БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ

Кафедра теории и практики перевода

ЭЛЕКТРОННЫЙ УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС

ПО УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ

«РЕГИОНОВЕДЕНИЕ»

ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ (ПЕРЕВОД)» 1 – 21 06 01-02

Составитель: А.В.Гончарик, старший преподаватель кафедры теории и практики перевода

2014

СОСТАВ ЭУМК

I. Теоретический раздел

1.1. План-конспект лекций 1.2. Презентации к лекциям

II. Практический раздел

2.1. Планы семинарских занятий III. Раздел контроля знаний 3.1. Промежуточный контроль знаний (КСР) 3.2. Итоговый контроль знаний IV. Вспомогательный раздел

4.1. Учебная программа 4.2. Список учебной литературы и информационно-аналитических материа-

лов

I. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ РАЗДЕЛ

1.1. ПЛАН-КОНСПЕКТ ЛЕКЦИЙ

CONTENTS

1. CANADA

2. AUSTRALIA

3. NEW ZEALAND

CANADA

Part1 The Geography of Canada Canada’s Political System Canada’s Economy The Peoples of Canada Canada in a New Century Part2 Native Peoples, Europeans, and a Clash of Cultures (Prehistory–1663) Canada Before the Contact Period Migration of Native Peoples to Canada Native Groups, Economies, and Cultures Norsemen: Exploration and Settlement The New World: Early Exploration Cartier’s Voyages: An Attempted French Foothold Champlain and the Establishment of New France Acadia: Early French-English Rivalry in Canada A European Foothold in the New World Part3 The Age of New France (1663–1763) The Rise and Fall of New France Royal Control and Governance The Peoples of New France The Fur Trade Towns and Trade New France Before the Conquest: A Distinctive Society Contest for the Continent New France: Strengths and Weaknesses Colonial Wars to the Conquest The Seven Years’ War and the Conquest The Acadian Expulsion The Conquest New France Becomes Quebec

Part4 British North America (1763–1850s) Britain at the Helm The Quebec Experiment The American Revolution The Arrival of the Loyalists British North America at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century The War of 1812 Rebellions in the Canadas Life in British North America Boundary Issues and Trade with the United States British North America at Midcentury Part5 Confederation and National Expansion (1850s–1890s) The Impulse for Confederation The British North America Act: A Constitution for a Dominion Challenges for a New Dominion Western Expansion Politics, The Economy, and International Affairs Late Nineteenth-Century Canada Part6 A New Century (1890s–1929) Conservatives and Liberals Immigration and Western Expansion Canada and the British Empire Canada and the United States Canada and the Great War Women and the Vote Canada in the Twenties Workers and the Economy Canadian Culture in the 1920s Part7 The Great Depression and the War (1929–1945) A Global Depression Governmental Responses to the Depression The Human Dimension of the Great Depression Political Storms: Left, Right, and Center Another Global Conflict Canada in the Immediate Postwar World Part8 Cold War Canada (1945–1960s) A New World Political Changes in the Late 1940s 1949: A Remarkable Year The Postwar Economy Politics: Liberal Style The Conservative Plan: Diefenbaker’s One Canada The Middle Power Ideal Korean War

Suez and Peacekeeping Continental Defense and Relations with the United States Canada in the Mid-1960 Part9 Canada in 1960s–1984 Competing Nationalisms The Liberals and the Social State Quebec’s 1980 Referendum A New Constitution Constitution Act (1982) The Close of the Liberal Era The End of Cold War Canada Part10 Late Twentieth-Century Canada (1984–2000) The Challenges of Nationhood The Conservative Impulse A Distinct Society Going with the Flow: Free Trade Canada and the World at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century Canada and the United States: Defense and Sovereignty Issues Part11 Contemporary Canada (2001–2010) Modern Politics The Cycles of Capitalism and Trade in a New Century Contemporary Canadian Culture Canada and the Twenty-First Century BASIC FACTS ABOUT CANADA Official Name Canada. Originally called the Dominion of Canada in 1867 lo indicate its status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire (the first time it would he so used in reference to a country), the term gradually fell out of common usage after 1931, when Canada officially achieved national autono-my through the Statute of Westminster. Government Under the British North America Act of 1867, amended as the Constitution Act 1982, Canada is a federation (or confederation) governed by parliamentary democracy. The head of state, on behalf of the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, is the governor- general , appointed by the queen on the advice of the prime minister. Although not stipulated in the constitution, the prime minister has evolved through convention into the real head of government by virtue of being the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Commons. The bicameral Parliament con-sists of a popularly elected House of Commons (lower house) which has real legislative power and a predominantly ceremonial Senate (upper house) appointed on a regional basis by the queen on the advice of the prime minister.

Although four major political parties contest parliamentary elections held every four to five years, the centrist Liberal Party has governed for most of the past century, while the Conservative

Party (recently reconstituted as a right-wing coalition) has enjoyed occasional interludes in power, and the left-wing New Democratic Party has never formed the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois focuses on promoting sovereignty or provincial autonomy for Quebec.

Canada judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter. All judges at the superior, appellate, and Supreme Court of Canada levels are selected and appointed by the federal government.

Political Divisions Ten provinces and three territories, all with a parliamentary system of government with basically the same features as the national government, except for an upper house in the legislature. Capital Ottawa, Ontario Geography Area Covering nearly 10 million square kilometers, or more than 3.8 million square miles, Canada is the second in size only to Russia. Boundaries To the south, mainland United States. To the north, the Arctic Océan and Russia. To the east, the Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. To the west, the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. Topography Spanning nearly 4,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, the Canadian landscape consists of the low-lying Appalachian Highlands (reaching no more than 2,000 feet in altitude) along the east coast; the St. Lawrence Lowlands to the southwest; the vast and rugged Canadian, or Precambrian, Shield (reaching no more than 1,500 feet in altitude) to the northwest and extending to the Arctic Archipelago in the Far North, the Great Cenital Plain in the West, culminating with the towering Western Cordilleras (the Rocky Mountains being the most famous at upwards of 15,000 feet in altitude) along the west coast.

Canada has a total water area of nearly 900,000 square kilometers, or about 350,000 miles, the most of any country in the world. More than 60 percent of the world’s lakes are located in Can-ada, including four of the five Great Lakes, which constitute the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth. Transcontinental exploration of this vast country was possible through an extensive sys-tem of navigable rivers, the major of which is the St Lawrence River flowing out of the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence-Great Lakes waterway extends 1,900 miles from the Gulf of

St. Lawrence, the largest estuary in ihe world, into the interior heartland of North America. The Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories is the second-longest river in North America af-ter the Mississippi.

Although slightly less than 5 percent of the total land area is arable, Canada still has the fourth most arable land in the world, behind Russia, China, and the United States. Canada is en-dowed with an inestimable supply of natural resources, including fish, timber, minerals, oil, natural gas, and hydropower.

Highest Elevation Mount Logan (Yukon Territory) 5,959 meters, or 19,550 feet Population With 33 million people, 80 percent of whom live within 200 kilometers of the American border, Canada ranks only 33rd in the world. Us population density of 3.5 per square kilometer is among the lowest in the world.

Largest City Toronto; the metropolitan area has a population of more than 2.5 million (2004), while the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) has a population of more than 5.2 million (2004). Language Canada is officially a bilingual country, with specific legislative provision for the equality of Eng-lish and French. Almost 60 percent speak English as a first language; about 23 percent speak French as a first language; and almost 18 percent speak another first language (the three most common being Chinese, Italian, and German). An estimated 98 percent of the population can speak English. The Aboriginal peoples speak more than 50 languages but communicate mostly in Eng-lish. Ethnic Groups In the 2001 census, nearly 40 percent of respondents reported their ethnic origins as -Canadian, most of whom tend to be of British. French, or other European heritage of earlier immigrants. In addition, among more than 200 ethnic groups listed, 20 percent identified their origin as English, 16 percent as French, 14 percent as Scottish, 13 percent as Irish, 9 percent as German, and 4 per-cent as Italian. The total visible minority population is 13 percent of the Canadian population (ex-cluding First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples). Nonwhites make up 15 percent of the population, half of whom are Asians. With more than 18 percent foreign-born, Canada ranks second to Austral-ia. Education Literacy: 97 percent Compulsory schooling: until 16 years of age Religion Roman Catholic: 43 percent Protestant: 23 percent Other: 18 percent None: 16 percent Economic Sectors (2004) Services: 71.3 percent Industry: 26.4 percent Agriculture: 2.3 percent Main Trading Partners—Exports (2004) United States: 85.2 percent Japan: 2.1 percent United Kingdom: 1.6 percent Total exports: $315.6 billion (2004) Main Trading Partners—Imports (2004) United States: 58.9 percent China: 6.8 percent Mexico: 3.8 percent Total imports: $256.1 billion (2004)

CHRONOLOGY Exploring the Northern American Frontier 1497–98 Italian navigator Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) discovers Grand Banks of Newfoundland

for England 1534–35 Jacques Cartier explores Gulf of St. Lawrence for France 1576 In search of Northwest Passage to Asia, English mariner Martin Frobisher reaches Baffin Is-

land 1583 Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for England 1586 Englishman John Davis ventures into strait (named after him) west of Greenland 1604–07 Champlain and deMonts unsuccessfully attempt to establish a colony at Port Royal (now

Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia) The French Empire in North America, 1608–1760 1608 Champlain establishes fur trading post at Quebec, Canada’s oldest city 1610 First permanent English settlement in Newfoundland at Conception Bay 1610 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson and James Bays 1629–32 Quebec captured by English force but returned to France by Treaty of St-Germain-en-

Laye 1642 Montreal founded as mission and becomes fur trade base 1648–49 Iroquois raids on Huronia 1662 France establishes colony at Placentia, Newfoundland 1663 Bishop Laval founds his Great Seminary, which eventually becomes Laval University; The

Hundred Associates surrenders its charter; New France under royal government 1666 First official census reveals 3,215 inhabitants in New France 1670 Formation of Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) which is granted all lands draining into Hudson

Bay (Rupert’s Land) 1699 Newfoundland Act grants property rights to settlers 1710 British naval forces capture Port Royal and rename it Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen

Anne 1713 Treaty of Utrecht leaves Newfoundland and Acadia to Britain, and Cape Breton and St. John

Island to France, which withdraws claim to Hudson Bay region 1720 French build Fort Louisbourg at eastern tip of Cape Breton Island 1720–30 Fort Toronto built as short-lived French trading post 1726 Fort Niagara built to counter New York fur trade merchants 1749 Halifax established as British naval base to counteract Louisbourg 1750–51 Fort Rouille (now Toronto) built by French as minor post 1752 Halifax Gazette becomes Canada’s first newspaper 1754 Anthony Henday of HBC reaches foothills of Rockies 1755 Expulsion of 10,000 Acadians 1758 Representative government instituted in Nova Scotia; British forces capture Louisbourg 1759 French lose Forts Niagara and Rouille and Quebec falls to General James Wolfe after the Bat-

tle of the Plains of Abraham 1760 French capitulation at Montreal places New France under British rule; General James Murray

appointed Governor The British North American Colonies, 1760–1867 1763 Roy al Proclamation places Labrador under governor of Newfoundland and annexes Cape

Breton and St. John Island to Nova Scotia Royal Proclamation establishes new Province of Quebec under British laws and institutions

1768–72 Samuel Hearne of HBC is first European to reach Arctic coast 1769 St. John Island made province with representative government

1774 Under Governor Guy Carleton, Quebec Act restores French laws and institutions in Quebec and extends provincial boundary to Ohio–Mississippi Valley

1775–76 American invasion of Quebec fails despite virtual French Canadian neutrality 1775–87 Montreal fur traders collaborate to form North-West Company (NWC) 1777 Mo hawk Indians under Joseph Brant side with British during American Revolution 1778 Montreal Gazette founded 1783 Over 30,000 Loyalists migrate from United States to Nova Scotia Treaty of Versailles estab-

lishes continental boundary to western end of Great Lakes and grants Americans access to At-lantic inshore fisheries

1784 Some 10,000 Loyalists settle along upper St. Lawrence valley and lower Great Lakes New Brunswick and Cape Breton carved out of Nova Scotia to accommodate Loyalists

1789 Alexander Mackenzie of NWC travels overland from Lake Athabasca to Arctic Ocean 1789–92 Nova Scotia Magazine is published as Canada’s first literary magazine in English 1791 Constitutional Act institutes representative government for Upper and Lower Canada, into

which former province of Quebec is now divided 1792–94 Le Magasin de Quebec is published as Canada’s first bilingual (French and English) lit-

erary magazine 1793 Town of York (now Toronto) established as capital of Upper Canada (now Ontario) Macken-

zie reaches Pacific from Lake Athabasca, while Captain George Vancouver maps north Pacific coast for Royal Navy

1797 Upper Canada is first to legislate against slavery 1799 St. John Island renamed Prince Edward Island 1802 Kin g’s College (now joined with Dalhousie University) chartered as fi rst university of Brit-

ish North America 1805 French-Canadian nationalist newspaper Le Canadien is founded 1811–12 Lord Selkirk starts colony of Scottish Highland and Irish settlers along Red River (near

Winnipeg) 1812 General Isaac Brock killed while leading successful resistance to American invasion at

Queenston Heights 1814 War of 1812 ends in stalemate 1815 American immigrants prohibited from obtaining land in Upper Canada without seven years’

residence 1815–50 More than 100,000 immigrants, largely Scottish and Irish, settle in New Brunswick, Nova

Scotia, and Prince Edward Island (PEI). New Brunswick becomes leading producer of squared timber for British market

1817 Bank of Montreal founded as Canada’s first bank 1818 49t h parallel established as continental boundary line west of Lake Superior to Rockies 1820 Cape Breton Island reunited with Nova Scotia 1821 Hudson’s Bay Company absorbs North West Company and becomes governing authority over

all North-West Territory and region west of Rockies 1825 First civilian governor is appointed in Newfoundland 1830–60 Nova Scotia’s Bluenose shipbuilders develop one of the world’s leading merchant fleets 1832 Newfoundland is granted elected assembly 1836 St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway is first line built in British North America 1837 William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis Joseph Papineau lead unsuccessful rebellions in Upper

and Lower Canada, respectively 1839 Lord Durham’s Report recommends union of the Canadas and responsible government

1839–42 Rival lumbermen precipitate Maine–New Brunswick boundary dispute 1839–49 Reformers Robert Baldwin of Canada West and Louis Lafontaine of Canada East collabo-

rate in quest for responsible government 1840 Samuel Cunard of Halifax establishes transatlantic steamship line 1841 Upper and Lower Canada reunited to form Province of Canada. Upper Canada is known as

Canada West; Lower Canada called Canada East

1842 For t Victoria built as HBC post on Vancouver Island 1846 Oregon Boundary Treaty settles border west of Rockies at 49th parallel to coast 1848 Completion of St. Lawrence canal system Responsible government first achieved in Nova

Scotia 1849 Vancouver Island becomes Crown colony 1850–55 Building of Grand Trunk, Great Western, and Northern Railways 1858 Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as Canadian capital Due to gold rush, mainland colony of

British Columbia is established under James Douglas, Governor of Vancouver Island 1865 End of reciprocity renews inshore fisheries dispute with United States 1866 Vancouver Island united with British Columbia mainland The Foundations of Canadian Na-

tionhood, 1867–1931 1867 Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick unite to become Dominion of Canada,

governed by federal constitution outlined in British North America Act. John A. Macdonald is selected first prime minister Canada’s population reaches 3.5 million

1867–78 Emergence of Liberal and Conservative Parties in national politics 1869–70 Louis Riel leads Mйtis resistance at Red River colony, which enters Confederation as

Province of Manitoba 1871 British Columbia enters Confederation Treaty of Washington marks official U.S. recognition

of Canada as nation 1872 Do minion Lands Act sets out federal policy for allocation and settlement of prairie land

1873 North-West Mounted Police (now Royal Canadian Mounted Police [RCMP]) formed Macdonald Conservatives fall as a result of Pacific Railway Scandal. Alexander Mackenzie forms first Liberal administration Prince Edward Island joins Confederation

1875 Supreme Court of Canada established, but Judicial Committee of the Privy Council remains final court of appeal

1876 Intercolonial Railway completed linking Halifax to Quebec City Indian Act establishes re-serve system to control all aspects of Indian life

1878 Macdonald regains power and implements National Policy 1880 Brit in transfers Arctic Archipelago to Canada 1880–85 Canadian Pacific Railway completed as fi rst transcontinental line 1882 Roy al Society of Canada founded to stimulate literature and science 1883 Construction of CPR leads to discovery of nickel at Sudbury 1884 Ontario-Manitoba boundary dispute settled in favor of Ontario 1885 Riel leads Mйtis and Indian revolt in Saskatchewan and is executed for treason Beginning of

National Park system at Banff Queen ’s University and Royal Military College play first hockey game

1886 Nov a Scotia legislature debates resolution to separate from Confederation 1887 First Interprovincial Conference meets at Quebec City 1888 Universal manhood suffrage adopted 1890 Manitoba legislature abolishes separate schools Pulp and paper industry and hydroelectric

power development in northern Quebec and Ontario 1891 Unrestricted reciprocity with United States proposed as alternative to National Policy during

federal election campaign 1892 James Naismith of Almonte, Ontario, invents basketball 1893 Algonquin Park established in Ontario Nation al Council of Women established Governor-

General Lord Stanley donates Stanley Cup 1895 Laurentides Park established in Quebec Hydro electric plant built at Niagara Falls, On-tario, and Shawinigan Falls, Quebec

1896–1911 Wilfrid Laurier becomes first French-Canadian prime minister 1896–1914 Nearly 3 million immigrants arrive, over half-million from continental Europe 1897 North-West Territories granted responsible government 1898–1903 Klondike gold rush on the Yukon River; Yukon Territory created 1899 Algoma Central Railway is built

1899–1902 More than 7,000 Canadian soldiers serve in Boer War 1899–1915 William Mackenzie and Donald Mann build Canadian Northern Railway as second

transcontinental line 1901 Canada’s population reaches 5.4 million 1902 Canada’s first permanent movie house, the Edison Electric Theatre, opens in Vancouver Tem-

iskaming and Northern Ontario Railway is built Alaska boundary dispute settled in Ameri-can favor Canadian Federation of Labour formed

1903–06 Roald Amundsen of Norway completes first successful navigation of Northwest Passage 1903–15 Grand Trunk Railway extends line to Pacific to form third transcontinental route 1904 France relinquishes fishing rights on western shore of Newfoundland 1904–18 Explorations of Joseph Bernier and Vilhjalmur Stefansson strengthen Canadian claims to

Arctic 1905 Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan carved out of North-West Territories 1906 Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission (now Ontario Hydro) created 1908–18 McLaughlin Carriage Company in Oshawa, Ontario begins to produce Buick automobiles,

making way for creation of General Motors of Canada 1909 Department of External Affairs formed Governor-General Earl Grey donates Grey Cup 1910 Henri Bourassa founds Le Devoir newspaper 1910–12 Parliament passes Naval Bills to create Canadian Navy 1910–17 National Hockey League formed 1911 United States seeks free trade with Canada. Canadian electorate rejects reciprocity by voting

out Laurier Liberals in favor of Conservatives under Robert Borden 1912 Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec boundaries extended to present northern limits 1913 Regulation 17 prohibits French as primary language of education in Ontario 1914–18 Parliament passes War Measures Act giving federal government sweeping powers to deal

with war-time emergency. Canadian Corps distinguishes itself at Ypres (1915), Somme (1916), Passchendaele and Vimy Ridge (1917), and in final Allied advance (1918). Canadians also play large part in air war, as Billy Bishop becomes top ace in the Royal Flying Corps. Some 600,000 Canadians enter forces; 60,000 of them die

1915 Lakeshore Road from Toronto to Hamilton becomes Canada’s first paved highway 1916 Prairie provinces and BC extend franchise to women 1917 Henri Bourassa leads French-Canadian agitation against Conscription Canadian Press estab-

lished First national income tax introduced as temporary wartime measure Fire on French munitions ship sets off huge explosion which severely damages Halifax Election held over divisive issue of Conscription. Military Service Bill subsequently passed by Parliament

1918–23 Canadian Northern, Grand Trunk, and Intercolonial Railways become Canadian National Railway system

1919 Women gain right to vote in federal elections Canada signs Treaty of Versailles as autono-mous nation. Canada also secures its own seat in the League of Nations Winnipeg General Strike

1920 Group of Seven artists formed Oil strike at Fort Norman in Mackenzie Valley 1920–29 More than 1 million immigrants arrive in Canada 1921 Aircraft begin flying into Arctic Liberal leader Mackenzie King becomes Prime Minister.

Agnes Macphail becomes first woman elected to Parliament 1922 Frederick Banting, Charles Best, and J. B. Collip discover insulin. Banting and J. J. R. Mac-

leod awarded Nobel Prize following year 1923 United States replacing Britain as Canada’s main trade and investment partner 1924 Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is formed 1927 Federal government passes Old Age Pension Act 1929 Women legally recognized as persons 1929–39 With onset of Great Depression, up to 600,000 Canadians (or 25 percent of labor force)

are out of work

1930 Oil strike in Turner Valley of southern Alberta Norway renounces claims to Arctic Discov-ery of uranium at Great Slave Lake. Further discoveries of gold and silver in Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes regions in 1930s

1930–39 Severe drought in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan 1931 Stat ute of Westminster officially recognizes Canadian autonomy in foreign affairs Canadian

population surpasses 10 million Affluence and Anxiety in the Modern Era 1932–36 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation established 1933 Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) forms national socialist party under J. S.

Woodsworth 1934–35 Central Bank of Canada created 1934–38 Reciprocal trade agreements with United States 1935 Prime Minister R. B. Bennett introduces “New Deal” reforms, which are ultimately ruled un-

constitutional 1937 Trans-Canada Airlines established as Crown corporation 1937–40 Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations outlines constitutional framework

for national social policies 1939 National Film Board established 1939–45 World War II: Royal Canadian Navy plays major role in Atlantic convoy warfare; RCAF

forms one-fifth of British bomber squadrons. Canadian soldiers fight at Dieppe (1942); inva-sion of Italy (1943); D-day landings (1944); liberation of Netherlands; and final defeat of Germany (1945)

1940 Canada and United States sign Ogdenburg Agreement to establish Permanent Joint Defense Board 1940–41 Federal Unemployment Insurance scheme inaugurated

1941 Canadian Women’s Army Corps established 1942 National plebiscite approves introduction of conscription despite overwhelming objection of

Quebec 1942–45 Ai r bases and radar stations built across Arctic. Alaska Highway built through British Co-

lumbia and Yukon Territory 1944 Family Allowance Act passed to stimulate birth rate CCF forms Canada’s first socialist gov-

ernment in Saskatchewan Major atomic energy research center operating at Chalk River 1946 Citizenship Act creates Canadian citizenship 1946–71 More than 4 million immigrants come to Canada from all parts of the world 1947 Saskatchewan establishes comprehensive public health insurance plan 1947–54 Major oil strikes in Alberta and Saskatchewan 1948 Mackenzie King retires after record 22 years as prime minister. He is succeeded by Louis St.

Laurent 1948–62 Trans-Canada Highway built with provincial cooperation 1949 Supreme Court of Canada replaces Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as fi nal court of

appeal. British Parliament bestows on Canadian Parliament the right to amend British North America Act Newfoundland becomes the 10th province, under leadership of Joseph Small-wood

1949–51 Royal Commission on National Development in Arts, Letters, and Sciences convenes un-der chairmanship of Vincent Massey

1951 Federal Old Age Pension Plan expanded New Indian Act gives more power to Indian band councils Therese Casgrain of Quebec CCF becomes first woman political party leader

1952 Lester Pearson named president of UN General Assembly Vince nt Massey becomes first Ca-nadian-born governor-general

1953 National Library opens in Ottawa World ’s longest oil pipeline built from Edmonton to Sar-nia, Ontario. Transmountain pipeline built to Vancouver and later extended to United States Stratford (Ontario) Shakespearean Festival opens

1954 Metropolitan Toronto formed as fi rst metropolitan government in North America

1954–59 St . Lawrence Seaway built 1955–59 Distant Early Warning (DEW) line of radar posts built along 70th parallel 1956 Trans-Canada Pipeline to transport gas from Alberta to Montreal triggers heated parliamentary

debate over American dominance Tremblay Royal Commission examines constitutional basis of French-English relations Canada Council established Trade s and Labour Congress unites with Canadian Congress of Labour to form Canadian Labour Congress

1957 Lester Pearson awarded Nobel Peace Prize for settling Suez crisis Ellen Fairclough becomes first woman federal cabinet minister Canada and United States form North American Air De-fense Command (NORAD)

1957–58 John Diefenbaker becomes prime minister as Conservatives sweep to landslide victory 1958 Canadian government rejects free trade with Britain 1959 Georges Vanier becomes fi rst French Canadian appointed governor- general 1960 “Quiet Revolution” begins in Quebec under Liberals led by Jean Lesage “Status” Indians gain

voting rights in federal elections 1961 Canada openly opposes apartheid at meeting of Commonwealth CCF merges with Canadian

Labour Congress to form New Democratic Party (NDP) 1962 Saskatchewan introduces compulsory medical insurance Canadian government denies U.S.

Air Force access to Canadian air space during Cuban missile crisis. Canadian-American dis-pute over operation of Bomarcantiaircraft missile bases leads to election of Liberals under Lester Pearson next year

1963–67 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism proclaims equality of French and English languages

1965 National flag adopted 1967 Canada hosts World’s Fair; Expo 67 at Montreal attracts 50 million visitors Canada’s popula-

tion surpasses 20 million 1968 Former Liberal cabinet minister Rene Levesque organizes separatist Party Quebecois National

medicare scheme inaugurated Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister with vision of “Just Society”

1969 Bill 63 declares French to be primary language of education in Quebec Formation of Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories, now called Dene Nation Federal government pass-es Official Languages Act and introduces White Paper on Indian Affairs National Arts Cen-tre opens in Ottawa

1970 Federal government invokes War Measures Act after Front deliberation du Quebec (FLQ) ter-rorists abduct British Trade Commissioner James Cross and murder Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte

1972 National Action Committee on the Status of Women becomes Canada’s largest feminist lob-by, representing 3 million women

1973 Supreme Court of Canada confirms legitimacy of Aboriginal or Indian land title, leading Ca-nadian government to accept comprehensive Native land claims in areas where no treaty has been signed Canadian Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) established in response to growing American economic domination

1974 Bill 22 declares French the official language of Quebec 1975 Alberta Heritage Fund established and accumulates $13 billion of surplus oil revenue in 10

years 1975 “O Canada” officially adopted as national 1975–78 Federal Anti-Infl ation Board created to

impose voluntary controls on prices and wages 1981–82 Federal and provincial governments (except for Quebec) reach accord on constitutional

amending formula and entrenched Bill of Rights. Canadian constitution is fi nally patriated as Constitution Act 1982

1982 Bertha Wilson becomes first woman justice on Supreme Court of Canada 1982 Aboriginal rights of Indians, Metis, and Inuit constitutionally recognized Federa l government

agrees in principle with Native plan to divide Northwest Territories into Nunavut in the east and Denendeh in the west by the mid-1990s

1984 Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau participates in U.S. Challenger space shuttle expedition. Trudeau retires as Prime Minister and is replaced by John Turner. Conservatives under Brian Mulroney score landslide election victory

1985 Mulroney government discontinues NEP and FIRA as Canada is declared “open for business” with United States Investment Canada created to encourage foreign investment

1986 Expo 86 in Vancouver In Ontario, Lincoln Alexander becomes Canada’s first black lieutenant governor 1987 Rise of populist Reform Party under Preston Manning

1988 Winter Olympic Games held in Calgary 1989 Audrey McLaughlin of NDP becomes first woman national political party leader in Canada 1993 Kim Campbell succeeds Brian Mulroney to become Canada’s first woman prime minister 1994 Canada, United States, and Mexico enter into North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) 1995 Quebec narrowly defeats second sovereignty referendum 1997 Confederation bridge linking Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick opens 2000 Canadian population surpasses 30 million

AUSTRALIA

Diversity—Land and People

Aboriginal History (60,000 BP-м1605 C.E.)

European Exploration and Early Settlement (1606-1850)

Gold Rush and Governments (1851-1890)

Federation and Identity Formation (1890-1919)

Realignment (1920-1946)

Populate or Perish (1947-1974)

Constitutional Crisis (1975-1983)

Contradiction and Change (1983-1996)

The Howard Years (1996-2007)

Reconciliation and Republicanism? Australia since 2007

BASIC FACTS ABOUT AUSTRALIA

Official Name Long form: Commonwealth of Australia Short form: Australia Government

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch serving as the titular head of state. The monarch's representative in Australia is the governor-general, who is nominated by the prime minister and accepted by the monarch, usually for a term of five years. The governor-general is advised by an executive council, made up of all current government ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

Actual governance in Australia is undertaken by the party or coalition of parties with the ma-jority of seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives. The leader of this party or coalition is the head of government, or prime minister. The prime minister works with his or her cabinet, consist-ing of the most senior members of government, and ministers, or those in the government responsi-ble for policy areas such as immigration, health, and workplace relations. Prime ministers must call elections for the House at least every three years but can call them more frequently in special cir-cumstances, such as when an opposition- dominated Senate blocks the government's access to funds to run the country, called blocking supply.

In addition to the House of Representatives, Australia has a 76-person parliamentary house of review, or Senate. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six separate British colonies, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Aus-tralia, federated under a single constitution. Because of this history, each of these states also has a governor who serves as the British monarch's representative in the state, while an elected premier serves as the head of each state parliamentary government. Two federal territories, the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, have similar parliamentary structures but are governed by chief ministers rather than premiers; they also lack a governor and their laws can be overruled by the Commonwealth government.

Australian shires, cities, and towns have a system of local governance in which elected coun-cils and lord mayors make decisions about local Issues, such as zoning, licensing, infrastructure de-velopment, and some areas of social welfare.

Australia's democracy is unique in the English-speaking world in its requirement that all citi-zens, with a few exceptions such as those convicted of treason or without the ability to understand their rights and responsibilities, must both register to vote and participate in all local, state, and fed-eral elections, including referenda. Not doing so incurs a fine; thus most elections have a participa-tion rate of at least 95 percent.

Political Divisions Capital Canberra States and territories, capital cities, areas, and populations Australian Capital Territory, Canberra: 907.88 square miles (2,351.4 km2) with 347,800 people New South Wales, Sydney: 309,389.61 square miles (801,315.4 km2) with 7,041,400 people Northern Territory, Darwin: 522,078.11 square miles (1,352,176.1 km2) with 221,700 people Queensland, Brisbane: 669,568.67 square miles (1,734,174.9 km2) with people South Australia, Adelaide: 380,441.24 square miles (985,338.3 km2) with 1,612,000 people Tasmania, Hobart: 26,221.82 square miles (67,914.2 km2) with 500,300 people Victoria, Melbourne: 87,805.65 square miles (227,415.6 kni2) with 5,364,800 people Western Australia, Perth: 977,442.21 square miles (2,531,563.7 km2) with 2,204,000 people Geography Area Australia is the only continent-sized country and is located in an area of about 3 million square miles (more than 7.6 million sq. km). In addition to the mainland. Australia controls 8,223 other islands, from the large island state of Tasmania to tiny specks of land in the Torres Strait and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Boundaries The Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the west, the Southern Ocean to the south, and the Arafura Sea to the north. Its nearest neighbor is Papua New Guinea to the north, located about 124 miles (200 km) away at the two countries' closest points. Topography Australia is one of the oldest landmasses on Earth and as such has no significantly high mountain ranges. The Great Dividing Range, which runs from Australia's top end in the Gape York Peninsula all the way south to the Grampians in Victoria, with an eastern spur that reemerges from Bass Strait to form the highlands of Tasmania, is low by global standards. At 7,310 feet (2,228 m) the highest mainland peak, Mount Kosciuszko, is not even half the height of Mont Blanc, Europe's highest peak. In the west, the Western Plateau rises even less significantly, to about 984 feet (300 m), while the vast central region of the continent is a lowland where millions of years ago ancient seas nour-ished: the lowest point Is at Lake Eyre, at 52.5 feet (16 m) below sea level. Climate Australia's climate is largely wann and very dry, though western and central Tasmania and the al-pine region of Victoria and New South Wales can be cold at any time of year; the southern Victori-an coast ranges from cold and damp in winter to hot and dry in summer. North of the tropic of Cap-ricorn the climate Is generally warm, with humid and wet periods throughout the year. The hot, dry central desert regions see very little rainfall at any time of year and have average temperatures be-tween 90°F and 100°F (the high 30s°C). The oscillation between El Nino and La Nina wind pat-terns in the Pacific creates years of drought and years of above-average rainfall throughout the con-tinent. The highest recorded temperature in the country of 128°F (53.1°C) was at Cloncurry,

Queensland, in 1889, while the lowest of -9°F (-23°C) was at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, in 1994. Population Australia has a relatively small population, estimated on January 22, 2010, to be 22,023,101. Popu-lation density is also low at about 7.5 people per square mile (2.6 people per sq. km). About 85 per-cent of the population live in a belt of territory running from Adelaide and Tasmania in the south; through all of Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory; and New South Wales; and up to Brisbane in the northeast, representing less than a quarter of the total area of the country. Urban versus Rural Australia is a largely urban country with 88 percent of the population living in cities; nearly three quarters of inhabitants live in the capital cities alone. Capital Cities Sydney is the country’s largest city, with about 4.2 million people. The other capital cities are con-siderably smaller. In June 2008 Brisbane was estimated at 1.95 million, Perth at 1.6 million, Ade-laide at 1.17 million, Canberra at 345,000, Hobart 209,000, and Darwin at 120,000. Outside these capital cities, only Newcastle, New South Wales, and the Gold Coast, Queensland, have popula-tions of more than half a million. Languages English is the national language in Australia. However, as a result of the country's large proportion of migrants, with 24 percent of the population born overseas and another 26 percent with at least one overseas-born parent, al least 200 languages and dialects are spoken in the country's 8.1 million households, representing about 16 percent of the population. Italian, Greek, Arabic, Canton esc. Mandarin, and Vietnamese are the mosi commonly spoken of the non-English languages. Religions Six percent of the population adheres to a wide variety of non-Christian faiths, including Islam. Buddhism, and Judaism, and another 30 percent professes no faith at all. Of the Christian faiths, the largest percentage arc Roman Catholic, at 26 percent; 19 percent are Anglican; and 19 percent are of other Christian faillis such as Greek and Russian Orthodox, Uniting, and Baptist. Economy Gross Domestic Product In 2009 Australia's GDP was estimated at USS819 billion. During the global financial crisis in 2008-09. Australia avoided the sharp downturn experienced in many other Western democracies, largely because of exports of primary goods such as agricultural products, coal, and other minerals. As of October 2009, the country had not experienced a formal recession, defined as two successive quarters of declining GDP in more than 17 years, and had already raised interest rates in response to strong economic growth in the previous months. Currency Since 1983 the Australian dollar has been a floating currency that ranges in value from near-parity with the U.S. dollar to an all-time low in 1999 of just USS0.49. Agricultural Products Major agricultural products are wheat, barley, sugarcane, cotton, rice, fruit, beef and dairy, wool, lamb and mutton, poultry, and wine.

Minerals Australia is a mineral-rich country containing 50 percent of the world's titanium, 40 percent of its bauxite, 33 percent of ils diamonds, 22 percent of ils uranium, 20 percent of its zinc-lead, 12.5 per-cent of its iron ore, and 95 percent of its opal. Australia is also among the world's leading sources of copper, nickel, silver, and gold. Industrial Products The mining, agricultural, and éducation industries dominate the Australian economy on the back of high exports in all three areas. Trade Australia's economy is largely dependent upon external trade, with a slight imbalance of payments favoring imports. In 2008 exports of coal, iron, gold, meat, wool, bauxite, wheat, and timber prod-ucts contributed about USS 178.9 billion to the economy; another important export is education, with a large influx of international students contributing US$13.7 billion to the economy. In the same year imports of machinery computers, telecommunication equipment, oil, petroleum products, and manufactured goods cost the country about US$187.2 billion. Despite a bilateral trade agree-ment with the United States that took effect in 2005, Australia’s largest trade partners are mainly in Asia. Exports to Japan, China, South Korea, and India together constituted 46.6 percent of all ex-ports, while imports from China. Japan, Singapore, and Thailand constituted 35 percent of all im-ports. CHRONOLOGY B.C.

68,000–56,000 Possible date of some archaeological sites in far northern Arnhem Land.

45,000 Date used by conservative prehistorians and archaeologists as the founding of Aboriginal cul-ture in Australia. Some experts also give this period as the one in which Australia’s mega-fauna became extinct

20,000 Aboriginal societies are now evident in every corner of Australia. 17,000 The end of the Last Glacial Maximal. 11,000 Rising sea levels as the last ice age ends; separation of Tasmania from the mainland 10,000 Australia and New Guinea are separated by rising sea levels, creating the Torres Straits Islands. A.D. 15th century Chinese traders from Java, Timor, and elsewhere in the Indonesian archipelago probably

land in northern Australia. 1606 The Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon is the first European to land in Australia.

The Spanish explorer Luis de Torres sails through the passage between Australia and New Guinea that now bears his name.

1642 Abel Tasman discovers the island he calls Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). 1644 Tasman charts about three quarters of Australia’s coast. 1688 The British pirate William Dampier sails to New Holland (Western Australia) and lands to

make repairs to the captured ship, the Cygnet.ca. 1770 Captain Cook charts Australia’s east coast, lands at Botany Bay, and takes possession of Australia for

Great Britain at Possession Island; he names the new British colony New South Wales. 1776 The revolution in the United States forces Britain to seek new territory for a penal colony; Joseph

Banks, who had sailed with Cook, recommends Botany Bay. 1786 King George III decides on Botany Bay as his country’s new penal colony. 1788 The First Fleet arrives under Governor Arthur Phillip and establishes a settlement at Port Jackson,

New South Wales.

1790 The New South Wales colonists nearly starve to death when rations from England are delayed. Phillip begins attracting free settlers to New South Wales and granting freed convicts land to help the new colony survive.

1823 The British Parliament changes the status of New South Wales from penitentiary to a Crown colo-ny.

1824 White settlers massacre more than 100 Aboriginal people at Bathurst, New South Wales, after the murder of seven whites; Governor Brisbane declares martial law, which allows for almost in-discriminate slaughter of Aboriginal people.

1825 Van Diemen’s Land becomes a separate British Crown colony under George Arthur. 1829 The former territory of New Holland is taken by the British and renamed Western Australia. 1836 South Australia is founded as a free province rather than a penal colony. Captain William Lons-

dale is appointed administrator in the Port Phillip area. 1837 The British Parliament recommends the creation of a protector of Aborigines position for Australia

in light of the actions of whites against the native peoples, especially in the Bathurst or Wiradjuri wars. The Roman Catholic Church begins its mission work among Aboriginal people.

1840 Edward Eyre explores central Australia in the hope of finding suitable grazing land. Transportation of convicts to New South Wales is discontinued.

1845 Copper is discovered at Burra, north of Adelaide in South Australia, which quickly becomes the larg-est mine in Australia.

1846 Transportation of convicts to New South Wales is reinstated. 1850 All colonies have their own antitransportation league, except Western Australia. Western Australia

begins accepting convicts from Britain. 1851 The start of the New South Wales and Victorian gold rushes 1853 The last convicts transported to Van Diemen’s Land arrive from Britain. 1855 Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania after the first European to have landed there. Constitutions

drafted by legislative councils in 1852 in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania are ratified by the British Parliament.

1858 Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide are connected by telegraphic wires. The non-Aboriginal popula-tion of Australia reaches one million people.

1863 The Northern Territory is created as a dependent territory, to be governed from Adelaide in South Aus-tralia. 1867 Henry Lawson is born at the Grenfell gold ⤪elds in New South Wales. The ⤪rst Austral-ian cricket team to tour

1869 Victoria establishes Australia’s first Board for the Protection of Aborigines. Other colonies fol-low in 1883 (New South Wales), 1897 (Queensland), 1905 (Western Australia), and 1911 (South Australia).

1877 Settlers in far north Queensland’s Daintree River area are murdered by Aboriginal people. 1891 The “Monster Petition” containing signatures from more than 30,000 women, about 10 per-cent of

the state’s total number, is presented to the Victoria state parliament to support the claim that Vic-torian women want the vote.

1894 South Australia is the first Australian colony to grant women the right to vote and stand for elec-tion.

1897 Queensland effectively bans all Aboriginal people from towns and cities, conning them to reserves and missions.

1898 Western Australia grants women the right to vote. 1900 Queen Victoria signs the act creating the Commonwealth of Australia. The Stolen Generations

commence with a change in government policy concerning Aboriginal children. 1902 Aboriginal people in New South Wales and South Australia lose the right to vote with the enact-

ment of the Commonwealth Franchise Act; white women gain that right at the federal level. 1905 Women in Queensland gain the right to vote. 1908 Victoria is the last state in the Commonwealth to grant women the right to vote. Australia’s rugby

team defeats England to take gold at London’s summer Olympics. 1911 The Australian Capital Territory, home of the new capital, Canberra, is carved out of land

formerly held by New South Wales. The federal government takes control of the Northern Territo-ry.

1912 Walter Burley Griffin, an architect from Chicago, wins the competition to design Canberra, Aus-tralia’s new capital city

1914 With the start of World War I Australia offers to support Britain to the last man and shilling. The HMAS Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden in the Indian Ocean.

1915 Anzac (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) troops spend eight months dug into the trenches at Gallipoli, Turkey.

1918 By war’s end the Australians have lost 59,342 soldiers. 1921 Edith Cowan is elected Australia’s first female member of a state parliament in Western Austral-

ia’s seat of West Perth. 1922 Henry Lawson dies after penning such Australian classics as Song of Australia and The Drover’s

Wife. 1924 The Sydney Harbour Bridge is begun; it ofcially opens eight years later. Fred Maynard starts

the Australian Aborigine Progressive Association. 1927 Canberra becomes the ofcial national capital. 1932 Joseph Lyons becomes prime minister as leader of the newly established United Australia Party.

Prime Minister Joseph Lyons establishes the ABC, the Australian Broadcasting Commission; its successor, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, is a leader in noncommercial radio and tele-vision broadcasting to this day.

1933 Western Australians vote 2 to 1 to secede from the Commonwealth; the British government refuses even to hear their case and the matter goes no further.

1934 Melbourne’s massive World War I memorial, the Shrine of Remembrance, is dedicated. The Syd-ney Harbour Bridge is opened.

1941 The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Prime Minister Curtin’s letter of unequivocal alignment with the United States appears in the Melbourne Herald. Women’s branches of the air force, navy, and army are formed and women are hired as tram conductors in Melbourne for the first time

1942 Britain loses its Asian colonies to Japan. The Kokoda Trail campaign The Japanese bomb Darwin’s harbor and kill 243 people. John Curtin makes the U.S. general Douglas MacArthur head of Austral-ia’s defense forces. The Statute of Westminster is ratified in Australia.

1943 John Curtin’s Labor Party wins the general election with a wide margin. The first woman federal par-liamentarian, Dame Enid Lyons, is elected; she is the widow of the former prime minister, Joseph Ly-ons. The first woman senator, Dorothy Tangney, is also elected this year.

1944 Reginald Saunders becomes the first Aboriginal soldier to attain the rank of a commissioned of-ficer. The Liberal Party of Australia is formed.

1950 Australia sends troops to the Korean War 1951 Australia signs the ANZUS Treaty with New Zealand and the United States. 1952 Iron ore is discovered in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Britain tests

its first nuclear bomb, the Hurricane, on the Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia. 1953 Britain tests three nuclear bombs at Emu Field, a site near Woomera. 1954 Australia establishes Mawson Base, the southern most human settlement, on Princess Elizabeth

Land, Antarctica. 1956 Melbourne hosts the XVI Summer Olympic Games. Victoria and New South Wales see the birth of

Australian television. Britain begins a series of nuclear tests at Maralinga that last until October 1957.

1962 Aboriginal Australians are allowed to vote in federal elections with the enactment of the Com-monwealth Electoral Act 1962.

1965 Australia commits troops to the war in Vietnam. The Labor Party deletes the phrase "White Australia” from its immigration platform.

1971 Australian troops complete combat duty in Vietnam 1972 Gough Whitlam and the Labor Party are elected for the first time in 23 years. The Aboriginal tent

embassy is set up in Canberra as part of the land rights struggle. 1973 The Migration Act is finally revised to end nearly three quarters of a century of the White Austral-

ia policy. The Sydney Opera House is opened by Queen Elizabeth II, with the Australian Opera Company’s War and Peace, by Prokofiev. Patrick White wins the Nobel Prize in litera-ture, the only Australian to do so.

1974 Australia grants independence to its Papua New Guinea colony. 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires kill 75 people in the states of Victoria and South Australia 1985 Uluru National Park, including the iconic Uluru itself, is handed over to the Mutijulu Aboriginal com-

munity. The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre makes its first request for repatriation of Aboriginal re-mains from overseas museums and collections.

1986 The Australian House of Representatives elects its first female speaker, Joan Child. 1988 Canberra’s opening of the new Parliament House is attended by Queen Elizabeth II. 1989 Bond University opens on the Gold Coast, Queensland; it is Australia’s first private university.

1990 Carmen Lawrence of Western Australia is elected Australia’s first female state premier. Bob Hawke’s Labor government is returned for a fourth term. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) is formed.

1991 The Labor Party replaces Bob Hawke as prime minister with the treasurer, Paul Keating. 1993 The federal Native Title Act is passed. 1994 In the Blue Mountains outside Sydney a park ranger finds a stand of Wollemi pines, which had

previously been thought long extinct. 1999 The referendum to make Australia a republic with an elected head of state to replace the Brit-

ish monarch fails. Australian troops head a UN force in East Timor to quell violence resulting from a positive vote for independence in the small, half-island state.

2000 Sydney hosts the XXVII Summer Olympic Games. 2002 Australia ratifies the International Criminal Court. 2003 John Howard pledges 2,000 armed service people to the U.S. invasion of Iraq; tens of thou-sands of

Australians protest the war in March. 2004 The ruling Liberal Party gains control of the Senate. Australia and the United States sign the

Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement. 2005 An Australian permanent resident, Cornelia Rau, is discovered to have spent 10 months being held in detention as an illegal immigrant.Nine Australians are arrested in Bali for drug smuggling and face the death penalty. Immigration offi-cials admit they deported Australian Vivian Solon to the Philippines four years earlier and were una-ble to locate her for years. The Cronulla riots in Sydney.

2006 The 10-year drought has become the drought of the century, sending food prices upward and economic growth forecasts down.

2008 The Labor government apologizes to Australia’s Aboriginal people for the Stolen Generations. The federal government abandons some aspects of the former government’s asylum seeker policies. Kevin Rudd appoints Quentin Bryce as Australia’s first female governor-general.

2009 Australia is the first G2O country to raise interest rates following the global economic downturn, sig-nalling strong economic growth in the latter half of the year.

NEW ZEALAND

Geography, Environment, Peoples, and Government

Eastern Polynesians become Maori

An Australasian Colony and an Apprenticeship in Race Relations, 1792-1840

Building a Better Britain at Someone Else's Expense 1840-1870

Boom and Bust, 1870-1890

Britain's Experimental Farm, 1891-1914

The Most Loyal Dominion Loses Its Way, 1914-1935

The Struggle for Greater Independence, 1935-1973

Coping with a Decolonizing World, 1974-1984

Facing the Challenges of Globalization, 1984-2002

Notable People in the History of New Zealand

BASIC FACTS ABOUT NEW ZEALAND

Full name: New Zealand Population: 4.5 million (UN, 2012) Capital: Wellington Largest city: Auckland Area: 270,534 sq km (104,454 sq miles) Major languages: English, Maori Major religion: Christianity Life expectancy: 79 years (men), 83 years (women) (UN) Government: Parliamentary democracy Monetary unit: 1 New Zealand dollar ($NZ) = 100 cents Main exports: Wool, food and dairy products, wood and paper products GNI per capita: US $29,140 (World Bank, 2010)

Geography

New Zealand, about 1,250 mi (2,012 km) southeast of Australia, consists of two main islands and a number of smaller outlying islands so scattered that they range from the tropical to the antarctic. The country is the size of Colorado. New Zealand's two main components are the North Island and the South Island, separated by Cook Strait. The North Island (44,281 sq mi; 115,777 sq km) is 515 mi (829 km) long and volcanic in its south-central part. This area contains many hot springs and beautiful geysers. South Island (58,093 sq mi; 151,215 sq km) has the Southern Alps along its west coast, with Mount Cook (12,316 ft; 3754 m) the highest point. Other inhabited islands include Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, and Great Barrier Island. The largest of the uninhabited outly-ing islands are the Auckland Islands (234 sq mi; 606 sq km), Campbell Island (44 sq mi; 114 sq km), the Antipodes Islands (24 sq mi; 62 sq km), and the Kermadec Islands (13 sq mi; 34 sq km).

History

Maoris were the first inhabitants of New Zealand, arriving on the islands in about 1000. Maori oral history maintains that the Maoris came to the island in seven canoes from other parts of Polynesia. In 1642, New Zealand was explored by Abel Tasman, a Dutch navigator. British captain James Cook made three voyages to the islands, beginning in 1769. Britain formally annexed the islands in 1840.The Treaty of Waitangi (Feb. 6, 1840) between the British and several Maori tribes promised to protect Maori land if the Maoris recognized British rule. Encroachment by British settlers was relentless, however, and skirmishes between the two groups intensified.

CHRONOLOGY

1180 Eastern Polynesians discover and settle New Zealand. 1400 Mini ice age ends return voyaging to Polynesia. 1500 Extinction of the Moa and depletion of seals. 1500-1769 Maori become more warlike as competition for resources intensifies. 1642 Abel Tasman rediscovers New Zealand for Europe. 1769 James Cook rediscovers New Zealand for Britain. 1772 Cook returns and disproves the existence of the Great South Land. 1792 Beginning of sealing. 1793 The flax trade begins. 1794 Beginning of timber trade. 1820-1839 Main period of deep-sea whaling. 1833 Appointment of James Busby as British resident. 1834 Busby designs Maori flag. 1835 Busby signs Declaration of Independence with Bay of Islands and Hokianga chiefs. 1837 Aborigines Protection Society formed along with report of parliamentary committee on treat-

ment of aboriginal peoples. 1838 Arrival of Bishop Pompallier and the Roman Catholic mission. 1840 January 22, first settlers arrive in Wellington. January 29, Hobson arrives in Bay of Islands.

February 6, Treaty of Waitangi signed. May 21, all of New Zealand proclaimed a British colony. September, capital moved to Auckland. First settlers arrive at Wanganui. November 16, New Zealand becomes a Crown colony separate from New South Wales.

1841 March 30, first settlers arrive at New Plymouth. 1842 February 1, first settlers arrive at Nelson 1847 Governor George Grey overcomes Maori resistance at Wanganui and suspends Constitution

Act for seven years. 1848 March 23, first setters arrive at Otago. The Crown acquires 20 million acres of South Island

land from Ngai Tahu under the Kemp purchase on June 12. September, Grey makes peace with Te Rangihaeata.

1850 December 16, first settlers arrive in Canterbury. 1851 Gold discoveries in Victoria, Australia, stimulate Maori farming as well as pastoral farming

by British settlers. Governor Grey introduces cheap rentals for large sheep runs. 1852 Grey's constitution grants virtual self-government under a federal system of provincial coun-

cils, introduces a restricted franchise, and largely excludes Maori from political partcipation. 1853 Grey departs for South Africa, having bought up most of the South Island. 1854 May 24, first parliament meets in Auckland. 1859 Hawke's Bay and Marlborough established as separate provinces. 1865 Native Land Court established. Capital moved from Auckland to Wellington. 1867 First four Maori parliamentary seats established. Maori schools set up to amalgamate Maori

children.

1871 Otago Girls' High School established as one of the first half-dozen public girls' secondary schools in the world.

1875 Women ratepayers entitled to vote in local body elections. 1876 Abolition of the provincial system. New Zealand connected to the international telegraph ca-

ble. 1877 Establishment of county and borough councils. Introduction of compulsory, free, and secular

primary education. 1882 February 15 to May 24, first successful shipment of refrigerated meat to London. 1891 A definite Liberal government emerges by March. Factories Act passed to limit employment

of women and children, labor bureau set up to find work for the unemployed, and Truck Act passed to ensure payment in wages. Mild land tax introduced to encourage subdivision of the great estates.

1894 Native Rights Bill rejected. 1896 Native Rights Bill thrown out by parliament again. December 4, Liberals win 40 of 70 seats. 1900 September 28, New Zealand annexes Cook Islands. 1901 New Zealand rejects federation with Australia. 1910 Formation of the New Zealand Sheep Owners' Federation. 1909 Defence Act passed into law to introduce compulsory military training. One million popula-

tion mark passed. 1911 Census shows that a majority of New Zealanders now live in towns. 1913 January 21, United Federation of Labor formed. 1914-1918 Over 100,00 men serve in First World War, with 17,000 deaths and 41,000 serious casu-

alties. 1919 April 10, New Zealand votes to go dry, but returning soldiers reverse the result. June 28, New

Zealand signs the peace treaty and becomes a founding member of the League of Na-tions. Women are given the right to stand for parliament.

1921 Recession arrives in New Zealand. 1930 Arrival of the Great Depression. 1932 Unemployment rises to record levels of 80,000 or more. April 8 and 11, riots in Dunedin.

April 15 and 16, riots in Auckland. May 10, riots in Wellington. 1939 September 3, New Zealand declares war on Germany. October, Maori Battalion formed under

its own command. 1941 December 8, New Zealand declares war on Japan. 1944 January 21, Canberra pact signed with Australia. Introduction of compulsory secondary edu-

cation. 1945 May 2, New Zealand troops take Trieste. May 8, end of war in Europe. September 2, end of

war against Japan. New Zealand pushes for a role for small nations in the UN, and gov-ernment passes Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act and nationalizes Bank of New Zealand in December.

1947 New Zealand reluctantly gives up its Dominion status for full nationhood. Maori replaces Na-tive in official usage.

1950 July 26, New Zealand enters Korean War. 1951 ANZUS Pact signed. Maori Women's Welfare League established. 1952 New Zealand's population passes the 2 million mark. 1953 The new British Queen Elizabeth II visits New Zealand and meets the Maori king, Koroki. 1960 Introduction of television. Equal pay for women employed in the public sector introduced. 1965 July, New Zealand artillery arrives in Vietnam. 1968 Waikato University opened. 1971 Vietnam protests reach their height. Census shows 60 percent of Maori are living in cities. 1972 New Zealand troops brought home from Vietnam. 1973 New Zealand's population passes the 3 million mark. 1980 Working Women's Charter passed by the Federation of Labor.

1982 Sue Wood becomes the first woman president of the National or any other political party in New Zealand.

1990 National Congress of Tribes established. 1991 Fran Wild becomes the first woman to be elected mayor of a major metropolitan center (Wel-

lington). 1994 May, New Zealand troops sent to Bosnia as peacekeepers. 1997 The National/New Zealand First Coalition wobbles under pressure of the Asian financial cri-

sis. December 8, Jenny Shipley becomes New Zealand's first woman prime minister. 2003 The Iraq war and the SARS scare hurt the New Zealand economy, but the small nation re-

mains relatively prosperous. New Zealand refrains from supporting Australia, the United States, and Britain in Iraq, but sends engineers to help with reconstruction as it had done in East Timor and Afghanistan.

LITERATURE 1. Канада. Австралия. Новая Зеландия: Пособие по страноведению: Учеб. пособие /

Л. С. Барановский, Д. Д. Козикис. - Мн.: Выш. шк., 2003. 2. The History of Canada / Scott W. See. - 2nd ed., 2011. 3. A Brief History Of Canada / Roger Riendeau. - 2nd ed., 2007. 4. The illustrated history of Canada / edited by Craig Brown., 2009. 5. A Brief History of Australia / Barbara A. West with Frances T. Murphy, 2010. 6. The history of New Zealand / Tom Brooking, 2004. Online resources http://www.canadahistory.com http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/online-resources-for-canadian-heritage http://www.australia.gov.au/topics/culture-history-and-sport/australian-history http://www.nla.gov.au/australiana/australian-history-selected-websites http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/handsonhistory/links-and-resources http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/hist/hisdb.htm#New Zealand http://www.teara.govt.nz/en

1.2. ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ К ЛЕКЦИЯМ

Презентация 1 Презентация 2 Презентация 3

II. ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ РАЗДЕЛ

2.1 ПЛАНЫ СЕМИНАРСКИХ ЗАНЯТИЙ

СЕМИНАР 1

Answer the questions.

1. How large is Canada? 2. Why is Canada a distinctly northern country? 3. Into how many provinces and territories is Canada divided? Name them. 4. What makes the Maritime Provinces distinctly different from the rest of the coun-

try? 5. Does Quebec differ from the other provinces of Canada? 6. What are the similarities among the Prairie Provinces? 7. When were new territorial subdivisions of Canada introduced? 8. Where do most aboriginals live? 9. What is the origin of the name Canada?

10. Why is the Appalachian Region connected topographically with the United States? 11. Where are the highest tides in Canada observed? 12. What is the average height of the Canadian Shield? 13. What are the highest peaks in Canada? Where are they located?

Points for discussion.

1. The importance for the country of the St. Lawrence - Great Lakes Lowland. 2. The Arctic Islands and their main features.

СЕМИНАР 2

Answer the questions.

1. When did the Indians and Eskimos enter North America? 2. How many distinct Indian groups lived in Canada when the first Europeans arrived? Name them. 3. What crops did the Indians grow? 4. What was the size of the Indian population when the first Europeans arrived? 5. Was John Cabot an Englishman? Where did he come from? 6. What sites were discovered by Cartier? 7. Who was Donnacona? 8. What promoted the development of New France? 9. Did Henry Hudson contribute to the development of Canada? How? 10.When was the Hudson’s Bay Company founded? 11.Is this Company still active in Canada today? Points for discussion.

1. The first European discoverers of North America. 2. The first Canadian to visit Europe. 3. The consequences of the Seven Years’ War.

СЕМИНАР 3

Answer the questions.

1. What was the essence of the Quebec Act of 1774? 2. Who were the Loyalists? How did their arrivals change the situation in Canada? 3. What were the reasons which led to the formation of the Durham Commission? 4. How did the British policy of free trade affect the development of Canada? 5. What were the four provinces which formed the Canadian Union in 1867? 6. Where were the talks held to form the Confederation? 7. What were the push factors which brought many immigrants into Canada? 8. In what way did Canada’s participation in the First World War help breed a new spirit of na-

tionalism? 9. What was the significance of the Statute of Westminster (1931) with regard to Canada’s as-

sertion of full independence? 10. Does Canada belong to the G-7 Club? 11. How would you define the political system of Canada? 12. What is the basis of the Canadian constitution? 13. Who represents the sovereign in Canada? 14. What are the major political parties in Canada? 15. How are the Territories governed?

Points for discussion.

1. The arrival of the Loyalists in British North America and the consequences. 2. Britain’s role in the American Civil War. 3. The dates when the territories of British North America joined the Canadian Confederation. 4. The composition of the Canadian Parliament and the way it works. 5. The role of monarchy in Canada.

СЕМИНАР 4

Answer the questions.

1. Examine the origin of the name of the country and its geographical position. 2. Is Australia an island or a continent? 3. What are the national symbols of Australia? 4. What are Australia’s closest neighbours? 5. Describe the geographical division of Australia. What are the three major land re-

gions? 6. What are typical features of Australia’s climate? 7. Characterize the first people who had occupied the Australian continent long before the

Europeans. 8. Who were the first Europeans to visit and explore the east coast of Australia in the 1500s? 9. Describe the early Dutch explorations of Australia. The first British explorer, William

Dampier, and his impressions of the continent. 10. Emphasize the role of Captain Cook in navigation and geographical discoveries. 11. Give an outline of the British expedition to Tahiti led by Joseph Banks and Captain James

Cook. What did the expedition discover in Botany Bay? 12. When did Cook claim the east coast of the continent for Britain and name it New South

Wales? 13. Expand on the first European settlement of convicts in Australia and hard times of its in-

habitants.

Points for discussion.

1. Strategic position of Australia on the globe. 2. Australia and the rest of the world. 3. A country of geographical surprises. 4. The discovery of Australia. 5. The first European settlement.

СЕМИНАР 5

Answer the questions.

1. Describe the geographical position of New Zealand in the world. 2. What islands and territories does New Zealand comprise? 3. Who were the first Europeans to visit New Zealand? What is the origin of the country’s

name? 4. Examine the physical features of the two main islands. 5. What features are peculiar to New Zealand’s climate? 6. Expand on the large diversity of the New Zealand fauna, birds and land animals. 7. What bird is a nickname for a New Zealander? 8. Name the chief land animals that have been introduced from other countries. 9. Examine the route, discovery and the first contacts of Tasman with the natives and his im-

pression of them. 10. What was the purpose of James Cook’s voyage in 1769? 11. How did Europeans affect Maori society? 12. What were the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi? 13. Where did the Maori come from? 14. Expand on the ethnic mixture in New Zealand. 15. What languages are spoken in New Zealand? Borrowings from Maori.

Points for discussion.

1. Peculiar position of New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere. The North and South Islands:

contrasts and similarities. 2. Nature and wild life of New Zealand. 3. Discovery and consequences. Colonization and settlement. 4. Europeans and Maori. Maori Culture. 5. New Zealand’s Constitution. Structure of the government.

III. КОНТРОЛЬ ЗНАНИЙ

3.1 ПРОМЕЖУТОЧНЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ЗНАНИЙ (КСР- 4 Ч.)

КСР 1

Answer the questions.

1. What is the longest river in Canada? 2. Is the Mackenzie navigable? 3. Name the Great Lakes located in Canada? 4. Which of the Great Lakes between the USA and Canada is completely on American territo-

ry? 5. Where are the grasslands of Canada located? 6. How would you characterise British Columbia in terms of its flora? 7. How many national and provincial parks are there in Canada? 8. Do many visitors present a challenge to the Canadian wilderness? Why? 9. What is the purpose for creating national parks?

Writing topics.

1. The number of national and provincial parks in Canada and their size. 2. The date of establishment of the oldest National Park in Canada and its location. 3. The names of the largest lakes in Canada.

КСР 2

Answer the questions.

1. Who were the ancestors of the present-day Australian Aborigines? 2. What did Aborigines think of a person’s spirit? 3. Discuss the Australian government programs to improve living conditions of the Aborigines. 4. Describe the first three fleets to the Australian continent. 5. What were the problems in the early years of colonization? 6. Discuss British interest around Australia. Outline the situation in Australia in the early

1850s with the discovery of gold. 7. Outline the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia. 8. Outline the chief branches of industry working to meet the needs of the home market. 9. Outline the change in the trading partnership of Australia with other countries. 10. The Australian Constitution provided a federal system with a strong central government.

What is a federal system? 11. Explain why Australia is known as a constitutional monarchy. 12. Discuss the structure of the federal Parliament, the supreme legislative body of Australia. 13. Examine the main functions of the Australian government (the Prime Minister, the Cabinet,

the Executive Council).

Writing topics.

1. The Aborigines and their culture. 2. The state of the Aborigines in contemporary Australia 3. The beginning of the colonization of Australia. 4. The inland exploration of Australia and the movement of squatters. 5. The way to independence.

3.2 ИТОГОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ЗНАНИЙ

СПИСОК ВОПРОСОВ

1. Canada – Structure and Relief. 2. Canadian Flora and Fauna. Rivers and Lakes. 3. The Canadian Climate. 4. Explorers and First Settlers. 5. The Road to Confederation. 6. The Group of Seven. 7. The People of Canada. 8. The Political System and Canadian Government. 9. The Economy of Canada. 10. Education, the Media, Religion in Canada. 11. Sport and Leisure in Canada. 12. Canadian English. 13. Australia - Terra Incognita. 14. Discoverers and Explorers of Australia. 15. Aborigines of Australia. 16. A New Nation - Australians. 17. Fauna and Flora of Australia. 18. Australians: What are They? 19. Urban and Rural Life in Australia. 20. An Economic Outline of Australia. 21. The Political System and Australian Government. 22. Education, the Media, Religion in Australia. 23. Sport and Leisure in Australia. 24. Australian English. 25. New Zealand – a country Beyond the Equator. 26. Indigenous people of New Zealand. 27. From the Discovery to Civilization of New Zealand. 28. The way of life in New Zealand. 29. Economy of New Zealand. 30. Government of New Zealand.

IV. ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫЙ РАЗДЕЛ

4.1 ПРОГРАММА ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

Учебная программа составлена на основе образовательных стандартов по специальности 1-21 06 01-02 – Современные иностранные языки (перевод), учебного плана, методических указаний учебно-методического отдела БГУ, учебной программы «Регионоведение», рег. № УД-3393 /баз.

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Учебная программа дисциплины «Регионоведение» предназначена для студентов, обуча-

ющихся по специальности 1-21 06 01-02 «Современные иностранные языки (перевод)» на гуманитарном факультете БГУ.

Технология обучения базируется на ряде методических принципов, из которых принци-пиально важными являются следующие:

- мотивированность, целенаправленность, личностный смысл, ситуативность;

- развитие интеллекта, творческих познавательных способностей обучаемых в процессе решения коммуникативно-познавательных задач и познания второй культурной реальности;

- формирование запаса фоновых знаний (культурный фон) и способности их адекватного применения в условиях определенного культурного контекста;

- функциональный отбор речевых средств, актуальных в различных сферах общения;

- интегральность обучения видам речевой деятельности и аспектам языка.;

- сопоставление культуры, традиций, обычаев, мировоззрения, приоритета моральных ценностей, конвенционально закрепленных правил поведения в родном и иностранном язы-ках.

Подобный подход особенно актуален для университета классического типа, где традици-онно большое внимание уделялось формированию высокой культуры, фундаментальной об-разованности, нравственному и духовному развитию личности.

Программа составлена в соответствии с требованиями образовательного стандарта выс-шего образования Министерства образования РБ специальности Г.02.05.00 "Современные иностранные языки".

Цели дисциплины

Цель курса – приобретение студентами коммуникативной компетенции и фоновых зна-ний о важнейших исторических событиях, о географических, демографических и экономиче-ских особенностях, о культуре, традициях, государственном устройстве и социальной жизни стран изучаемого языка, а также умение использовать полученные знания в профессиональ-ной деятельности.

Основные задачи курса

Образовательная задача обучения заключается в развитии личности обучаемого в диа-логе культур: родной и иностранной, что осуществляется через:

приобщение к культуре и историческим ценностям страны изучаемого языка; удовлетворение личностных познавательных интересов в любой из сфер деятельно-

сти, включая профессиональную; приобретение знаний о странах изучаемого языка.

Воспитательная задача обучения иностранному языку заключается:

в показе исторической роли народов стран изучаемого языка в международной жизни и привитии уважения и доброго отношения к этим народам, их истории и традициям;

в понимании приоритета общечеловеческих ценностей; в расширении культурного плюрализма и усвоении межкультурных различий.

Требования к уровню освоения содержания дисциплины

Содержание курса определяется следующими требованиями, выдвигаемыми к знаниям специалиста с квалификацией «Лингвист, переводчик (английский и немецкий языки)», ко-торый должен:

• владеть знаниями о культуре стран изучаемого языка (Канада, Австралия, Новая Зелан-дия), о закономерностях их исторического развития, о роли объективных и субъективных факторов в истории, в формировании и развитии наций и национальных государств, знать этапы их социально-экономического и политического развития, географическое положение, государственный и политический строй, политические партии и общественные организации; систему образования;

• осуществлять основные функции переводчика-референта (коммуникативную, гностиче-скую, аналитическую, конструктивно-планирующую, организаторскую) на основе интегра-ции знаний и профессионально значимых умений и навыков;

• использовать иностранный язык как средство межкультурной коммуникации для реше-ния профессиональных задач на основе требований групповой работы и сотрудничества.

Профессиональная составляющая курса состоит в формировании и развитии следующих основных элементов профессионально ориентированной деятельности выпускника:

• информационно-аналитическая работа с различными источниками информации на ино-странном языке (пресса, радио и телевидение, документы, специальная и справочная литера-тура);

• переводческая работа в устной и письменной форме, в том числе перевод статей страно-ведческого характера.

В этих целях отрабатываются следующие основные навыки и умения: • вести на иностранном языке беседу, участвовать в дискуссии; • воспринимать и обрабатывать страноведческую информацию на иностранном языке,

полученную из печатных, аудиовизуальных и электронных источников информации; •осуществлять последовательный и двусторонний перевод в рамках профессиональной

сферы общения, с учетом фоновых знаний о стране.

I. УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ КАРТА ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

№ п/п

Название раздела, темы, занятия; пере-чень изучаемых во-

просов

Количество аудиторных часов

Материаль-ное обеспе-чение заня-тия (нагляд-ные, методи-ческие посо-

бия и др.)

Лите-ратура

Формы контроля знаний

лек-ции

прак-тиче-ские

(семи-нар-ские)

занятия

лабо-ратор-тор-ные

заня-тия

управля-емая

самостоя-тельная работа

студента

46 14 2 1 Раздел 1

Physical and human geography

22 4

1.1 Physical geography. 2 УМК [1] [4] [8] [9]

Фронтальный опрос

1.2 Structure and Relief 2 [1] [4] Фронтальный опрос

1.3 Explorers and First Settlers

4 УМК [1] [4]

1.4 On the Road to Confederation (1763-1867)

4 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[1] [4]

1.5 The People 4 2 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[1] [4] Фронтальный опрос

1.6 Canada – the True North Strong and Free

2 Медиа-проектор

[1] [4] Подготовка сообщений

1.7 European immigrants to Canada

2

1.8 Canada in the 20th century

4

2. Раздел 2 State system in Canada

4

2.1 The Political System and the Government

2 УМК [6] [8] [9]

Фронтальный опрос

2.2 Educational System in Canada

[6] [8] Фронтальный опрос

2.3 Media, Religion, Sport and Leisure

2 [6] [9] Фронтальный опрос Представле-ние презента-ций по исто-рии, обще-ственно-политическо-му строю и культуре Ве-ликобритании

2.4 Canadian Studies Test 2 Компьютер Тест

3 Раздел 3 Australia: physical and human geography

4 2

3.1 Physical geography. The land, rivers and

lakes, deserts, climate,

2 2 [2] [3]

mineral resources. 3.2 Population 2 [2] [3] Фронтальный

опрос 4 Раздел 4

The History of Australia

12 2

4.1 Discoverers and Explorers

2 2

4.2 Aborigines 2 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[2] [3] [7]

4.3 A New Nation Formed 2 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[2] [3] [7]

Фронтальный опрос

4.4 The Political System 2 2 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[2] [3] [7]

4.5 An Economic Outline 2 УМК, разда-точный ма-териал

[2] [3]

4.6 Media, Religion, Sport and Leisure

2 [2] [2] [7]

Подготовка сообщений

5 Раздел 5 New Zealand: physical and human geography

8 2

5.1 Structure and Relief 2 УМК [7] [10] 5.2 Way of Life 2 УМК [7] [10] Фронтальный

опрос 5.3 From the Discovery to

Civilization 2 УМК [7] [10] Фронтальный

опрос 5.4 Economy 2 УМК [7] [10] Фронтальный

опрос 5.5 Government 2

II. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УЧЕБНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

РАЗДЕЛ 1. In the Land of the Maple Leaf.

1.1. Canada – Structure and Relief. 1.2. Rivers and Lakes. Flora and Fauna. 1.3. The Canadian Climate. 1.4. Explorers and First Settlers. 1.5. The Road to Confederation. 1.6. The Group of Seven. 1.7. The People. РАЗДЕЛ 2. State System and Culture.

2.1. The Political System and Government. 2.2. The Economy. 2.3. Education, the Media, Religion. 2.4. Sport and Leisure. 2.5. Canadian English. РАЗДЕЛ 3. Kangaroo Land.

3.1. Terra Incognita. 3.2. Discoverers and Explorers. 3.3. Aborigines. 3.4. A New Nation. 3.5. Fauna and Flora. РАЗДЕЛ 4. State System and Culture.

4.1. Australians: What are They? 4.2. Urban and Rural Life. 4.3. An Economic Outline. 4.4. The Political System and Government. 4.5. Education, the Media, Religion. РАЗДЕЛ 5. Kiwiland.

5.1. A Country Beyond the Equator. 5.2. From the Discovery to Civilization. 5.3. People. Way of Life. 5.4. Economy. 5.5. Government.

III. ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ

1. L.S. Baranovski, D.D. Kozikis. Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Минск: Вышэйшая шко-ла, 2003.

2. Caldwell John C. Let’s visit Canada. Burke Publishing Co., 1983. 3. Kirbyson Ronald C. In Search of Canada. V.1-2, Prentice Hall of Canada, Ltd., Scar-

borough,Ont.1977. 4. Krueger Ralph, Corder Ray. Canada. A new Geography. Holt, Rinehart and Winston of

Canada, Toronto, 1982. 5. Molyneux John, Olsen Marilyn. Canada in View. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., Toronto,

1978. 6. Caldwell John C. Let’s Visit Australia. Burke Publishing Co.London, 1983. 7. Australia: Grand Tour. APA Productions, Australia, 1985. 8. Martin Owen, Sin Raymond. How People Live in Australia. Benefic Press, Westchester, Il-

linois, 1971. 9. Jacobs Warren and Smith Robin. A portrate of New Zealand. Kowhai Publishing Ltd., 1987. 10. Robson Michael. New Zealand in Pictures. Learner Publications Co., Minneapolis, 1990.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Воляновский Л. Материк, переставший быть легендой. М.: Наука,1990. 2. Кудинов В.М., Кудинова М.В. Сумка кенгуру. М.: Наука,1987. 3. Страны и народы Австралии и океании. Антарктида. М.: Мысль,1981. 4. Ощепкова В.В. Вкратце об Австралии и Новой Зеландии. М.: 1998. 5. Орлова Г.А. Современный английский язык в Австралии. М.: Высш. Шк.,1978. 6. Свет Я.М. История открытия и исследования Австралии и Океании. М.: Мысль,1966. 7. Дамм Г. Канака – люди южных морей. М.: Наука,1987. 8. Свет Я.М. Мореплаватель туманного Альбиона. Джеймс Кук. М.: Госиздат геогр.

Лит-ры,1963.

ФОРМА ИТОГОВОГО КОНТРОЛЯ

Итоговый контроль имеет форму зачета, который проводится в конце 5 семестра, и эк-замена – в конце 6 семестра. Цель итогового контроля: проверка знаний полученных по страноведению Великобритании; контроль способности студентов использовать полученные знания в процессе профессиональной переводческой деятельности.

В процессе обучения осуществляется текущий контроль в форме компьютерных тестов, разработанных на базе СОП «eUniversity».

СПИСОК ВОПРОСОВ

1. Canada – Structure and Relief. 2. Canadian Flora and Fauna. Rivers and Lakes. 3. The Canadian Climate. 4. Explorers and First Settlers. 5. The Road to Confederation. 6. The Group of Seven. 7. The People of Canada. 8. The Political System and Canadian Government. 9. The Economy of Canada. 10. Education, the Media, Religion in Canada. 11. Sport and Leisure in Canada. 12. Canadian English. 13. Australia - Terra Incognita. 14. Discoverers and Explorers of Australia. 15. Aborigines of Australia. 16. A New Nation - Australians. 17. Fauna and Flora of Australia. 18. Australians: What are They? 19. Urban and Rural Life in Australia. 20. An Economic Outline of Australia. 21. The Political System and Australian Government. 22. Education, the Media, Religion in Australia. 23. Sport and Leisure in Australia. 24. Australian English. 25. New Zealand – a country Beyond the Equator. 26. Indigenous people of New Zealand. 27. From the Discovery to Civilization of New Zealand. 28. The way of life in New Zealand. 29. Economy of New Zealand. 30. Government of New Zealand.