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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
What you will learn about in this topic:
1. Definition of a joint
2. Types of joints
3. Cartilage
4. Synovial joints
5. Ligaments
6. Inflammatory cascade
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
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Learning objectives
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
•Understand how synovial joints work
•Describe the different joints of the body
•Explain how a joint works and the importance of them in sport
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Definition of a joint
A joint is the place where two or more bones meet.
There does not have to be movement at a joint, but where there is, it is more significant to the actions of the sportsperson.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Three types of joint
There are three types of joint In the body.
They differ according to how much movement they allow.
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1. Immovable joints
2. Slightly movable joints
3. Freely movable joints
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Immovable joints are fixed so there is no movement at the joint.
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Any place where the bones are fused together is an immovable joint; for example, the crown of the cranium and the coccyx.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Slightly movable joints have gaps between the bones, which allow a small amount of movement. These gaps are usually filled with cartilage.
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Examples include the bones of the vertebral column and the joint of the ribs and the sternum.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Freely movable joints are designed for movement. Keeping them in good order is essential to a healthy active life, and are most important to the sportsperson.
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Examples include the joints at the wrist, hip and knee.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Examples of joints
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PivotIn the neck – rotates and tilts the head – assists the rotation of the body.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
HingeIn the knee – extends and flexes – tucks knees for style and aerodynamics.
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In the arm – flexing and extending with a slight amount of rotation – used to swing and apply topspin on a ball.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Ball and socket In the shoulder – full range of movement – used when throwing a ball.
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In the hip – full range of movement – used when avoiding a tackle.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Gliding In the ankle – forward and back with slight sideways movement – used when a footballer passes the ball.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Condyloid/gliding In the wrist – moves forward and backwards with some slight sideways movement – used by a golfer at the ‘wrist break’ phase of swing.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Cartilage
Cartilage acts as a shock-absorber. It protects the bone, acts as a cushion and provides almost friction-free movement in a joint.
It is a smooth, sheet-like coating, present at the end of the articulating surfaces of bone and forms a barrier between the bones, stopping them wearing each other away.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
This is especially important in activities like long-distance running, where there is continued use of the knee joint.
If the cartilage was not there, pain would occur at the joint due to the friction of the bones rubbing together.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Cartilage damage is common in sportspeople. A frayed cartilage decreases the efficiency of the joint and is extremely painful.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Synovial joints
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Synovial joints are the most movable joints in the body.
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Synovial fluid acts as packing, preventing friction between the moving parts and lubricating the joint.
Like oiling the chain of a bike or putting oil in the car, synovial fluid allows all of the parts to move against each other smoothly. Synovial fluid also keeps the joint free from infection.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
The fluid is produced in the synovial membrane.
The synovial capsule is a tough fibre that surrounds the joint holding the fluid in place.
Joints 19
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Ligaments
The stability of a joint relies on the strength of the ligaments – tough elastic fibres that attach bone to bone – and on the muscles supporting the joint.
Running, stopping and changing direction all put pressure on the joint.
If the ligaments are stretched too far, they tear and the joint dislocates.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Inflammatory cascade
Inflammation of joints can occur after injury or short-term overuse.
After an injury there is a series of events called the inflammatory cascade…
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Call out for white blood cells to clean up the damage and clear infection
Causing the area to go red
Pro-inflammatory hormones triggered
Injury
Leading to swelling
Pain occurs
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
A healthy joint will react to injury when required. The inflammatory cascade will do its job then disappear. If it persists then it is a more chronic condition.
An unhealthy joint will not be able to turn off the immune system and so will appear red and sore without reason.
To avoid inflammation, wear appropriate sports wear to prevent injury.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Task
Choose a sport and explain how four different joints are used.
Describe how each of the joints helps to produce movement in the chosen sport.
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© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
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Exam questions1. Which of the following best describes a joint?
A. A place where bones are close
B. Where several bones and muscles meet allowing movement
C. Where the production of movement occurs
D. Where two or more bones meet but where there is not necessarily movement
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Joints 26
2. Which joint is mainly involved in the action of kicking a football?
A. Pivot joint
B. Hinge joint at the elbow
C.Ball and socket joint at the hip
D.Hinge joint at the knee
© Folens 2009FOR EDEXCEL 1.2.5 A healthy, active lifestyle and your skeletal system
Joints 27
What you have learntin this topic:
1. Definition of a joint
2. Types of joints
3. Cartilage
4. Synovial joints
5. Ligaments
6. Inflammatory cascade