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(Enviromental Chemistry) ..
: ( )
(Enviromental Chemistry)
4 1. (Hydrosphere) 2. (Lithospere) 3. (Atmospere) 4. (Biospere)
( )1.) 2.) 3.) -
3
(Conservation) ()
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Recycling 6.
(Pollution) : Hydrosphere 2 3 O2 , N2 , CO2 ( )
3 1. : 2. : 3. :
9 1. O2 - O2 5 (ppm) ( O2 ) - O2 3 ppm - O2 ( C, H, O ) + O2 CO2 + H2O DO (Dissolved Oxygen) O2
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) () BOD Oxidation oxygen () BOD5 BOD 5 20 OC
BOD (ppm)
1 ppm 3 ppm 100 - 400 ppm 100 - 20,000 ppm () ( BOD5 20 ppm)
2
1.) - Oxidation - 2.) - NO3- SO42-
C CO2 N NH3 , HNO3 S H2SO4 P H3PO4
Oxidation N NH3 , amines
C CH4
S H2S ( ) P PH3
2. Coliform bacteria ( ) - bacteria stanndard plate count 500 / 1 cm3-
3. -
- Eutrophication Algae bloom ( ) DO ) - (Na5P3O10 ) algae bloom
K , N , P , C ( CO2 )
4. -
5. - Oil pollution
6.
7.
- (Erosion)
8.
-
9.
- Thermal pollution
: :
: ?1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. : CaHCO3 Ca2+ MgHCO3 MgSO4 + 2 CH3(CH2)16 COO CaSO4 Ca[ OOC(CH2)16 CH3]2
Calcium Stearate () : (CaCO3) Ca2+ + 2HCO3CaCO3 +
CO2
+ H2O
Lime - soda process
- [ Ca(OH)2 ] Ca2+ Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO322ClCaCO3(s) Ca2+ + CO32CO32+ H2O - (Na2CO3) 2CaCO3 + 2H2O +
CaCO3
+
2Na+
Mg2+ OH- Na2CO3 Mg2+ + 2OHMg(OH)2
HCO3- + OH-
2. (Ion Exchange Process) ion ion ion (ionexchange resin) - cation exchanger ( ion + ) H+ () Na+ ( ) - anion exchanger ( ion - ) Cl- ( ) OH- ()
ion Ca2+ Mg2+ cation exchanger Zeolite (Na+ZeO-) (Alumino silicate) ion 2 Na+ZeO- (S) + Ca2+ (aq) Ca2+ (ZeO-)2 (S) + 2 Na+ (aq)
Zeolite : NaCl conc. Ca2+ (ZeO-)2 (S) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 Na+ZeO- (S) + Ca2+ + Cl- (aq)
3. 2 1. ion 2. -
( + floc) chlorination ( + ) (C (g) l2 )
+
(K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O) Coagulant (floc) () pH 6.8 - 7.5 floc
4.
3 1.
BOD ( raw sludge)
BOD (a) (activated sludge) (b) (tricking filters) (a) (b) (C , H , O , N) + + CO2 + H2O + ( )
2.
3. , , ppm - - -
BOD 20
: : : : : : : (activated carbon)
5. BOD 100 - 400 ppm 200 - 1,000 /.. - -
(Tropospere) 10 90 % N2 = 78 % O2 = 21 % CO2 = 0.03%
= 0.97 %
1.) - Oxide N , S , C NO , NO2 , SO2 , SO3 , CO , CO2 2.) - Hydrocarbon : Methane , Buthane , Octane , Benzene , Acetylene , Ethylene , Butadiene - Aldehyde and Ketone : Formadehyde , Acetone - : Chlorinated He , Benzo pyrene , Alcohol , Carboxilic acid 3.) paticulates - H2S , HF , NH3 , Cl2
- : asbestos - :
: CO Particulate
CO Hydrocarbon Oxide S Oxide N Particulates
( tolerent level ) 3 g / m (relative toxicity) ppm 32 0.5 0.25 40,000 19,300 1,430 514 375 1,000 2.07 28 77.8 106.7
1. CO ( CO 0.1 ppm)
: () : Isooctane (2 , 2 , 4 - trimethylpentane) - CO 10 % - 90 % 1.) Oxidation CH4 (g) free radical (OH) 2.) Oxidation () biological oxidation
O2
CO 2 -
- CO2 hydroxyl radical (OH)
Hb + O2
O2 CO + HbO2
CO HbO2 (Oxy - haemoglobin) HbCO + O2
carboxyhaemoglobin CO O2 --------------#
-----------#
2. Oxide SO2 2H2S + 3O2 ( ) 2SO2 + O2 (air) SO2 2SO2 + 2H2O 2SO3+ O H 2
2H2SO4
- 0.0002 ppm SO3 - ( H2O) - ( ) - ( )
-
3. Particulates
- aerosols - - visible light - asbestos : oxide S , Mg , Fe , Al , Ca , K , Na H2O
silicosis ( silica)
4. : N2 + O2 NOO O 2 3
(N2O) (NO) (NO2) 2NO NO2
Oxide CH3 CH3 CH3CCH2CH isooctane CH3 CH3 + () CO2 + H2O + NOx
isooctane
+ ()
CO + hydrocarbon + H2O + NOx
constriction
NOx 0.001 ppm
bronchio
NOx H2O () HNO3 NOx photochemical
smog
5. -
85 % photochemical
smog
6. (Smog) 2 . .
: Thermal inversion oxide particulates
:
:
: Thermal Inversion :
photochemical smogNO2 (primary pollutant) O. + O2 O3h v
NO. + O.
O. + hydrocarbon O - hydrocarbon. O - hydrocarbon. + hydrocarbon aldehydes + Ketone ---------* O O - hydrocarbon + NO2 R - C peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) ---------* * O - ONO2
2
1.) - gas particulates 1.1) (Cyclone Separator) - - - particulate - particulate > 50 ( )
1.2) (Wet Scrubber) - - particulate - 0.05 75 - 99 % - ( ) 1.3) - - - - 0.05
1.4) (Fabric Filters) - - fibrous mats - - 0.01 - 2.
- - - oxidation : H2O CO2
- - ( 700
O
C )
O3
- > 4,200 - - 2 - 1. 2.
- : N , P , K , Ca , Mg , S - :Mn , Fe , B , Cu , Mo
- - - - ( )
- ( fluorapatite , Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2 ) () + H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 - P P2O5 + CaSO4
- - - K K2O
2 - NO3-N
- - methemoglobinemia blue babies ( 3 ) methemoglobin - 10 ppm 45 ppm ( U.S.A.)
- 45 ppm - WHO
NO3-N 0 - 50 0 - 11.3
ppm
50 - 100
11.3 - 22.6
100 22.6
1. Acaricides 2. (Algae) Algicides 3. Herbicides 4. Bactericides 5. Fungicides
6. Arboricides 7. Insecticides 8. Molluskicides 9. Rodenticides :
( ) - 2 (1) As - Paris green (Copper acetoarsenite , (CuO3.As2O3.Cu(C2H3O2)2) - Pb3(AsO4)2 - Na3AsO3
(Pesticide)
(Bordeau mixture) ( + CuSO4)
(2) - () - - - DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) - > 900
4 1.) (Chlorinated HC)- - - > 2 > 20 - Aldrin , DDT , Dieldrin , Lindane , Mifex , Methoxychlor
2.)
3.) (Carbamates)
- - ( 1 - 12 ) - 5 mg /Kg - - ( 1 - 12 )
4.) -
- - - (HgCl2 , Hg2Cl2) ( ) (Tl2SO4 , CH3COOTl)
- - (I) -
- (Lime sulfur) - / - (Benomyl) (Thiophanate) :
2 1.) 2.) 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
- Soil herbicides ( ) ( ) - ( paraquat ) ()
(Rodenticides)- Compound 1080 - ( ) - (rat)
chlorinated hydrocarbon ( DDT ) chlorinated hydrocarbon 2 aldrin + O2 2 dieldrin DDT ( ) DDE and DDD
hydrolysis product hydrolysis + +
1. DDT Deildrin 79.4 ppm 1.33 ppm 4.58 ppm 2.38 ppm 0.39 ppm
2.18 ppm 0.78 ppm protein 38 - 50 1/2 2 - 3 1/2 61 - 84 1/2 1 - 3 1/2
2. DDT - dehydrochlorinase DDT derivative
1. : 2. : 3. chlorinated hydrocarbon : Chlo. Hy. Enz. Carbonic anhydrase CaCO3
4. : chlorinated biphenyl PCB 5. :
LD50 (Lethal dose to 50 %) LD 50 DDT = 200 mg / kg ..
Malathion = 1000 , Mevinphos = 6 *
1. - 2. ( ) DDT () * pheromon (mix pheromones)
- : Na+ Mg2+ K+ Fe2+ Ca2+ - : Mn2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Mo2+ Sr2+
( m.p. - 38.9 OC ) 13.59 20 OC
: Amalgam ; Calomel (HgCl2) , Coloradoite (HgTe) , Livingstonite (HgSb4O7) , Timannite (HgSe) ()
: PVC (II) (HgCl2)
( )
Hg2Cl2 , HgCl2 ()
Hg (l)
+
S (s)
HgS(S)
dimethyl mercury [(CH3)2Hg] , methyl ethyl mercury [ CH3CH2HgCH3]
(biological half life) 75 75
HgCl2 CH3HgCH3
11.35 ( PbS )
tetraethyl lead (TEL) gasoline 4 PbNa + 4 C2H5Cl Pb(C2H5)4 + 3 Pb + 4 NaCl ethyl chloride tetraethyl lead (TEL)
() Pb
PbO( Lead (II) oxide )
Pb ethylene dibromide (BrCH2CH2Br) , ethylene dichloride (ClCH2CH2Cl) TEL
PbCl2 + PbBr2
octene (octene ()) Battery Galvanic Pb anode PbO2 cathode
0.25 ppm () 0.8 ppm ( PbS ) porphyrin ( ) * Pb
m.p. 320.9 OC 8.65 20 OC CdS Zn Cd - Ni,
Cd - Ag
Cd - Au
Zn
50 Cd 10 - (50 -60) itai - itai
1. Se : 2.
3. 4. ( ) 5. ()
:
(International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA UN International Commission on Radiobiological Protection (ICRP) : 3
1. ( )
2. product product product ( solvent extraction ) 3.
product Fe Ni Corrosion product gas gas N - 16 , Ar - 41
1. : 2. : 3. : 4. :
4
1. ( Dilute and disperse ) 2. ( Concentration and Contain )
3. ( Delay and Decay )
1.
( )
2.
*
3.
( )
isotope nonheating waste ( 0.2 BTU / ./ )
self - heating : - : 800 OC
, 2 , : , 2541. , , , 2545.