a lack of published uniform information in this field. This article

describes the tests available for determining the level of deterioration based on published standards and codes, with particular attention given to carbonation issues and chloride ion attack, and explains in detail the tests selected for reinforced concrete cooling tower structures in a petrochemical plant. This article also aims to contribute to this sector by providing a readily available reference for practitioners on the current state of knowledge on corrosion and repair strategies for reinforced concrete cooling towers.

Causes of Corrosion in Concrete There are two main causes of corrosion of steel in concrete, these are chloride attack and carbonation. These mechanisms are unusual in that they do not attack the integrity of the concrete. Instead, aggressive chemical species pass through the pores and attack the steel, whereas other acids and aggressive ions, such as sulphate, destroy the integrity of the concrete before the steel is affected.

Carbonation is the result of the interaction of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere with the alkaline hydroxides in the concrete. Like many other gases, carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acid. Unlike most other acids, the carbonic acid does not attack the cement paste,

but just neutralises the alkalis in the pore water to mainly form calcium carbonate which then lines the pores.

There is an excess of calcium hydroxide in the concrete that can dissolve in the pore water. This helps maintain the pH at its usual level of 12–13 as the carbonation reaction occurs. However, as carbon dioxide continues to react with the calcium (and other) hydroxides in solution eventually all this calcium hydroxide reacts, precipitating calcium carbonate and allowing the pH to fall to a level at which steel will corrode.

Carbonation damage occurs most rapidly when there is little concrete cover of the reinforcing steel. It can also occur when the cover is high but the pore structure is open allowing rapid CO2 ingress, and when alkaline reserves in the pores are low. This occurs when there is a low cement content, high water cement ratio and poor curing of the concrete.

Carbonation is common on old structures and badly built structures (particularly buildings), however carbonation is rare on modern highway bridges and other civil engineering structures where water cement ratios are low, cement contents are high with good compaction and curing, and enough cover to prevent the carbonation front advancing into the concrete to any significant extent. Wet dry cycling will accelerate Figure.1. Illustration of the corrosion process.

Technical Article Technical Article

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Bill Hedges, President, Institute of Corrosion

Advertising OpportunitiesWe have a range of advertising opportunities in Corrosion Management Magazine. However because this is a technical journal, space is limited and is booked on a first come first served basis.

Display AdvertisingWe have a number of display advertising slots available throughout the magazine which can be booked at the following rates:

Full page (w)210mm x (h)297mm £800.00

Half Page (w)190mm x (h)130mm £495.00

Quarter page (w)90mm x (h)130mm £395.00

Prime PositionsThe inside front cover and inside back cover are our prime advertising positions. These prime positions are offered to Sustaining member companies free of charge and attract a 25% loading charge for all other advertisers.

Series DiscountWe are pleased to offer a range of series discounts to advertisers. Series bookings are billed in full after the first insertion.

2 insertions – 5% discount

3 insertions – 10% discount

4 insertions – 15% discount

5 insertions – 20% discount

6 insertions – 35% discount

Recruitment AdvertisingAdvertising your vacancy in Corrosion Management is an extremely effective way of reaching corrosion related professionals and academics. Backed by our online Job Board it offers the perfect platform for corrosion related professionals.

Full Page – £1200.00

Half Page – £700.00

Quarter page – £450.00

Online Job Board£195.00 + VAT if placed in conjunction with an advertisement in the magazine£295.00 + VAT Web posting only, for 30 days

Leaflet InsertsWe can design, print and insert your leaflets into Corrosion Management, or if you prefer to supply your own leaflets, we will insert them in the magazine.

Design, print and insert an A5 double sided leafle – £595.00

Design, print and insert an A5 four page or A4 two page leaflet – £845.00

Insertion of you own leaflets (Maximum A4 sheet) – £295.00

Sustaining Members DiscountAll our sustaining member companies enjoy a 15% discount in addition to our standard discount structure.

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stanDaRDs NACE TG461 Measuring Hull Roughness of Vessels While in Dry-dock (Draft standard)

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HULL ROUGHNESS GAUGE / GENERAL pURpOSE pROFILOmEtERTQC has made the next evolutionary step in hull roughness surveys. Surpassing the industrial standards with an easy to operate 4-way directional push button, graphical represen-tations, storage of data in multiple batches and survey reports in Microsoft Excel®. The whole system fits into a small sized waterproof rugged casing that is allowed as carry on travel luggage and benefits your overseas travel plans.

Controlling the roughness of a ship’s hull plays an important role in the operating costs of a vessel. The roughness of a ship’s hull increases mainly due to corrosion, pitting, plate undulation, mechanical damage, dry spray and above all bio fouling. Proper maintenance and the correct application of high-end anti-fouling coatings reduce the hydrodynamic effects and will lead to significant savings on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

The hull roughness is measured during in-docking and out-docking. The Hull Roughness Gauge measures the AHR value (Average Hull Roughness) of sea going vessels. AHR is the ‘mean’ of all the vessel’s hull roughness readings and is the measure against which ship’s performance is correlated.All profile measurements The new adjustable RT parameter suits all general purpose profile measurements like windmill blades, aircraft wings etc.

Significant savings The TQC Hull roughness Gauge consists of a Control unit and a Sensor unit. The Hull Roughness Control unit can be operated with just one hand, a 4-way directional push button operates an intuitive menu on a large illuminated display. The neck strap keeps the users’ hands free when required.

The Sensor unit is equipped with three non-slip wheels and a carbide tipped stylus and is moved over the ship’s hull in a horizontal way collecting series of measurements. A set of LED’s indicate the status of the instrument so operation is possible without observing the control unit.

Statistics, time/date and location of each series and the average hull roughness are automatically calculated and stored in the Control unit. Using the supplied USB-cable and software you instantly create inspection reports in Microsoft Excel. Your own company logo and or -details can be incorporated to restyle your reports.

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FEATURES Easy to operate 4-way directional push button Storage of data in multiple batches Survey reports in Microsoft Excel® Rugged casing

Suits all general purpose profile measurements

inspection equipment for quality control and assurance during blasting and coating

Hardness

lCoating Thickness dry / wet lEnvironmental conditionslSurface CleanlinesslInspection toolslSoluble SaltslAdhesionlHardness lPorosity lProfilelEtc.

2021 Features ListTo help you target your advertising effectively we have developed a features list for 2021:

January/February issue Pipelines March/April issueTesting / Corrosion Mechanisms May/June issueCP Planning and Monitoring July/August issuePetrochem September/October issue Bridges November/December issue Oil and Gas

To advertise in Corrosion Management Magazine please contact: Debbie Hardwick or Jonathan Phillips on 0114 273 0132

Email debbie@squareone.co.uk or jonathan@squareone.co.uk

Institute News

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Technical Article

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Storage and processing tanks are used throughout the oil and gas industry for the bulk containment of fluids at different stages of the refining process. Generally, products are stored for a short time before being transported for further processing. Ensuring tanks are protected from corrosion and making sure highly volatile products are safely stored, and protected from contamination or degradation, is both a safety and business-critical concern for asset owners. Unfortunately, corrosion is inevitable in these industrial settings, given the corrosive nature of products stored and the long lifespan of storage tanks. The only way to slow the creep of corrosion in these industrial settings is to apply the right tank lining and ensure regular monitoring and maintenance of it.

While the onset of corrosion tends to be a slow process, selecting the wrong tank lining or failing to adequately monitor the condition of the tank through its lifecycle could prove catastrophic. Thankfully, there are a wide range of tank lining products available, which is beneficial in being able to select a lining suited to the specific requirements of individual storage and processing tanks – but this variety can be confusing. The considerations become even more complex when it comes to controlling corrosion.

This is why having a thorough understanding of the nature of corrosion that can occur in storage and processing tanks, an awareness of how each type of corrosion can be managed, and guidance on the types of products than can be used, is exceptionally important for asset owners, operators and managers.

Why do tank linings matter?Corrosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is exceptionally difficult to control or avoid completely. Tank linings play an integral role in protecting the internal surface of storage and process tanks against corrosion and in some cases maintain the purity of the commodity. Many commonly stored materials, such as acids, and alkalis and crude oil containing seawater, can quickly corrode unprotected steel. There are also several different types of corrosion which can occur, depending on both the tank materials and the products contained, and the severity of damage and cost of repairs resulting from each type of corrosion can differ considerably.

Tank linings matter because they provide a significant level of protection to the tank by slowing the corrosion process and reducing the amount of maintenance required throughout the tank lifespan. Importantly, protecting against corrosion within the tank, and selecting a lining which does not produce leachable components, helps maintain the purity of the

stored product, by preventing it from being contaminated. This is the case when storing aviation fuels, potable water, or products used in chemical manufacturing processes that must be very pure, such as monoethylene glycol or phosphoric acid. The tank lining is also extremely important as it helps maintain the integrity of the tank and prevent leaks and spillages from the storage or process vessel entering the soil and groundwater.

There are several factors which must be accounted for in selecting the tank lining used for each individual tank. The key difference in selecting a tank lining is whether the lining is being applied to a new construction tank, or if it is being applied for maintenance and repair of a tank already in operation, as both situations have unique challenges. The condition of the substrate, chemical to be stored, tank operating conditions, required system durability, and applicable approvals and certificates will determine the type of lining system to use. Importantly, the lining in use must be reviewed if the product being stored is to be changed, because not all linings are suitable for the same products.

Understanding types of corrosion Almost certainly, after time in service, tanks that contain crude oil, hydrocarbons or chemicals experience some degree of corrosion, especially the bottom and lowest two metres of the vertical walls. The more aggressive the chemical is (sour crude oil, fuels contaminated with water, such as acids and alkalis, and crude oil containing seawater), the faster the corrosion takes place. Operating temperatures, in particular high temperatures, also impact the corrosion rate. In operating tanks, the application process itself is also far more complex – not least because the tank is already assembled and in service, but because operational considerations need to be accounted for to reduce time out of service and manage product. The more severe the corrosion, the more challenging the surface preparation becomes, the more complex the coating requirements are, and the longer the tank is likely to be removed from service.

The type of corrosion likely to occur depends mostly on the substrate properties and the chemical composition of the products stored. Several types of corrosion can occur in an operating tank, and in most cases, these can develop at the same time. Three common types of corrosive attack found in tanks are:

I) Corrosion due to the inherent corrosive nature of the stored product:

- In sour crude oils, heavy fuels and similar oils contaminated with water, where the corrosive components concentrate at the bottom of the tank,

Internal corrosion control in storage and processing tanksMichael McGlamry, Group Global Oil & Gas Product Manager, and Fabiana Requeijo, Subject Matter Expert – Tank Linings, Hempel

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Technical Article

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