International court 1945-1946 in Nuremburg, Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for these murders in the concentration comps—22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7—life imprisonment; 3--acquitted

Goering (left) and Hess (right) during their criminal trials at Nuremberg in 1946 

United Nations

Aug. 1944—Reps. From G.B., S.U., China and U.S… New York-N.A. headquarters

Create a body to prevent future global wars; promote equal rights and self-determination of peoples

Human Rights.wmv

Purpose: to determine the fate of peace in Europe

To divide Germany and its capital into 4 occupation zonesUS, GB, and France unified zones create

West Germany and West Berlin (democratic)

SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin (communist)

Division of Germany—and Division of Berlin

Began feelings of mistrust Divided Europe btwn democracy and

communism Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone

Germany divided into:

East Germany

Dominated by Soviet Union

Didn’t adopt democratic ideals

West Germany

Resumed self govt after a few yrs of Amer., Br, & Fr. Occupation

Became democratic

Emerged with economic power

Berlin Airlift

Berlin Airlift and formation of Nato.wmv

Soviets held East Berlin hostage

USA & Britain flew supplies over Berlin

Stalin lifted blockade May 1949

Berlin Wall-1961

Berlin Wall.wmv

Divided Berlin into East & West

Democratic & Communist

http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9904/nato.timeline/content/07.berlin.wall.jpg

Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red.

Winston Churchill “From Stettin in the Baltic

to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.”

Europe

Marshall Plan-

Massive American financial aid

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.wmv

Lay in ruins

(USA) provided lots of $$$$ to rebuild Europe & prevent the spread of communism

Containment: a policy for preventing the expansion of communism

After WWII—U.S. policy=containment Development of alliances against Soviet

and Chinese aggression Led to armed conflict in Korea and

Vietnam U.S. tried to contain or restrict

communism to those countries of the world where it already existed

Truman Doctrine

Promise that the U.S. would defend free peoples

Policy of Containment.wmv

“containment of communism”

Keep communism from spreading

“Domino Theory”

Deterrence the act of

deterring, especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating.

Détente 1970’s—

relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War

SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—agreed to limit number of stockpiled weapons

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—North American headquarters in Norfolk!

Defensive alliance among the USA & western Europe to prevent Soviet expansion

Warsaw Pact

Soviet allies in eastern Europe form this as a response to NATO

1950s Fidel Castro: communist revolution

Cubans fled to Florida to escape communist rule

Pres. Eisenhower encouraged the CIA to train exiles & attempt to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs Invasion)

Bay of Pigs.wmv

President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion….

It was a complete disaster—within two days Castro’s army had captured or killed most of the American supported invaders

“massive retaliation”

Under Pres. Eisenhower

S.U. matched the USA in nuclear weaponry

Purpose was to prevent a nuclear strike by the Soviets

Japan Occupied by American forces under MacArthur’s administration

Adopted democratic gov’t with economic growth (dominate Asia’s economy)

Resumed self govt & became a strong ally of the USA

Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities

China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war 1949

Chiang Kai-shek—Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)

Mao-Tse-tung—Communist China (mainland China)—participates in Korean conflict

China taken over by communists increases Amer. Fears of communism

China & the Soviet Union become bitter rivals—Nixon exploits this!

Pres. Nixon visits communist China

Lasted from the end of WWII until 1989

USA: democratic, free market economy

Soviet Union: totalitarian govt, communist economy

1950s; example of containment policy

Communist North Korea invaded South Korea

USA counterattacked North Korea

Start of Korean War.wmv

Communist Chinese forces helped North Korea

Ended in a stalemate South Korea free from communism

38th Parallel MacArthur dismissed and Korean Armistice.wmv

Example of containment policy

North Vietnam (communist) tried to take over South Vietnam (17th Parallel)

Ho Chi Minh--Leader USA helped South Vietnam resist!

Today—Vietnam reunited communist country

Vietnam War.wmv

Pres. John F. Kennedy began sending us over

Kennedy assassinated 1963

Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson intensified our buildup

USA repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese but couldn’t force an end to the war!

USA was VERY divided over our involvement

Richard Nixon elected as Pres. w/ pledge to end war!

“Vietnamization” replacing Amer. Troops w/ South Vietnamese troops

Failed; S.U. supplied North Viet

detente under Nixon.wmv

1975 North & South Vietnam Communist!

Troops faced hostility when they came home!

Nixon forced to resign as Pres.

Nixon trying to wire tape Dem. Party Headquarters to win 1972 election

Caught trying to cover it up!

S.U. stationed missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)

Kennedy ordered SU to remove them

They did! (We had missiles in Turkey directed at them)

Cuban Missile Crisis.wmv

Americans feared Communism & the threat of a nuclear war

Schools & drills to train children

Bomb shelters in basements

Public Service Announcement

Alger Hiss & Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted of being Soviet spies (executed)

SU constructing nuclear weapons

Both of these increased Amer. Fears of communism!

“pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”

“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

Kennedy's Speech

WWII veteran assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963

Shook the nation’s confidence

Spending tons of $$$ to keep up w/ USA

Nationalism in Satellite Nations

Fast-Paced reforms Economic inefficiency

Reagan and Star Wars.wmv

Gorbachev “glasnost” & “perestroika”: openness & economic restructuring

Challenged moral legitimacy of SU

Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”

Increased US military & economic pressure on SU

End of Cold War.wmv

Created a unique government in Yugoslavia, which included socialism

Led to the breakup of the Yugoslavian federation. He ordered a program of ethnic cleansing. Who was he trying to get “rid” of?

Muslims

The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

1915-1916: Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led a genocide against the Armenian Christians

1932-1934: Joseph Stalin led a genocide against political opponents, peasants, members of the elite and people of Ukraine

1975: The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities were slaughtered in Cambodia

Tutsis and Hutus are two ethnic groups living in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi. In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to use the military against the Tutsi opposition. Between April and July 1994, as many as 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the country as refugees, fearing revenge by the Tutsis.

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