Chapter 9

Section 1-Growth of Royal Power in England and France I. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Nobles and the Church had as much-or

more-power as the monarch. Both Nobles and the Church had their own

courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies.

Monarchs used various means to centralize power. They expanded the royal domain and set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or Church courts.

II. Strong Monarchs in England During the early Middle Ages, Angles,

Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England,

Although feudalism developed, English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united.

III. Evolving Traditions of English Government

Most battles developed as a result of efforts by the monarch to raise taxes or to impose royal authority over traditional feudal rights.

Out of those struggles evolved traditions of government that would influence the modern world.

IV. Successful Monarchs in France Unlike William the Conqueror in England,

monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.

The Capetians- In 987, these feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the vacant throne.

Philip Augustus- An outstanding French king of this period was Philip II, often called Philip Augustus.

Louis IX, King and Saint- Perhaps the most admired French ruler of this time was Louis IX. Louis was ascended in the throne in 1226.

Section 2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church The Holy Roman Empire

-936 Duke Otto of Saxony took the title King of Germany-He worked closely with the Church and was crowned emperor by a pope- His successors took the title Holy Roman emperor

- They had claimed authority over much of eastern and central Europe and parts of France and Italy - Their challenge was to control their vassals – hundreds of nobles and Church officials - Another problem was that they had a conflict with the popes over the appointment of Church officials

Duke Otto I of Saxony

Conflict Between Popes and BishopsA. Pope Gregory VII

- determined to make the Church independent of secular rulers - banned lay investiture – the creation of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy

B. Emperor Henry IV - argued that since he was overlord, that he should be entitled to give the people the symbols of office

C. The Struggle Intensifies - Gregory excommunicated Henry and crowned a new emperor - Henry appeared to Gregory as a repentant sinner and Gregory had no choice but to forgive him as a priest - Henry took revenge and exiled the pope D. Concordat of Worms - Treaty that in which both sides agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority and the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs

The Struggle for Italy A. Frederick Barbarossa

- Tried to take wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control - However, he succeed in arranging a marriage between his son, Henry, and Constance, heiress on Sicily and southern Italy

B. Frederick II- son of Henry and Constance, he pursued his ambitions in Italy - tried but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy

C. Effects on Germany and Italy- German nobles became more independent - The Holy Roman Empire survived, but it remained fragmented into many feudal states - In southern Italy and Sicily, the popes turned to the French to overthrow Frederick’s heirs

The Height of the Church

-Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers-Innocent excommunicated a king and placed his kingdom under interdict-He did the same to Philip II as he tried unlawfully to annul – invalidate – his marriage - Innocent launched a crusade – a holy war – against the Albigensians

SECTION 3

Europeans Look Outward

The World in 1050•During Europe’s middle ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant new civilization that stretched from Spain to India.•The Chinese made amazing advances in technology, inventing paper, printing, and gun powder.The Crusades•At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited boshops and nobles to action.•Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism, or split, between the roman and Byzantine

•Only the first crusade came close to achieving its goals.•Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.•The crusades continued, on and off, for over 200 yrs.•1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader Salah-Din.•3rd crusade Europeans tried but failed to retake Jerusalem.•1291, they captured the last Christian outpost, the port city of Acre.

Effects of the Crusades on Europe•The crusade left behind a bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them.

•Though the Crusades failed to conquer the Holy Land, they did have significant effects on life in Europe.

Economic Expansion •The crusades increased trade.•It furthered encouraged the growth of a money economy.

The Reconquista in SpainFerdinand and Isabella•Isabella and Ferdinand tried to impose unity on their diverse people.•Isabella ended the policy of religious toleration that is a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose.

Section 4 Learning, Literature, and the Arts

Medieval Universities

Academic Guilds - Students could travel from university to university, -Cathedrals evolved

into Universities studying Law in Bologna, Medicine in Montpellier, or Theology/Religion In Paris. Student Life. -Students would wake up at 5am for prayers. Then has classes Until 10am. -Classes were held in either rented rooms or the choir loft. - Students would take an oral exam to show they mastered A subject; Earning a bachelors degree took between 3 and 6 Years. Woman and Education -Woman weren’t aloud to attend universities.

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning

Spread of Learning-Muslims founded Arabic language. Philosophy-Used ‘Scholasticism’ to support Christian beliefs.-Conflict between faith and reason. Science and Mathematics-Did not make it far in Medieval Ages because mostPeople stilled believed that all science had a church Reason.

Medieval LiteratureHeroic Epics -Chansons de geste -Song of Roland -Poem of the ChildDante’s Divine Comedy -Written by an Italian Poet named Dante Alighieri -About souls awaiting forgiveness -Believes that peoples actions determine there fate After death.Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales -Geoffrey Chaucer follows a band of Pilgrims travelingTo Thomas Becket’s tomb.

Architecture and ArtRomanesque Strength -Looked like fortresses with thick walls and And towers. -Dark and gloomy. -Walls were extremely thick and heavy.Gothic Grace -Used flying buttresses. -Higher walls with huge stain windows. Art in Stone and Glass -Portrayed scenes from the bible in the inside And outside of the church. -Also images like animals and plants. -The stain glass and carvings served as a religious Education for the people, most of whom were illiterate.Illuminated Manuscripts -The artistic decoration of books. -Monks, nuns, and other skilled artisans had illuminated Books. -Characteristics of the new Gothic style of churches included bold, Brilliant colors and decorative detail.

Ch.9; Section 4 /Vocab.

Scholasticism- Used reason to support Christian Beliefs.

Vernacular- Everyday languages of ordinary people.

Epics- Long narrative poems about tales of common people or feudal warriors.

Flying Buttresses- Stone supports that stood outside the Gothic church.

Illumination- The artistic decoration of books.