““I do not want I do not want to miss a good to miss a good

chance of chance of getting us a getting us a slice of this slice of this magnificent magnificent

African cake.”African cake.”

- King Leopold II of - King Leopold II of BelgiumBelgium

Thoughts to Thoughts to consider…consider…

► Why do you think that there was Why do you think that there was such a demand for African land?such a demand for African land?

► Which nations do you think were Which nations do you think were most fought over among the most fought over among the European powers?European powers?

► Does this act of imperialism relate Does this act of imperialism relate to any other acts in world history?to any other acts in world history?

Defining Key Concepts…Defining Key Concepts…

► IMPERIALISM: the policy of extending IMPERIALISM: the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and acquiring and holding colonies and dependenciesdependencies

► COLONIZATION: the control or COLONIZATION: the control or governing influence of a nation over a governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people dependent country, territory, or people (to settle an area and take control)(to settle an area and take control)

Africa in the 1800Africa in the 1800’’ss►Continent made Continent made

up of hundreds of up of hundreds of ethnic groups and ethnic groups and languageslanguages

►Slave tradeSlave trade►European trading European trading

posts only along posts only along coastscoasts

►Emissaries sent to Emissaries sent to investigateinvestigate

Europeans Colonize Europeans Colonize AfricaAfrica

► Why Africa?!Why Africa?! Natural resources & raw materials Natural resources & raw materials

(industrialization)(industrialization) To build empires (nationalism)To build empires (nationalism)

► NATIONALISMNATIONALISM: Devotion to one's nation; love of your : Devotion to one's nation; love of your country & willingness to sacrifice anything for itcountry & willingness to sacrifice anything for it

Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity Racism? Racism?

►Superiority v. InferioritySuperiority v. Inferiority►Civilized v. UncivilizedCivilized v. Uncivilized

► Three “G’s”: GOLD, GLORY, & GODThree “G’s”: GOLD, GLORY, & GOD

““The sun never sets on the The sun never sets on the British Empire…”British Empire…”

► European competition for colonies leads to establishing European competition for colonies leads to establishing empires…empires…

Factors Enabling Factors Enabling ColonizationColonization

► Inter-European power struggles and Inter-European power struggles and competition for preeminence (the fact of competition for preeminence (the fact of surpassing all others; superiority)surpassing all others; superiority)

► Ethnic conflicts in AfricaEthnic conflicts in Africa► New advances in medicineNew advances in medicine

Malaria vaccine, PenicillinMalaria vaccine, Penicillin

► IndustrializationIndustrialization New technology among the EuropeansNew technology among the Europeans

►Weapons, Steamships, RailroadsWeapons, Steamships, Railroads

Social problems?Social problems?

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution► INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION::

the development the development of a societyof a society

► It refers to the It refers to the large-scale large-scale production production process of process of machines and new machines and new technologies that technologies that allow a society to allow a society to move forward. move forward.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution►European countries needed natural European countries needed natural

resources & raw materials (rubber, resources & raw materials (rubber, metals, minerals)metals, minerals)

►Africa had a plethora (overabundance) Africa had a plethora (overabundance) of natural resourcesof natural resources

►New markets for goodsNew markets for goods

Everyone wants a piece of Everyone wants a piece of the magnificent African the magnificent African

cake…cake…► ““Scramble for Africa”Scramble for Africa”: Prospects of : Prospects of

exploiting African resources that exploiting African resources that resulted in nationalist rivalries between resulted in nationalist rivalries between European empires for control of AfricaEuropean empires for control of Africa

► Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference: Meeting proposed by : Meeting proposed by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to devise ground rules with 14 European devise ground rules with 14 European states for the colonization of Africastates for the colonization of Africa

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICASCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

► The “scramble for Africa” took place between The “scramble for Africa” took place between 1875 and 19001875 and 1900

► Geographical information compiled by Geographical information compiled by explorers & adventurers held great interest explorers & adventurers held great interest for European imperialistsfor European imperialists

►Henry Stanley of Belgium established a Henry Stanley of Belgium established a colony called Congo Free State, 18070’scolony called Congo Free State, 18070’s

►Taking advantage of Egypt’s unrest, Britain Taking advantage of Egypt’s unrest, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882occupied Egypt, 1882

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference►1884-18851884-1885►European leaders wanted to avoid war…European leaders wanted to avoid war…

Agree upon carving up African continent into Agree upon carving up African continent into coloniescolonies

Drawn up without African participationDrawn up without African participation Provided the basis for the subsequent partition Provided the basis for the subsequent partition

(break up), invasion, and colonization of Africa by (break up), invasion, and colonization of Africa by various European powersvarious European powers

European armies sent to consolidate their claims & European armies sent to consolidate their claims & impose colonial ruleimpose colonial rule

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

►RESULT: a transformation of RESULT: a transformation of political & economic Africa, with political & economic Africa, with virtually all parts of the virtually all parts of the continent colonized by 1900continent colonized by 1900 European colonies embraced all of European colonies embraced all of

Africa except Ethiopia & LiberiaAfrica except Ethiopia & Liberia

Simulation…Simulation…

Debriefing…Debriefing…► What areas did you get for your What areas did you get for your

country?country?

►What areas did your country What areas did your country actually get?actually get?

►How fair was this for Europeans?How fair was this for Europeans?

►How fair was this for Africans?How fair was this for Africans?

Impacts & Effects of Impacts & Effects of European RuleEuropean Rule

► African people had little power in their African people had little power in their governmentsgovernments

► Europeans gained power in part by Europeans gained power in part by encouraging rivalries among ethnic encouraging rivalries among ethnic groupsgroups

► Europeans took the best land to farmEuropeans took the best land to farm► Drew political boundaries that divided Drew political boundaries that divided

ethnic groups & forced different groups ethnic groups & forced different groups to live togetherto live together

Ticket to Leave…Ticket to Leave…

►Complete AFRICAN COLONIZATION Complete AFRICAN COLONIZATION TICKET-TO-LEAVETICKET-TO-LEAVE

►When finished, stick in period 7 When finished, stick in period 7 bin!bin!

►If time, you may begin your If time, you may begin your homework: Berlin Conference homework: Berlin Conference Diary Entry Assignment…Diary Entry Assignment…