Biochemistry

Periodic Table First functional one developed by

____________ ______________in 1869. What’s its primary purpose?

Brief history of P.T. (3:39)

The genius of Mendeleev (4:24)

Biochemistry The study of the substances and

__________ processes which occur in ________ ___________.

Chemical Equations Copy this equation and write down

everything you know about it:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

What is this??

The Atom The term “atom” comes from the Greek

word atomos, which means “unable to be ______”.

First coined by Greek philosopher ___________ 2500 years ago.

ατομοσ

Subatomic Particles Three main subatomic particles

• What are they? • What are their charges?

Neutrality of atoms – What causes this?

Atomic number? Atomic mass?

How small is an atom? (5:27)

You can't touch anything! (5:29)

Element A pure substance consisting entirely

of one type of _______

Isotopes Atoms of the same element that

differ in the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2 on p. 36.)

Isotopes of hydrogen

Compound Substance formed by the chemical

union of two or more ___________

Chemical structure of NaCl

Chemical Formula Way of showing the chemical

______________ of a compound (C6H12O6)

It tells us (1) the _____________ in the compound and (2) their __________ (how many atoms there are of each element).

Ionic Bond Bond formed when one or more

electrons are _____________ from one atom to another

Covalent Bond Bond formed when

electrons are __________ between atoms; stronger and far more common in organisms than ionic

Ionic and covalent bonds (1:57)

Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom

covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another molecule.

H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms partially _____.

H bonding (:56)

Van der Waals Force Slight attraction that develops

between ____________ ____________ regions of molecules (mainly ______ molecules)

Van der Waals and the gecko (8:22)

Gecko's foot

Surface Tension Surface tension is a property of the _____ of

a _____ that allows it to resist an external force due to cohesive forces.

Surface tension (1:24)

Cohesion Attraction between molecules of the

___________ substance

BELLY FLOP!!

Adhesion Attraction between molecules of

_____________ substances; makes life possible – How??

Notice how the water adheres to the glass and forms a ________.

Solution Even distribution of a solute in a

________• Example: Saltwater (Salt is the ______ and

water is the _______.)

Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture of

undissolved _________ in a solvent

pH Scale Indicates the concentration of ______ ___________ in a solution

Acid – any compound that forms _____ _________ in a solution (________ on pH scale)

Base – any compound that forms ______ __________ in solution (________ on pH scale)

Buffers – weak _______or ________ that counteract strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in ______

Versatility of Carbon The study of all compounds containing

carbon is called __________ ___________. Carbon has four valance ___________

that can covalently bond with electrons of other atoms

It readily combines with other _________ atoms to form straight and branching _________ and will also form _________.

Forms single, double, and triple covalent _______

Versatility of Carbon

Nanotube bandage for preemies

PNCL Park Proteins: Always made of an __________

group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R-group.

The _____ __________ is what differentiates an amino acid. (See Fig. 2-16 on p. 47.)

Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and _______________ production.

_________ ________are the building blocks. End with –ine (ex: valine) CHONS When in doubt, say . . . What do proteins do? (4:07)

Levels of Protein Structure

There are four levels of protein structure (from simple to complex):• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary• Quaternary

PNCL Park Nucleic acids: formed from

___________, which consist of a 5-carbon ____________, a ________________ group, and a nitrogenous base

They store and transmit ___________ information.

Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and _______

PONCH DNA and proteins (3:24)

PNCL Park Carbohydrates: formed from C, H,

and O most often in the ratio of _________ (glucose – C6H12O6)

Main source of __________ Made from ________(Sugars end in –

ose.) Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides Cellulose – most abundant organic

chemical on Earth (polysaccharide) CHO

PNCL Park Lipids: Large, mostly insoluble

molecules Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store _________and make up

important parts of membranes, especially _______ membrane

Formed when a _____________ combines with a _______ acid

Saturated and ____________• Chemically speaking, what’s the difference?

CHO

Chemical Reactions Processes that ___________one set of

chemicals into another

Chemical Reactions Reactant – element or compound

that _________ a chemical reaction

Product - element or compound _____________ by a chemical reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (_________) (__________)

Enzymes Biological (organic) catalysts that

_________ up chemical __________by lowering the activation ___________

End with –________ and their name is related to the compound they act upon

Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the monosaccharides galactose and glucose

Introduction to enzymes (4:46)Roles of Enzymes (3:35)

Enzymes Affected by temp, pressure, and pH These factors can change the _________

of the enzymes (_____________), making them non-functional.

Substrates and active site – What are they?

Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)