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Libro de Gramática

Hermosa Hammond1st PeriodoEspañol IV Honores

Table of Contents

1. Present2. Irregular yo formas3. Irregulars in the present4. Ser vs. Estar5. Verbs Like Gustar6. Nouns and Article Adjectives7. Adjectives8. Preterite vs. Imperfect9. Present Subjunctive10. Subjunctive Used in Noun Clauses11. Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses12. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns in Commands13. Formal Commands14. Negative formal commands15. Informal Commands16. Commands Using Nosotros17. Object Pronouns18. Prepositional Pronouns19. Pronouns with Double Object20. Possessive Adjectives21. Possessive Pronouns22. Por and Para23. Becoming 24. Reflexive Verbs

Table of Contents (cont)

25. Future26. Conditional27. Present Perfect28. Relative Pronouns29. Que vs. Cual30. The Neuter ‘Lo’31. Subjunctive Used in Adverbial Clauses32. Past Subjunctive33.Comparisons vs. Superlatives34. Adverbs35. Diminutives. Augmentatives36. Present Perfect use in Subjunctive37. Se38. Past Participles Used as Adjectives39. Expressing time with Hacer40. Future Perfect. Conditional Perfect41. Si Clauses. Transitional Expressions. Pero vs. Sino42. Passive Voice43. Negative and indefinite expressions44. Past perfect and Past Perfect Subjunctive45. Infinitivos46. Prepositions

{El Presente

What’s happening AHORA!

Actions in the present time General Truths Near Future Literature Habitual Actions

El Presente: Usar

{ {-AR

- O- As- A- Amos- Aís- An

-ER and IR

- O- Es- E- Emos- Eís- En

El Presente: Regulares

Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem changes in the present tense!

Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the personal endings.

-AR & -ER stem changes: e to ie, o to i, u to ue.

Stem Changing Verbos!

Yo: Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply. A common verb with an irregular yo is

Saber, meaning to know, which is Yo Sé. -cer to –zco; -gir to –jo Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same

rules as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such as conozco and reconozco.

Irregular Formas

Ser and Estar

To be or not to beThat is the question!

They both mean to be!

Los dos palabras se significan “to be” in Ingles. Ser means “to be” and it is

permanent. Estar es “to be” but it is not

permanent.

Para Usar….

estar

ser

{ {Ser

Place of origin Personality Possession Material Animals Profession or occupation Relationship Date Season Used to express the

permanence of an object

Estar

Condition Temporality Location or spatial relationshio Health and states Emotions Certain weather expressions

(esta nublado) Expressing death Variability Used to express

impermanence of an object.

A Comparison

{ {SER

SoyEresEsSomosSoisSon

Estar

EstoyEstásEstáEstamosEstaísEstán

Personal Forms

YoTuEllaNosotrosVosotrosEllas

{

Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar, apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan manzanas.”

Gustar = VerbsMe = I Object PronounManzanas = Subject

N is added to the verb when the subject is plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.” More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”

Verbos Como Gustar

Abburir Caer bien Caer mal Doler Faltar Encantar Disgustar Fascinar Importar Interesar Sorprender Importar

More verbos como Gustar

Extra Points adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasisto the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”(pleased)

Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms, adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the subject, not IO pronoun.

Like in English, a noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or idea.

Masculine or Feminine Masculine usually ens in o, or, l, s, and ma. Feminine usually ends in a, ora, ion, d, and z. El indicates masculine, along with los. La

indicates feminine, with las. Those are articles. Plural mostly by adding s, but nouns ending in z

add a c and then an es.hombre – hombresrana – ranaslapiz – lapices

Nouns

Mi, el, nosotros, ellos, ti, ella, vosotros, ellas, usted, si, ustedes.

Function as the object of the preposition. Si is used to refer back to the same third

person subject. Si mismo – himself or herself

Prepositional Pronouns

IO’s precede the direct object when they appear together, as a rule of thumb.

Double Object Pronouns

Mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro My, yours, his/hers, ours, you all’s. Add an s if what is being possessed is

plural. Must agree with nouns that are being

possessed, and the gender of that who is possessing.

Mi cara, tu cara, sus caras, nuestros caras, vuestros caras

Possessive Adjectives

El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias all mean mine

Tuyo, tuya, tuyas, mean yours Nuestro/a, nuestros/as, mean our. Suyo/a, suyos/as mean theirs. Vuestro/a, vuestros/as mean you all’s

Possessive Pronouns

Este: this Ese: that Aquel: that over there

Este Ese Aquel

Esta Esa Aquella

Estos Esos Aquellos

Estas Esas aquellas

Demonstrative Adjectives

Can replace nounsMust agree in number and gender! Plural

by adding s

Show that a person is performing an action to him or herself

Routines Indicates emotion Agrees in Person and number.

Reflexive Pronouns

Singular Plural

1st Person Me Nos

2nd Person Te Os

3rd Person Se Se

What kind Which one How many How much MUST match noun it is describing in gender

and number Single adjectives sometimes modify more

than one noun, but the plural form is used. Adjective following a noun is literal, and

preceding is more figurative, like pobre and pobre.

Adjectives

{Continuing?Done?The important questions!

Preterit vs. Imperfect

{ {Preterit

Seen as completed action Definite beginning and

ending Does not lack specificity. Trigger words: ayer,

anoche, desde el primer momento, la semana pasada, entonces, ayer por la tarde

Imperfect

Not seen as a completed action

Indefinite ending or beginning

Vague or general Things you “used to do.” Trigger words: cuando era

un niño, con frecuencia, mucho, nunca, muchas veces, siempre, todas las semanas, todos los dias

Both are past actions, but…

{ {AR

- Aste- Ó- Amos- Asteis- Aron

ER/IR

ísteIóImosIsteisIeron

Regular Preterit

{ {AR

AbaAbasAbaÁbamosAbaisaban

ER/IR

ÍaÍasÍaÍamosÍaisÍan

Regular Impefect

Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated the same:

FuiFuisteFue

FuemosFuisteisFueron

Irregular Preterit

Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver

Di Hice Dije Traje Vi

Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste

Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio

Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos

Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis

Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron

Irregular Preterit

Car, gar, zar

Qu Gu C

Ayer, Anoche, El ano pasado, Ante ayer, Antes

Preterite Trigger Words include…

Verbo Change

Andar Anduv

Estar Estuv

Tener Tuv

Caber Cup

Haber Hub

Poder Pud

Poner Pus

Irreg

ula

r Pre

terit

Verbo Change

Saber Sup

Hacer Hic

Querer Quis

Venir vin

-e:-iste-o

-imos:-isteis-ieron

Ir Ser Ver

Iba Era Veía

Ibas Eras Veías

Iba Era Veía

Ibamos Eramos Veíamos

Ibais Erais Veíais

Ibas Eran Veían

Irregular Imperfect

WEDDING Wishing Emotions Doubt Disbelief Impersonal expression Negotiation God

Subjunctive is a mood Uncertain, hypothetical

Main clause and connector and subordinate clause

Ar: e, es, e, emos, en Er and ir: a, as, a, amos, an

Irregulars are dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser.

Present Subjunctive

Es Bueno que Es malo que Es necesario que Es urgente que Es importante que Es mejor que

Es _____ que

Impersonal Expressions

An adjective clause describes a noun or pronoun.

Group of words. Subjunctive is used when antecedent of

the adjective is indefinite or unknown, nonexistent or negated.

Busco un libro que me gustaria.

Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses

Used to show respect More of a suggestion Usted and ustedes Conjugated the same as in subjunctive. Use present tense, drop the o and add

present subjunctive endings. To make negative, precede with no.

Formal Commands

One who you are familiar with Less respectful Conjugated the same as present-tense

usted form of the verb Negatives have no preceding and are

irregular like present subjunctive.

Informal Commands

Mainly used when the speaker suggests to a group he or she is included in.

Ir form and subjunctive form can be used Ir uses present form of ir as the

command. Subjunctive uses nosotros in present

subjunctive form as the command. Place no in front of the command to

make it negative.

Commanding Nosotros

Direct receive action of the verb DIRECTLY. Who or what

Indirect tell to whom or what and for whom or what.

Precede conjugated verb in a sentence, but can be attached to words, like gerunds.

Le and Les change to se when used with lo/a, los/as.

Object Pronouns

Transitive has object Intransitive does not. Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and

en. Object is also subject in many cases. Examples of reflexive verbs:

Abburirse – to become bored Ponerse – to get or to become Acordarse –to remember Comerse– to eat up Dormirse – to fall asleep Mudarse – to move Ponerse – to put on clothing quitarse – to take off clothing.

Reflexive Verbs

Por vs. Para

Por Para

Gratitude/apology Use/purpose

Bartering/sales Recipients

During Deadline

Communication/transportThrough, along, by

In order to, for purpose of

Cause or reason

Idiomatic expressions

behalf

Hacerse is a reflexive verb that means to become, and is conjugated irregularly, (yo me hago)

Ponerse: reflexive form of poner, to put (yo me pongo)

Volverse: yo me vuelvo Llegar a ser: literally means to become,

conjugated like ser.

Becoming

What will happen? Expresses wonder or probability in current state. Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive. Some irregulares:

Tener – tedr Salir – saldr Haber – habr Decir – dir Caber – cabr Hacer – har

Regular verbs end in É Ás Á Emos Éis Án

Future.

Would / should / could Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais,

ían. Irregulars mainly the same as future. Use for speculation about the past or

future, reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.

Conditional expresses what might happen by probability, wonder, or conjecture.

Combine two sentences that share a common noun. Related to a noun that has previously been stated already. Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.

Que vs Cual Q- what C- which Q – definitions C- used before

es, not in definitions Q- before nouns C- suggests

from a group, suggestions, clauses

Relative Pronouns

Lo facil Lo bueno Lo bello Lo justo Lo mejor

It is _________ that Lo + adjective translated in english as

part/one/thing usually

The Neuter Lo

Used to express will or influence, emotion, doubt, or denial

Verbs that have stem changes in the present subjunctive – only ir verbs have stem changes in nosotros and vosotros.

A group of words in a subordinate noun clause act as a noun, and apply here.

Dependent clauses serve as direct object or compliment in a noun clause.

Creo que vaya al gimnasio a tres.

Subjunctive Used in adverbial

Completed actions Actions that happened before another

action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used

alongside a past participle.

Past Subjunctivo

Like in english, er vs est In spanish comparitive uses mas _____

que, for example. In spanish superlative uses el mas

_______. To show that there is almost NO comparison.

Goes after the noun.Hermosa es mas lista que Juan.Ellen Page es el actriz mast bonita.

Comparitive vs Superlative

What had happened in the past Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by

adding ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.

He Has Han Hemos Hebais Han

Subjunctive:HayaHayasHayaHayamosHayaisHayan

Present Perfect Use In Subjunctive.

+ Past Participle

Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

In english we often add –ly to adjectives to make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –mente.

Add an a before the mente usually! Rapido = rapidamente

quickly Carinoso = carinosamente

Kindly

Adverbs

Indicate smallness (diminutive) Indicates affection You can drop o or a from almost any

noun and ad ito or ita Cito or cita can be added to words not

ending in o or a Nino ninito

Diminutives

Indicates largeness Opposite of diminutive Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a,

or udo/a. NOT affectionate. Ganzoanzo (not affectionate goose) Muchacho – como “Adios, Muchacho!” Es

mal.

Augmentatives

Completed actions Actions that happened before another

action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used

alongside a past participle.

Past Perfecto Subjunctivo

Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.

Equivalent of the passive voice in english Can replace le or les to avoid two l

pronouns!

SE

Agree with noun in gender and number Follow same rules regarding er/ir and

then ar verbs.

Past Participles as Adjectives

Hace + time + que Hace tres anos que voy a mexico. It has been two years since I have been to

mexico. Negatives can be formed by adding “no”

simply. Present tense uses desde. Verb + desde hace + time

Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos. I have been going to mexico for two years.

Expressing time using hacer.

Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.

Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen. Formed by the future indicative of haber and

the participle form.

Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habréis habrán

Future perfect

Something that would have happened If In the past Superstition/probability Haber + past participle

Habría Habrías Habrían Habríamos Habrías Habrían

Conditional Perfect Tense

If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With present indicative.

If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be used with past subjunctive verbs.

It may precede the sentence, or not. Does not only mean “yes”

Also means IF!

Si quieres tomar el examen, dime que hora.

Si

Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque Clarification: en otras palabras Explanation: ademas Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,

igualmente General and specific: espesificamente Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar –

para concluir.

Transitional Expressions

Coordinating conjunctions Equivalent of english “but” Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas Sino is used when the part of the

sentence following the conjunction is negative, meaning something closer to “rather.”

Pero and Sino

Used with a generalized subject, subject that refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.

Whatever receives the action of the verb comes first.

Followed by verb “to be” Followed by participle Ser is usd Subject would be a DO if written actively.

El coche fue rompido por la arbol.

Passive voice. Shhhh….

Negative: nobody or nothing Nada: nothing Nadie: nobody Ningun: not any Ni: neither Tampoco: neither

Indefinite: ambiguous Algo: something Alguien: someone Alguna vez: some time Alguno: some Cualquier: which

Algo pasó.

Negative and Indefinite Expressions

Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.

Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.

Había Habías Había Habíamos

+participle Habías Habían

Past Perfecto

Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.

Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.

Subjunctive conjugation Haya Hayas Hayan

Haya +participle Hayamos Hayaian

Past Subjuctive

-ar -er -ir

Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing

Predicate nominative Objects

Verb preposition

Infinitives

Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc. Almost always followed by adjective.

A Con Contra Antes de Durante En Entre Hasta Para Por Sin sobre

Prepositions