© Keith Vander Linden, 2005 1 A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming is not worth knowing. - Alan Perlis, “Epigrams in Computing”,

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© Keith Vander Linden, 2005

A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming is not worth knowing.

- Alan Perlis, “Epigrams in Computing”, SIGPLAN, 1982

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Database Languages

● Database languages provide features for:– Building a database schema– Retrieving data from a database– Manipulating data in a database

● Two common languages:– Query-By-Example (QBE) – Structured Query Language (SQL)

(Sections 9.5-8)

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© Keith Vander Linden, 2005Image from www.hp.com July, 2001

Moshe M. ZloofQuery-by-Example (QBE)

● Introduced by IBM in 1975● Graphical interface to SQL● Has influenced the query interfaces of

other DB systems:– Paradox– Access

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Query-By-Example

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Edgar F. CoddRelational Algebra/Calculus

● Developed from 1971-1974● Relational Algebra - a procedural

language:– Relations

– Relational operators

● Relational Calculus - a declarative language with equivalent power.

Image from www.computer.org, July, 2001

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Structured Query Language

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The Database Schema

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Access Query Types

● Retrieval queries:– Select queries

● Modification queries:– Make-table queries– Delete queries– Update queries– Append queries

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Projection Queries

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Selection Queries

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Conditions

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Join Queries

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Combining Operations

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Sorting

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Grouping & Aggregate Functions

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Arithmetic

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SQL

● Structured Query Language:– Specially designed for data queries and

updates– Command-line based

● It is the industry standard

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Access

Jet Engine

Using SQL

Jet DB

Interface

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MSDE EngineSQL ServerJet EngineOracle Engine

Using SQL

Oracle DB Jet DB

Access Interface

SQL Server DB

MSDE DB

ODBC Driver

ODBC Driver

ODBC Driver

ODBC Driver

VBApplication

Java Applet

JDBC Driver

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DB Engine

Using SQL

DB

ODBC Driver

JDBC Driver

Web Browser Network Web Server

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Basic Query Types

● Single-table queries● Multiple-table queries● Aggregation and Grouping● Set Operations● Database Modifications

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SELECT Syntax

SELECT <attributes or expressions>FROM <tables>[WHERE <conditions on the attributes>][GROUP BY <attribute list> [HAVING <conditions>] ][ORDER BY <attribute list>]

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Single-Table QueriesQ: Get a list of all the products.

SELECT * FROM Products;

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The SELECT Clause 1Q: Get names, categories and prices of all the products.

SELECT name, unitPrice, categoryFROM Products;

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The SELECT Clause 2Q: Get the total value of each product in stock.

SELECT name, (unitPrice * inStock)FROM Products;

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The SELECT Clause 3Q: Can SELECT return duplicates or not?

SELECT categoryFROM Products;

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The SELECT Clause 4Q: Get a list of the category types for products.

SELECT DISTINCT categoryFROM Products;

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The WHERE Clause 1Q: Get the foreign customers.

SELECT firstName, lastName, country FROM CustomersWHERE country <> 'USA';

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The WHERE Clause 2Q: Get the Customers at 100 Main Street, New York.

SELECT firstName, lastName, street, cityFROM CustomersWHERE street='100 Main St.'AND city='New York';

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The WHERE Clause 3Q: Get the products without images.

SELECT name, imageFROM ProductsWHERE image IS NULL;

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The ORDER BY ClauseQ: Get the Employees in alphabetical order.

SELECT lastName+', '+firstName AS fullNameFROM CustomersORDER BY lastName, firstName;

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Multiple-Table QueriesQ: Get the list of products for each customer order.

SELECT orderId, name, quantityFROM Products, OrderDetailsWHERE id=productID;

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Multiple-Table Queries 2Q: Get the names of the products and customers that order them.

SELECT name, firstName, lastNameFROM Products, OrderDetails, Orders, CustomersWHERE Products.ID=OrderDetails.productID AND OrderDetails.orderID = Orders.ID AND Orders.customerID = Customers.ID;

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Grouping and Aggregation 1Q: Count the products in each category.

SELECT category, Count(category)FROM ProductsGROUP BY categoryORDER BY Count(category) DESC;

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Grouping and Aggregation 2

Q: Get the categories with more than 3 products.

SELECT category, Count(category)FROM ProductsGROUP BY categoryHAVING Count(category) > 3;

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Set OperationsQ: Get the names of all suppliers and customers.

SELECT name FROM Suppliers UNIONSELECT firstName+’ ’+lastName FROM Customers;

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Inserting DataQ: Add Wile E’s alter ego to the customers list.

INSERT INTO Customers(id,firstName,lastName)VALUES (14,'Carnivorous','Vulgarus');

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Updating DataQ: Change Carnivorous’s address.

UPDATE CustomersSET street = '1 Cave Lane'WHERE id = 14;

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Deleting DataQ: Remove Carnivorous from the Customers table.

DELETE FROM CustomersWHERE id = 14;

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Importing External Data

● Frequently, data from other sources must be imported in bulk.

● Approaches:– an SQL INSERT command file– a specialized import facility

Documents

© Keith Vander Linden, 2005 1 A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming is not worth knowing. - Alan Perlis, “Epigrams in Computing”,