/ (Evolution) (evidence of evolution) (mechanism of evolution)

( P.256 276 )

(Theory of evolution) (Lamarckian Evolution) (Natural selection) (Neo-Darwinism)

(Definition of evolution) / = / =

(Lamarckian Evolution) (Jean B.Lamarck) 1809 : (use and disuse of parts) (the inheritance of acquired characteristics)

() - :

() - (aquatic birds) : (web) () - (flatfish) :

(August Weisman)

()

(Natural Selection) / 3 2 :

() : :Malthus : (Crassotrea vriginica) 1x106 (Papaver rhoeas) 6x103 (shore crab / Carcinus maenas) 4x106

() : ( : ) (I) - (struggle for existence)

() : : (beetles)

(II) - (reproductive advantage) (Theory of Natural Selection)

(Variation) / (Reproductive potential) ( : )

(Struggle for existence) (Survival for the fittest)

(selective advantage) ()

: As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive, and as consequently, there is a frequent accuring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form. (1859)

: (struggle for existence) (survival for the fittest)

/ (Genesis) 1860 6 Bristish Association for the Advancement of Science Samuel Wilberforce Profesor Thomas Henry Huxley () Huxley Huxley

(Modern views on Evolution) (neo-Darwinism) : (Natural selection) (Isolation)

(Variation)

(Natural Selection) () - / (peppered moth / Biston betularia) 1819 19 ( 1848 ) 1895 98% Dr. H.B.D. Kettlewell

1950 : Birmingham 90% Birmingham light trap : Birmingham Birmingham

Dr. Kettlewell : () SO2 SO2

() - / 1940 ()

( : 50 )

(Isolation) / (deme) (gene pool)

(Different kinds of isolation) : (geographical isolation) (ecological isolation) (seasonal isolation) (mechanical isolation) (behavioural isolation) (reproductive isolation) (genetic isolation)

(geographical isolation): ; ; (ecological isolation) /

(genetic isolation) ( : ) (seasonal isolation): Pinus radiata Pinus attenuata (mechanical isolation)

(behavioural isolation) ( : / ) ( ) ()

(reproductive isolation) ( ; ) ( ) / (nybrid inviable) / (hybrid sterility)

?(What is a species?) :

(Speciation) (speciation) ( Intraspecific speciation) (: ) (allopatric speciation) (sympatric speciation)

(Intraspecific Speciation) : () (races) (subspecies) ;

(Allopatric speciation) (:) (: ) (genetic drift)

: - Geospizidae

(gene pool) ;

(gene flow) - (gene drift)

(genetic equilibrium) 1908 Hardy Weinberg (equilibrium principle) :