© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Indicators on Quality of Employment Availability, relevance and recommendations from the German

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market

Indicators on Quality of Employment

Availability, relevance and recommendations from the German point of view

Seminar of the Task Force on Quality of EmploymentGeneva, 14-16 October 2009

Slide 2© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market

Agenda

How did it work ?

Experience with the indicators

Missing groupsPossible new indicators

Conclusions


How did it work?

30 proposed indicators (Basis: List provided on 10 August 2009)

2 not available at all 1 not fully available 5 available in a

similar definition only

Other possible and new indicators

Child labour: no data available

Child labour: data available for children aged 15-17 years

Average weekly earnings Paid leave Sick leave Collective wage bargaining

Dimension 1c 4 indicators Dimension 2 1 indicator Dimension 3a

1 indicator Dimension 7 8 indicators

outcome in Germany: 48

indicators


How did it work? IISources used: Labour Force Survey (LFS) European Structure of Earnings Survey

(SES) European Statistics on Accidents at Work

(ESAW) European Working Conditions Survey

(EWCS) National Labour Office National Accounts Volume of Labour Accounts (national

estimation on hours worked)


Report on selected indicators

Sub-Dimensions Fair Treatment Non-wage Pecuniary Benefits Part-time Employment in Germany Balancing Working and Non-working Life Lifelong Learning Workplace Relationships


Sub-Dimension was cancelled as it was decided to analyse all indicators by population groups

Gender and Age easily availableImmigrants partly available for non-nationalsEthnic minorities minor relevance in GermanyIndigenous population minor relevance in GermanyPersons with disabilities only little information available

Recommendation find some more specific indicators on fair treatment in employment

Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of EmploymentFair treatment in employment


Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of Employment

Results for some indicators on fair treatment 1998 2008

Employed women as a share in total employment 43.2% 46.0%Occupational segregation by sex 42.9% 38.9%Occupational segregation by citizenship -

22.4%Female share of employment in managerial and total

employment ISCO 1

administrative occupations (ISCO 1) 1.9 % 26.2 %

Recommendation keep (some) special indicators on fair treatment in employment

Fair treatment in employment


Dimension 2: Income and BenefitsNon wage pecuniary benefits

Average number of days of paid annual leave…difference between full-time and part-time employees

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Total number ofemployees

full timeemployees

part timeemployees

full timeequivalent

full timeequivalent

...contractual paid annual leave ...paid annualleave incl. special

leave andmaternity leave

day

s

Paid annual leave

100% of the employees are by law entitled to paid annual

leave

No data available on used paid annual leave But on average number of days per employee

(two sources: SES and IAB volume of labour accounts)

Source: SES 2006 and IAB Volume of Labour Accounts 2006



Sick leave 100% of the employees are by law entitled to paid sick leave

No data available on used sick leave but

on average number of days per employee

on number of employees in sick leave during a specific period

(Source: IAB volume of labour accounts)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

da

ys

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

%

Average number of days of sick leave per employee per year

Share of employees who have been on sick leave

Source: IAB Volume of Labour Accounts 2006



Problems: - SES results: only available for enterprises in NACE C to O, not L with more than 10 employees

- no weekly earnings available (only hourly or monthly)

- Volume of Labour Accounts are based on several sources. It is questionable whether

similar accounts exist in (all) other countries.

Recommendation give clear definitions on the indicators include the Gender Pay Gap as an indicator


Dimension 3: Working Hours

25% work in part-time employment

Indicators on - income and benefits (Dimension 2)

- hours worked (Dimension 3) show low figures for Germany because they are calculated regarding total employment.

clear definition which groups to use for calculation

Part-time employment – a German problem?

total employment

full-time part-time full-time equivalent

not comparable

Comparable*

Comparable*

Comparable

* If harmonised definition of part-time is

used


Dimension 3: Working Hours

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

AT

BE

BG

CH

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

ES FI

FR

GR

HR

HU IE IS IT LT

LU

LV M

MT

NL

NO

PL

PT

RO

SE SI

SK

TR

UK

%

Part-time employment in Europe


5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000

9 000

10 000

11 000

12 000

13 000

<=20hours

<=30hours

<=31hours

<=32hours

<= 35hours

self-declaredstatus

in 1

000

Dimension 3: Working HoursDefinitions of part-time

Source: German LFS 2008

20 hours 30 hours 31 hours 32 hours 35 hours self-declared

status

Point for discussion:20 hours as a definition of a typical side job?

25.7 %

25.9 %

26.7 %

31.5 %

25.9 %

17.5 %


Dimension 3: Working HoursReasons for working part-time

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Coul

d no

tfin

d fu

ll-tim

ejo

b

Scho

oled

ucat

ion

ortrai

ning

illne

ss o

rdi

sabi

lity

Oth

erpe

rson

al o

rfa

mily

reas

ons

othe

r rea

sons

Look

ing

afte

rch

ildre

n or

inca

paci

tate

dad

ults

Former territory of the Federal Republik New Länder and Berlin East


“Involuntary“ part-time

Involuntary covers only „could not find full-time job“

other reasons will not always be „voluntary“ e.g. - Looking after children or incapacitated adults - Other personal or family reasons

Reference is made to the main reason only


Dimension 3: Working Time ArrangementsFlexible work schedules

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Fixed startand end of aworking day

Staggeredworkinghours,

banded startand end

Workingtime

banking withpossibility

only to takehours off

Workingtime

banking withpossibility to

take fulldays off

Start andend of

working dayvarying byindividual

agreement

Determinesown workschedule(no formal

boundaries)

Share of employees in flexible work schedules

Very high relevance

Comparability: European wide

Problems:available in LFS ad hoc-Module 2004 only

Source: LFS ad hoc-module 2004


Dimension 3: Working Hours and Working Time Arrangements Problems:

Lack of harmonised definition of part-time “Involuntary“ part-time rate might be misleading Flexible Work Schedules are only asked in ad hoc-

Modules

Recommendations give a definition for part-time employment discuss “involuntary” part-time Include questions on flexible work schedules as

standard LFS variables


Dimension 4: Security of Employment and Social Protection Problems:

Indicators depend very much on institutional and legal context

Contributing to a pension fund and the unemployment insurance is mandatory in Germany except for certain (heterogeneous) groups

Economic trends may influence indicators

Recommendations: Discuss relevance and comparability of proposed

indicators Include new indicator on employees working for

temporary work agencies


Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Job Training

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

last 4 weeks last 12 month

Job training in the …

Job training in the last 4 weeks (LFS) vs. last 12 months (German Microcensus)

Source: LFS 2008 and German Microcensus 2008


Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Skill missmatch

Calculation via ISCED - ISCO classification vs. Targeted question in EWCS

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

less education than needed more education than needed

LFS via ISCO-ISCED EWCS

Source: LFS 2008 and EWCS 2005


Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Problems:

Most indicators heavily rely upon the codification of occupations according to ISCO (not straightforward in Germany)

Recommendations: Implications for international comparability Recent job training needs harmonisation (4 weeks

vs. 12 months)


Dimension 7: Workplace RelationshipsFour indicators similar to those discussed

before Share of employees who feel

Results they have very good friends at work

69.3 % they get assistance from their superior/boss

59.1 % they have been a victim of discrimination at work

7.1 %

they have been harassed at work 4.5 % Source: EWCS 2005


Dimension 7: Intrinsic Nature of Work

Four indicators similar to those discussed before Share of employees who feel

Results they do "useful" work 77.4 % receive regular feedback from their supervisor 66

% they are able to apply their own ideas in work

45.8 % satisfied with their working conditions 88.2 %

Source: EWCS 2005


Dimension 7: Workplace Relationships and Intrinsic Nature of Work Source: EWCS 2005, national survey

Problems: small sample size for big countries

Recommendations: include “soft” indicators in the LFS

(?)


Missing groups in indicators Self employed

Possible aspects for indicators: - entrepreneurial freedom- dependency upon individual clients

- degree to which work is carried out upon detailed constructions of the client

Possible Source: LFS after implementation of a set of questions on self employed

Unpaid family members Persons in informal employment


New indicators proposed by GermanyChild labour: - Work in the evening or at night

Fair treatment: - Female share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1)

- Further indicators on population groups

Benefits from Employment: - Career opportunities in current job

Working hours: - Employees working few hours (side jobs)

Work-life Balance: - Employees who feel time stressed - Time used for commuting

Security of Employment: - Employees working for a temporary work agency

- Laps of time since the start of the main job- Employees who changed their job in the last 12

months

Skills: - Targeted Question on skill mismatch


General comments

1) Precise definitions are needed2) as well as

Formulas Preferred source Concepts to be used

Employed persons / employees / economically active population

Age boundaries / activity branches / thresholds

Recommended operationalisation

3) Some additional indicators should be discussed


ConclusionsMost indicators can provided for Germany, but:

not necessarily on a yearly basis (SES, LFS Ad hoc Modules)

with large differences regarding timeliness with some deviations from the (rough)

definitions

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market

Many Thanks for your attention!

Katharina PuchFederal Statistical Office Germany, [email protected]


Point for discussion: Possible new indicators

Indicator on children working in atypical hours

Female share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1)

Time used for commuting

Rate of employees working for a temporary work agency


Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of EmploymentIndicator on children* working in atypical hours

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

usual hours worked >40 h actual hours worked >40 h

working at night working in the evening


Of high international relevance Comparability: as much as the other indicators on child labour Recommendation include this indicator

* Children aged 15-17 years


Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of EmploymentFemale share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1)


Of high relevance in Germany Comparability is given Recommendation include this indicator

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

15 - 24 25 - 34 25 - 64 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64Age

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

Denominator: employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1) - left scale

Denominator: total employment - right scale


Dimension 3: Balancing work and non-working life

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

below 10 10 - 30 30 - 60 60 and more samepremises

time used for commuting (from... to below... minutes)

Time used for commuting

Source: German Microcensus 2008

Of high international relevance Comparability should be given Recommendation include this indicator

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

below 10 10 - 25 25 - 50 50 and more samepremises

distance to work (from... to below... km)

Slide 33© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market* Number of agency workers compared to total employed workforce

Dimension 4

Source: International Confederation of Private Employment Agencies (CIETTE) 2007

Rate of employees working for a temporary work agency*

Documents

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Indicators on Quality of Employment Availability, relevance and recommendations from the German