erythr/o - red cyte - cell Hemoglobin - blood protein
transports oxygen Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte RBCs produced
by red bone marrow
Slide 5
leuk/o - white Protect the body against invasion Pass through
capillary walls
Slide 6
Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies)
basophils (promote inflammation) Agranulocytes lymphocytes
(production of circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)
Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,
abscess.
Slide 7
smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood
coagulation In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any
tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick
together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of
reactions, formation of clot.
Slide 8
plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins albumin globulin fibrinogen
serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen
Slide 9
To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances
pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells
Slide 10
Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained
within a single set of organs or vessels Action depends on
structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary
systems Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction
Slide 11
Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils
Also spleen thymus
Slide 12
lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the
blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body
cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away
from digestive system control of infection
Slide 13
Lymph originates in blood plasma Interstitial fluid cleans and
nourishes body tissues collects cellular debris, bacteria return to
blood or lymph capillaries
Slide 14
located in lymph vessels small round or oval structures
(filters) depositories for cellular debris bacteria and debris
phagocytized
Slide 15
inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)
almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in
nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process
Slide 16
sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue filter for lymph phagocytic
cells hemolytic
Slide 17
lymphatic tissue mediastinum primary role: changes lymphocytes
to T cells for cellular immunity
Slide 18
masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not
lymph located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to
outside and hence to contamination any or all may become so loaded
with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance should not be
removed unless absolutely necessary.
Slide 19
Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign
(virus, bacterium, toxin) Antibody - a disease fighting protein
developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen
Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction
Slide 20
Slide 21
monocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by
body become macrophages macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects
body by ingesting invading cells lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
formed in lymphatic tissue
Slide 22
T cells or T Lymphocytes mature in thymus gland Cell mediated
immunity B cells or B Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
antibody-mediated immunity
Slide 23
T Cell (cell mediated immunity) circulating lymphocytes
produced in bone marrow matures in thymus live for years primary
function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms
Slide 24
helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune
system. Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster
response if same antigen introduced at a later time
Slide 25
Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood
antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs A - A antigen B - B
antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens
Slide 26
Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen
Antigens on the donors RBCs react with the antibodies in patients
plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.
Slide 27
Rh factor is antigen present on RBC Rh positive and Rh negative
Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of
her Rh-positive fetus. hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented
with RhoGAM
Slide 28
Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a
specific disease Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present
at birth and obtained during life
Slide 29
Health Age Heredity
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced symptom of disease
erythropenia hypochromasia Low hematocrit
Slide 34
Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HIV infects
T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years AIDS
name applied during advanced stages of disease After immune system
destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.
Slide 35
Hypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within blood large
amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainage increased
capillary permeability congestive heart failure localized edema,
ascites
Slide 36
Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men
lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomas
hemarthrosis
Slide 37
Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen
lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,
abnormal liver function, and bruising. transmitted by droplet
infection Infection confers permanent immunity
Major oncological disorder of blood- forming organs malignant
cells replace health bone marrow cells acute myelogenous leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Slide 40
Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly
Anorexia, weight loss, +9, anemia, leukocytosis
Slide 41
Is a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system. Allergic
reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known
as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid.
Allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity.
Slide 42
It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white
blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody
known as IgE, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. Common
allergic reactions include eczema, rash, hay fever, asthma attacks,
food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such
as wasps and bees.
Slide 43
Is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent
parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own
cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an unusual
immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Prominent examples
include Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Rheumatoid arthritis
RA
Slide 44
Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue
is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient. This is
explained by the concept that the immune system of the recipient
attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.
Slide 45
This is expected to happen, because the immune system's purpose
is to distinguish foreign material within the body and attempt to
destroy it, just as it attempts to destroy infecting organisms such
as bacteria and viruses When possible, transplant rejection can be
reduced through the use of immunosuppressant drugs
Slide 46
M.R., a 36-year-old certified registered nurse anesthetist
(CRNA), was diagnosed 7 years ago with latex allergy. She first
noticed that she developed contact dermatitis when she wore
powdered latex gloves. She soon developed tachycardia, hypotension,
bronchospasm, urticaria, and rhinitis with contact or proximity to
latex in surgery. She had one frightening episode of anaphylaxis.
Her allergy is of the type I hypersensitivity, IgE T-cell-mediated
latex allergy, which was diagnosed by a skin-prick test. M.R.
avoids all contact with any natural rubber latex in her home and at
work. She can only work in a pediatric OR because they are
latex-free, since many children with congenital disorders are latex
allergic. She wears a medical alert bracelet, uses a bronchodilator
inhaler at the first symptom of bronchospasm, and carries a syringe
of epinephrine at all times.
