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Due Diligence on Wind Energy Projects
Site Assessment
30. October 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Outline
• 1) Introduction – Lahmeyer International GmbH• 2) Site Assessment• 3) Bankability criteria• 4) On-site wind measurement• 5) Wind farm planning and layout
• Distances• Turbulences• Turbine and site suitability• Environmental restriction
• 6) Wind studies• 7) Norms and guidelines• 8) Appendix
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Company Lahmeyer International GmbH (LI)
Founding Year 1966
Headquarter Bad Vilbel, Germany
Services Technical and economic planning and consulting services
Fields of Activity - Energy- Hydropower and Water Resources- Transportation
LI Group 6 Associated Companies
Employees 2011 LI Group: 1500
Turnover 2011 LI Group: 150 million Euro
Representatives in 50 Countries
Lahmeyer International GmbHOverview
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Interdisciplinary technical advisor….
… covering the whole energy industry.
Energy Division Hydropower and Water
Resources Division Transportation
GE 1 – Electrical Engineering
GE 2 – Transmission and Distribution
GE 3 – Privately Financed Projects
GE 4 – Thermal Power Plants
GE 5 – Renewable Energies I
GE 6 – Renewable Energies II – Wind Energy
GE 7 – Economics and Energy Efficiency
Divisions & Departments
Lahmeyer International GmbH
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GE6 – Wind Energy Department
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Global Presence
LI has provided wind energy services in over
65 different countries around the world.
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• Wind measurements masts installed > 240
• Country wide wind mappings > 14 countries
• Wind potential evaluations > 300 wind farms
• CFD wind studies > 120 wind farms
• Feasibility studies > 80 wind farms (> 3,300 MW)
• Due diligence studies > 600 wind farms (>12,500 MW)
• Construction supervision > 60 wind farms (> 1,700 MW)
• Operation and maintenance supervision > 90 wind farms (> 2,800 MW)
GE 6 – Wind Energy DivisionKey References
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GE 6 – Wind Energy DivisionExample: Zafarana IV Wind Park, Egypt
ClientNew and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA)
Main Data
• Installed capacity: 80 MW
• Number of wind turbines: 94
• Type of turbine: Gamesa: G52, 850 kW
• Annual Energy Generation: 244 GWh p.a.
Execution 2005-2010Services• Implementation Plan
• Tender procedure (incl. O&M Contract)
• PPA and tariff elaboration
• Construction Supervision
• O&M Supervision
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GE 6 – Wind Energy DivisionExample: Gangwon Wind Farm, Korea
ClientUnison Corporation, Korea
Main Data
• Installed capacity: 98 MW• Number of wind turbines: 49• Type of turbine: Vestas V80 – 2.0MW• Annual Energy Generation: 244 GWh p.a.
Execution 2004-2011
Services
• Project Management • Complete Planning and Engineering • Full-time Construction Supervision • Site Management • Commissioning • Quality Control and Assurance • O&M Supervision
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GE 6 – Wind Energy DivisionExample: Development of 3 Wind Farms in Sudan
ClientMINISTRY of ELECTRICITY AND DAMS (MED), SUDAN
Main Data
• Planned capacity: 30 MW• Foreseen turbine type: 800 – 2,500 kW
Execution 2011-2014
Services
• Update of Feasibility Studies:• Assessment of the available wind data• Wind farm siting• Energy yield calculation• Supervision of wind measurement
campaign• Electrical and civil wind farm layout• Review of electrical conditions• Economical and financial analysis• Steering of CDM registration process
• Design and Tendering• Preparation of Conceptual Design • Preparation of Tender Documents • Coordination of Tender process and contract
negotiations• Construction supervision• Supervision of Construction
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GE 6 – Wind Energy DivisionExample: Feasibility Study Wind Energy on Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam
ClientElectricity of Vietnam Power Company No.2
Main Data
• 2 existing Diesel power stations: 7 MW (total installed capacity) O/HFO fired generation (end 2005): 5 MW
• Existing distribution network: OH; 22kV (MV); 0.4kV (LV)• Forecasted total demand by the end of 2010: 50 MW
Execution 2005-2006
Services• Phase I: Feasibility Study• Wind Resource Assessment
(Identification of the five most promising locations)
• Site selection• Wind farm concept• Basic calculation of Specific
Electricity Generation
• Phase II: Conceptual Design• Power demand analysis• Electrical grid qualitative
analysis• Optimization of the wind farm
layout• EIA and resettlement plan
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Site Assessment
Task of Site Assessment:• Measurement and analysis of wind conditions Benefit: Early knowledge may save your money in case of too low wind conditions Benefit: Knowledge about the risks, e.g. turbulences, extreme wind conditions
• Annual energy production Benefit: Allows you to calculated the profitability of your wind project (in case FIT is available) or to
calculate the PPA
• Wind farm layout and micro-siting Benefit: Licensable layout, considering restrictions, e.g. environmental, setbacks towards roads, high
voltage lines, railways, residents Benefit: Choice of most suitable turbine
• Environmental impact assessment Benefit: Helps you to improve your layout in case results exceeds local laws
• Country wide or area specific wind mapping Benefit: Know the hot spots
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Site Assessment
Goals of Site Assessment:
• Knowledge about the wind conditions of your site• Wind speed• Wind direction• Turbulences• Extreme wind condition• Air density
• Site suitability• Choice of right turbine type
• Layout respecting restrictions• Bankable and reliable wind and energy study• Calculation of the income side and profitability
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Site Assessment
Bankability criteria
• On-site wind measurements• Modelling with proper models, like WAsP for simple terrain and CFD for complex• Wind farm layout
• Distances• Restrictions• Turbulence• Available land
• Turbine suitability• Site suitability• Bankable wind resource and energy studies by independent consultants
Bankable is what a bank accepts, even if they deviate from norms, guidelines and common practice
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On-site wind measurement
Why on-site measurement, instead of only modeling?
• All models, regardless if static (WAsP) or dynamic (microscale CFD, meso scale atmospheric models) have inherent limitations. Especially extrapolation of wind speed to greater heights above ground is problematic and affected with high uncertainty.
• Turbulence data and vertical profile at a complex site can only precisely be determined by measurement
• Extreme wind speed calculation for turbine class assignment is more reliable with on site measured time series
• Indispensable precondition for project financing • Additional data for temperature, humidity, pressure and solar radiation can be
gathered• Reduction of uncertainty because of „real“ wind data
• lowers risk for banks and investors• increasing of your project value
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On-site wind measurement
Key requirements to wind measurements
• Representative mast position• In complex terrain more than one mast • Measurement height minimum 2/3 of planned hub height• State-of-Art sensors
• „First Class“ anemometers• Individually calibrated anemometers
• Measurement of wind speed, wind direction, temperature• Optionally air pressure, humidity, flow inclination• Wind speed sensors (anemometer) at minimum three different levels; minimum
distance 20 m• Wind direction at two heights• Mounting and mast design according to IEC 61400-12 Annex G• Measurement documentation according to Measnet• Minimum measurement period 1 year• Permanent monitoring during measurement to avoid major failures
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On-site wind measurement
Quality of energy results stands or falls with the wind measurement
More technical details in Annex
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• Defining site borders (land availability, etc.)• Site access (nearby roads, complexity of the site, etc.)• Exclusions areas (e.g. distance to suburban areas, houses, streets, etc.)• Wind Resource• Distances between the turbines• Respecting restrictions (e.g. noise, shadow flicker, animals)• Obstacles (Rivers, mountains, villages, roads, transmission lines and other
obstacles)
Wind Farm Planning and Layout
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DistancesTurbulences
Available landRestrictions
Wind Farm Planing and Layout
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Rule of thumbs:
• 3-5 rotor diameter distance 90° to the main wind direction
• 5-10 rotor diameters distance in main wind direction
• The larger the wind farm, the more distance should be kept
• Orientation: Minimum 90 % park efficiency (=10 % wake losses)
Distances
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Turbulence
Wake turbulence
Source: http://f2e.de/de/services/beispiele/nachlaufstroemung-wea-2
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Turbine suitability
Choosing the right turbine for the site • IEC Classification• Hub height, rotor diameter• Transport possibilities• Availability (supply)• Service possibilities• Restriction• Track record• Proven technology• Reputation of manufacturer
Site suitability• Assessment of IEC class and subclass• Turbulence calculation• Site suitability confirmation of manufacturer
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Site Suitability Analysis
• Qualified on-site wind measurement required
• Assessment of IEC Classes:
• Reference wind speed (Max 10min wind speed in 50yrs)
• Average annual wind speed
• Turbulence Intensity
• Calculation of turbulence intensity including:
• Ambient and representative turbulence intensity
• Effective turbulence intensity
Wind class I II III
Vref 50 m/s 42.5 m/s 37.5 m/s
Vave 10 m/s 8.5 m/s 7.5 m/s
Turbulence class at 15 m/s
A 18.0 % 18.0 % 18.0 %
B 15.7 % 15.7 % 15.7 %
C 13.5 % 13.5 % 13.5 %
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Site Suitability Analysis
Examples:
• IEC III are made to low wind region
• Huge rotor diameter compared to small rated capacity
Manufacturer Turbine type
Rotor-diameter [m]
Hub height [m]
Rated Power [kW]
Vestas V112 112 84, 94, 119, 140
3000
Vestas V126 126 119 3000
Nordex N117 117 91, 120, 141 2400
Gamesa G114 114 93, 120, 140 2000
Goldwind GW109 109 90 2500
Goldwind GW106 106 80, 90 2500
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Site Suitability Analysis
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Power curve comparison IEC I and IEC III
N90 2,5 MW IEC IN117 2,4 MW IEC III
Wind speed [m/s]
Po
we
r [k
W]
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Environmental restrictions
Shadow
Distance to housing areas
Noise
Distance to housing areas
Wild Live
Endangered Species – Bird trails
Landscape
Distance to National Parks, Monuments, etc.
Country specific requirements
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Wind park planning
Wind park planning, available land and exclusion areas merged
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Wind park planning
Wind resource map
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Wind park planning
Wind park planning, micro siting at optimal positions
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Bankable wind study
Key requirements to a bankable wind study
• Site visit• Quality control of wind data• Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP)-Procedures (gap filling)• Long-term correlation with suitable long-term references• Vertical / Horizontal Flow Modelling Procedure• Gross energy yield• Loss estimation• Uncertainty estimation• Probability of Exceedance (PoE)
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Relevant norms and guidelines
• IEC 61400-12 Annex G• Mounting of instruments on meteorological mast
• IEC 61400-1 Ed.3: Wind turbines – Part 1: Design Requirements• Specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines
• Measnet: Evaluation of site specific wind conditions• Site inspection• Relevant meteorological parameters• Representativeness of wind measurements• Measurement documentation• Data evaluation and extrapolation• Derived results• Reporting
• Technical Guidelines for wind turbines Part 6: Determination of Wind Potential and Energy Yields
• German guideline published by non-profit organization: Foerdergesellschaft Windenergie e.V. (FGW)
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Q & A
Contact: Anil Bindal
Tel: +49 (0) 6101-55-1676Email : [email protected]
Website:www.lahmeyer.de
Thank you for your kind attention
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Q & A
Appendix
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On-site Wind measurement
Sensors
• State of the art: „ First Class“ cup anemometers, with high measurement accuracy and relatively high insensitivity regarding turbulence and low power consumption
• Wind speed sensors individually calibrated in wind tunnel
• Wind direction measured with wind vanes• Redundant wind speed (on same height
above ground) and direction sensors (different heights)
• Additional sensors for temperature, humidity, pressure and evtl. solar radiation
well-designed
poor-designed
Source: IEA Expert group study: 11. Wind speed measurement and use of cup anemometry
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On-site Wind measurement
General recommendations for met mast siting
Representative position within wind farm
Covering of as much turbine positions as possible within representative radius
Position free from obstacles within a radius of 20-30 times obstacle height
Position with regular flow conditions• Not on or behind sharp ridges (recirculation zones)• Not in depressions• Preferably in flat area or on smooth shaped hills
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On-site Wind measurement
Placing of met mast(s) on the Wind farm site
Questions to be answered:
How many met masts are necessary?
Which height of mast is necessary?
Where to put the met mast(s)?
Additional measurement of vertical profile necessary?
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On-site Wind measurement
Number of met mast(s) on the wind farm siteTwo terrain types can be distinguished!
Simple terrain (Desert) Complex terrain (Italian Alps)
- Minor Relief- Negligible influence of orography on wind speed- Wind conditions only influenced by roughness
- Significant relief- Slopes with steepness > 30%- Wind conditions influenced by roughness and orography
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On-site Wind measurement
- Significant relief- Slopes with steepness > 30%- Wind conditions influenced by roughness and orography
Representative radius of met masts
Terrain type Minimum measurement height a. g.
Representative radius of mast (max. distance of any wind turbine to mast)
Simple Terrain: (Example Desert) 2/3 of hub height 10 km
Complex Terrain: (Example Italian Alps)
2/3 of hub height (mast on plateau), hub height if mast on ridge
2 kmCould be even less in very
complex terrain
Source: MEASNET-Evaluation of site specific wind conditions, 2009
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On-site Wind measurement
Flow disturbances of tubular and lattice tower
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On-site Wind measurement
Example of State-of-the-Art Design: Top Sensors
Alternative according to IEC 61400-12: no single top sensor, two sensors at same height mounted on booms.
Source: IEC standard 61400-12-1
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Site Assessment
Example for State-of-the-art design: Lower sensors
