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___________ ENERGY When ________ of ________ and
__________ undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. The uranium oxide consists of about
_____nonfissionable uranium-238 and ____fissionable uranium-235.
The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an _____________ process.
Fig. 15-20, p. 387
Small amounts of radioactive gases
Uranium fuel input (reactor core)
Control rodsContainment shell
Heat exchanger
Steam Turbine Generator
Waste heat
Electric power
Hot coolant
Useful energy 25%–30%Hot
water outputPumpPump
Coolant Pump Pump
Moderator
Cool water input
Waste heat
Shielding Pressure vessel
Coolant passage
Water CondenserPeriodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies
Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes
Water source (river, lake, ocean)
NUCLEAR ENERGY
After three or four years in a reactor, spent fuel _____ are _______ and stored in a deep ______ of water contained in a ___________ concrete container.
Figure 15-24Figure 15-24
NUCLEAR ENERGY
After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably, they are sometimes moved to ___________ containers made of steel or concrete.
Figure 15-24Figure 15-24
What Happened to Nuclear Power? After more than _____ years of development
and enormous government subsidies, nuclear power has ____ lived up to its promise because: Multi _______-dollar construction costs. _________ operation costs and more
____________than expected. Poor management. Public concerns about _______ and stricter
government safety regulations.
Case Study: The __________ Nuclear Power Plant Accident
The world’s _______ nuclear power plant accident occurred in ______ in Ukraine.
The disaster was caused by poor reactor _______ and human _______.
By 2005, ____ people had died from radiation released. __________more are expected from thyroid cancer
and leukemia.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
A ________ megawatt nuclear plant is refueled ______ a year, whereas a ______ plant requires ____ rail cars a day.
Figure 15-23Figure 15-23
Fig. 15-23, p. 389
Coal vs. Nuclear
Trade-Offs
Coal Nuclear
Ample supply Ample supply of uranium
High net energy yield Low net energy yield
Very high air pollutionLow air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing)
High CO2 emissions Low CO2 emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing)
High land disruption from surface mining Much lower land disruption
from surface mining
Low cost (with huge subsidies) High cost (even with huge subsidies)
High land use Moderate land use
NUCLEAR ENERGY
__________ could attack nuclear power plants, especially poorly _______ pools and casks that store spent nuclear fuel rods.
Terrorists could wrap ________ around small amounts of radioactive materials that are fairly easy to get, detonate such _____, and __________ large areas for ________.
NUCLEAR ENERGY When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its
_______ life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment for ___________ of years.
At least _____ large commercial reactors worldwide (____ in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by _______. Many reactors are applying to _______their 40-year
license to 60 years. Aging reactors are subject to ____________ and
____________.
NUCLEAR ENERGY Building more nuclear power plants will not
lessen dependence on imported _____ and will not reduce ______ emissions as much as other alternatives. The nuclear fuel cycle ____________to CO2
emissions. Wind turbines, solar cells, geothermal energy, and
hydrogen contributes much ____ to CO2 emissions.
NUCLEAR ENERGY Scientists _________ about the best methods for
______-term storage of ______-level radioactive waste: ______ it deep underground. Shoot it into ________. Bury it in the ___________ ice sheet. Bury it in the _______-ocean floor that is geologically
stable. Change it into harmless or less harmful _________.
Nuclear
Description – using _________to split large uranium atoms into smaller products and releasing tremendous amounts of heat energy which is used to make ________ that turns turbines to create electricity
Energy conversion – nuclear to electrical and heat Benefits – pollution-free, very, very efficient Costs – risk of __________ (spread of radioactivity);
transportation and disposal of radioactive wastes. It also produces a ton of ________ pollution!
REDUCING ENERGY WASTE AND IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
_____widely used devices waste large amounts of energy: ___________________: ___% is lost as heat. __________________: ___% of the energy in its fuel is
wasted. _________________: ___% of energy is wasted through
nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management. _______________________% of the energy released by
burning coal is lost.
USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
A variety of ___________-energy resources are available but their use has been hindered by a lack of government ________ compared to nonrenewable fossil fuels and nuclear power. ____________ ____________ _____ ____________
USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
The European Union aims to get 22% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020.
Costa Rica gets _____of its energy from renewable resources.
China aims to get _____of its total energy from renewable resources by 2020.
In 2004, California got about _____of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to _____by 2030.
USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
Denmark now gets ____% of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to ____% by 2030.
Brazil gets _____% of its gasoline from sugarcane residue.
In 2004, the world’s renewable-energy industries provided _____ million jobs.
_______ Types – ___________ cells (convert sunlight directly to
electricity with a 10% efficiency) and solar __________systems (sun’s heat is used to heat bodies of water enough to produce ________ that can be used to make electricity)
Energy ___________ – radiant/heat to electrical, heat or mechanical
Benefits –____________, _______source Costs – not useful in _______areas or at night, we do
not have the technology needed to use very __________
Producing Electricity with Solar Cells
________________cells can provide electricity for a house of building using solar-cell roof shingles.
Single solar cellSolar-cell roof
–
Boron enriched silicon
+
Junction
Phosphorus enriched silicon
Roof options
Panels of solar cells
Solar shingles
Producing Electricity with Solar Cells
Solar cells can be used in _______villages with ample sunlight who are not connected to an _________ grid.
Figure 16-19Figure 16-19
Core Case Study: The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution
It is possible to get electricity from solar cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Can be attached like _________ on a roof. Can be applied to window ______ as a
coating. Can be mounted on _______almost anywhere.
Core Case Study: The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution
The ________ bill for this energy-efficient passive solar radiation office in Colorado is _____a year.
Figure 16-1Figure 16-1
________ _______Heating
Passive solar heating system ______ and ______ heat from the sun directly within a _______ without the need for pumps to distribute the heat.
Figure 17-13, 15Figure 17-13, 15thth ed ed
Fig. 17-13, p. 396
Direct Gain
Summer sunHot air
Warm air
Super-insulated windows
Winter sun
Cool air
Earth tubes
Ceiling and north wall heavily insulated
Fig. 17-13, p. 396
Greenhouse, Sunspace, or Attached Solarium
Summer cooling vent
Warm air
Insulated windows
Cool air
Fig. 17-13, p. 396
Earth Sheltered
Reinforced concrete, carefully waterproofed walls and roof
Triple-paned or superwindowsEarth
Flagstone floor for heat storage
Fig. 16-14, p. 411
Trade-Offs
Passive or Active Solar Heating
Advantages Disadvantages
Energy is free Need access to sun 60% of time
Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive)
Sun blocked by other structures
Need heat storage system
Quick installation
No CO2 emissions
Very low air and water pollution
High cost (active)
Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window)
Active system needs maintenance and repair
Moderate cost (passive)
Active collectors unattractive
________ Houses ________ We can cool houses by:
______________them. Taking advantages of _______. __________them. Having light colored or_______roofs. Using __________ cooling.
______ Energy conversion – _______ to
____________ Benefits – _________-free, _______
is free (used in West Texas, Hawaii, California, and more)
Costs – can only be used in places with lots of ______
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND Wind power is the world’s most _________
energy resource because it is _______inexhaustible, widely distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhouse gases.
Much of the world’s potential for wind power remains _________.
Capturing only _____of the wind energy at the world’s best energy sites could meet all the ________ energy demands.
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND
Wind _________ can be used individually to produce electricity. They are also used interconnected in arrays on wind ______.
Figure 16-23Figure 16-23
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND The United States once led the wind power
industry, but Europe now leads this rapidly growing business. The U.S. government lacked ________,
__________and other financial ___________. European companies manufacture ____of the
wind turbines sold in the global market The success has been aided by _______ government
____________.
__________ Description – any type of _________ matter (forest products,
crop wastes, animal wastes, people wastes, etc.) that can be used to produce _______; currently used for about _____of U.S. energy
Energy conversion – chemical to electrical or heat Benefits – _____, _____toxic pollutants, using wastes
effectively, currently used in Rio Grande Valley with the burning of ___________residue, also produces food, feed, and fiber
Costs – we don’t have all the __________ needed to use this well right now, not useful in every location, some pollution is produced
PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS
______ materials and _______wastes can be burned to provide heat or electricity or converted into _______ or _______ biofuels.
PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS
The scarcity of fuelwood causes people to make fuel ________ from ____ _____ in India. This ________ soil of plant nutrients.
Fig. 16-26, p. 420
Trade-Offs
Solid Biomass
Advantages Disadvantages
Large potential supply in some areas
Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably
Moderate costsModerate to high environmental impact
No net CO2 increase if harvested and burned sustainably
CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably
Low photosynthetic efficiencyPlantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops
Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat
Plantation can help restore degraded lands
Plantations could compete with cropland
Often burned in inefficient and polluting open fires and stoves
Can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes
__________ Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical or heat Benefits – already have the technology to do this,
__________ free, ______ are also useful as water sources and flood controls; world’s ________source of electrical power
Costs – there are environmental costs to ________ new dams, there are not rivers located everywhere
Read James Bay Watershed Transfer Project Miller Page 304
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE
Water flowing in rivers and streams can be trapped in ________ behind dams and _________ as needed to ______ turbines and produce electricity.
There is little room for expansion in the U.S. – Dams and reservoirs have been created on ____of suitable rivers.
Fig. 16-22, p. 415
Trade-Offs
Large-Scale Hydropower
Advantages Disadvantages
Moderate to high net energy High construction costs
Large untapped potential
High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir
High efficiency (80%)
High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs
Low-cost electricity
Long life span
No CO2 emissions during operation in temperate areas
Floods natural areas behind dam
May provide flood control below dam
Converts land habitat to lake habitat
Danger of collapse
Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland
Uproots people
Decreases fish harvest below dam
Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation
Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam
_______________
Description – heat from deep _______the earth is used to produce electricity This is the only energy source that doesn’t come
from the sun! Energy conversion – thermal to electrical and
heat Benefits – _________used near Waco and in
Iceland Costs – ____ available everywhere, we don’t
have all the technology needed to use it
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy consists of ______ stored in
soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth’s mantle.
We can use geothermal energy stored in the earth’s mantle to heat and cool buildings and to produce electricity. A _____________________) can heat and cool a
house by exploiting the ________between the earth’s _________ and _______________temperatures.
___________ Heat Pump The house is heated in
the winter by _________ heat from the ________ into the ________.
The process is _________ in the summer to cool the house.
Figure 16-31Figure 16-31
_____ Power
Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical
Benefits – __________, cheap, renewable
Costs – only _____ places in the U.S. have tides needed to do this
_______ Power
Energy conversion – kinetic to electrical Benefits – pollution-free, cheap, ________ Costs - only ________in areas facing the
open ________ (especially on the ______ Coasts of continents); tend to be destroyed in storms
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE
Ocean _____ and ______ and temperature differences between surface and bottom waters in tropical waters are _____ expected to provide much of the world’s ___________ needs.
Only two large tidal energy dams are currently operating: one in _________, France and __________bay of Fundy where the tidal amplitude can be as high as ____ meters (63 feet).
WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY We can save energy in building by getting heat
from the _____, _____________ them, and using plant covered ______roofs.
We can ______ energy in existing ________ by insulating them, plugging leaks, and using energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, appliances, and lighting.
Strawbale House
___________ is a ____________ that is made from bales of low-cost straw covered with plaster or adobe. Depending on the thickness of the bales, its strength exceeds standard construction.
Living Roofs Roofs covered with
_______ have been used for decades in Europe and Iceland.
These roofs are built from a blend of light-weight ________, _______ and _______-like materials that hold water.
Figure 16-8Figure 16-8
Saving Energy in Existing Buildings
About one-third of the heated air in typical U.S. homes and buildings escapes through closed windows and holes and cracks.
Figure 16-9Figure 16-9
Approximate Energy Efficiencies: Photosynthesis: ___% Incandescent light bulbs: ____%
Definition Any ______ that meets certain
emissions standards; i.e. they give off a _______ amount of ________ (or less)
Alternative Fuels
Laws Involved ______________amendments of 1990 _______________(EPACT) in Texas
of 1992 Such laws have led to more research
and development of these fuels
Examples of Alternative Fuels ___________ – made of vegetable oils and
alcohols; expensive ________ – cleaner than “normal” gasoline,
being more refined
________ – by-product of decaying vegetation; need technology
__________ – expensive and we need more technology
______________ – alcohols; not as efficient (Miles per gallon) and we don’t have all the technology ; also, if our grain supplies are used to make fuel, will we have enough to feed the world?____________– expensive and we need more technology________________(RFG) – regular gas that has been further refined to remove some of the more toxic pollutants
__________ – most usable form of alternative fuel; not as efficient (mpg)
_______ – manmade gas made of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; need more technology to use it
_________________ Some energy experts view hydrogen gas as
the______fuel to replace _____ during the last half of the century, but there are several hurdles to overcome: Hydrogen is chemically _________in water an organic
compounds. It takes ________ and _________ to produce it (net
energy is low). Fuel cells are ____________. Hydrogen may be produced by using ________fuels.
Energy Laws __________________________(PUHCA) –
1935; regulated the interstate flow of energy; 1st law of its kind; a law designed to protect consumers from _______ abuse of electricity markets
(so electric companies can’t price _______.) This was happening during the great depression.
____________________________(CAFÉ) –1975; focused attention on ________ of cars; mpg stickers required
_____________________________(PURPA)–1978; higher ______ rates for increased electricity use
Converting Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid ________: An Overview
Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol produced from plants and plant wastes.
The major _________ of biofuels are: ________used for production can be grown almost
anywhere. There is no net ________ in _____ emissions. Widely available and easy to store and transport.
Case Study: Producing Ethanol ________ such as
sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass and agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes can be converted to _________. _____________ can
remove CO2 from the troposphere and store it in the soil.
Figure 16-29Figure 16-29
Case Study: Producing Ethanol __________pure ethanol makes gasohol which
can be run in conventional motors. ______ethanol (E85) must be burned in flex-fuel
cars. Processing all corn grown in the U.S. into ethanol
would cover only about_____days of current driving.
__________ is made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil made from a variety of different plants..
Case Study: Biodiesel and Methanol Growing crops for biodiesel could potentially
promote _____________. Methanol is made mostly from _______ gas but
can also be produced at a________cost from CO2 from the atmosphere which could help ______ global warming. Can also be converted to other hydrocarbons to
produce chemicals that are now made from petroleum and natural gas.
WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Average fuel economy of new vehicles sold in the U.S. between 1975-2006.
The government __________________________(CAFE) has not increased after 1985.
Figure 16-5Figure 16-5
Fig. 16-5, p. 402
Cars
Both
Ave
rag
e fu
el e
con
om
y (m
iles
per
gal
lon
, o
r m
pg
)
Model year
Pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles
WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
General features of a car powered by a ________-______ _________.
“_____ _______” cars account for less than ____of all new car sales in the U.S.
Figure 16-2Figure 16-2
Fig. 16-6, p. 403
Regulator: Controls flow of power between electric motor and battery bank.
Fuel tank: Liquid fuel such as gasoline, diesel, or ethanol runs small combustion engine.Transmission:
Efficient 5-speed automatic transmission.
Battery: High-density battery powers electric motor for increased power.
Combustion engine: Small, efficient internal combustion engine powers vehicle with low emmissions; shuts off at low speeds and stops.
Electric motor: Traction drive provides additional power for passing and acceleration; excess energy recovered during braking is used to help power motor.
Fuel Electricity
____________, ____________, and __________________
_______ gasoline-electric engines with an extra plug-in battery could be powered mostly by _________ produced by _____ and get twice the mileage of current hybrid cars. Currently plug-in batteries would by generated by
______ and ________power plants. According to U.S. Department of Energy, a network of
_______ farms in just ______ states could meet all U.S. electricity means.
_______-Cell Vehicles Fuel-efficient vehicles powered by a ______
______ that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed.
Combines ___________ gas (H2) and ________ gas (O2) fuel to produce electricity and __________(2H2+O2 2H2O).
Emits ____ air pollution or ____ if the hydrogen is produced from __________-energy sources.
Body attachments Body attachments Mechanical locks that secure the Mechanical locks that secure the body to the chassisbody to the chassis
Air system management
Universal docking connection Connects the chassis with the
drive-by-wire system in the bodyFuel-cell stack Converts hydrogen fuel into electricity
Rear crush zone Absorbs crash energy
Drive-by-wire system controls
Cabin heating unit
Side-mounted radiators Release heat generated by the fuel cell, vehicle electronics, and wheel motors
Hydrogen fuel tanks
Front crush zone Absorbs crash energy
Electric wheel motors Provide four-wheel drive; have built-in brakes
________________________________– 1987; energy ________ stickers on all appliances
______________________________________________– 1989; effort to develop renewable energy nationally
______________Amendments – 1990; set standards for cities and emissions
_________________– 1992; comprehensive effort to find renewable energy resources
_______________– 1996; develop hydrogen as an energy source
__________ – FEW of these actually provide the money needed to research renewable resources
