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Lecture 26
Part Ic. Animal and Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering
Issues in Biotechnology:The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Medical Biotechnology
Issues in Biotechnology:Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future
OnCampus LiveOnCampus LiveBCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190
OnLine BCH 190OnLine BCH 190
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and BiotechnologyA Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode Island
Kimberly Nelson
Issues in Biotechnology:The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
© life_edu
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
The University of Rhode Island
Issues in Biotechnology:The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
BCH 190BCH 190 Section II.
The Applications of Biotechnology
Where is DNA in a cell?
• All of the information for each protein in a cell is in it’s DNA• All of the information that codes for a complete organism is in DNA
Cloning AnimalsCloning and Genetic Engineering in Animals
Genetically Engineered AnimalsCloning and Genetic Engineering in Animals
How to Clone
Nuclear transfer procedures
This shows:
• All of the information that codes for an organism is in it’s DNA
• All of the DNA is the same in every cell
• DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell
An Organism can be cloned by transferring it’s DNA to an egg cell
Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator
Could we Genetically Engineer Cloned Animals?
Controlled expression“making protein”
Your favorite gene
VaccinesAntibodiesHigh Value ProteinsSpider Silk in Goats Milk
Stop transcriptionMessage stability
Genetically Modified somatic nuclei could be implanted into unfertilized eggs to create a genetically modified clone
Genetically Modified somatic nuclei could be implanted into unfertilized eggs to create a genetically modified clone
Transgenics and Cloned Animals
What is cloning?• A process whereby all members are directly descended
(asexually) from a single organism by……(various ways)
• Demonstrates that all the information required for an organism and its development are in the a single cell
Where is DNA in a cell?
• All of the information for each protein in a cell is in it’s DNA• All of the information that codes for a complete organism is in DNA
Principle• All cells are derived from a zygote
• All have the same genetic makeup
• All have the potential to develop into an individual
UCONN Clones
Many animals can now be cloned
sheepcattleporcinemice ratsmulesfrogs primates?
And Genetically Engineered
Primates2012
And Genetically Engineered
Many animals can now be cloned
Issues in Biotechnology
The ‘cloning’ of plants was demonstrated by Steward in 1958 at Cornell Univ. showing that plants could be grown back from a single cell. This ability is called “totipotency” and like the more recent examples of animal cloning, demonstrates:
(A) that all biological scientists are unethical and fraudulent
(B) that all of the DNA that codes for an entire organism is in every cell of that organism (C) Steward belonged to the group that called themselves the ‘Raeliens’ (D) the necessity to ban all types cloning(E) that the theory of evolution must be wrong
Could we Genetically Engineer Humans?
Your favorite gene
InsulinCancerAnti-OncogenesParkinson’sHuntington’sSCID
Beyond Therapy???
Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator
Controlled expression“making protein”
Stop transcriptionMessage stability
Cells from an amniocentesiscan be used for DNA sequence analysis. All of the genes for humans will be known.
Disease genes would be detected.
Cloned “correct” genes could be used for replacement.
Corrected nucleus could be delivered to an unfertilized egg.
Same baby without the defect.
Can humans be cloned and/or genetically engineered?Can humans be cloned and/or genetically engineered?
Could we Genetically Engineer Humans?
The Tay Sachs Dilemma
Do You Think We Do You Think We Should We Should We
Genetically Engineer Genetically Engineer Humans?Humans?
(A) yes(B) no(C) depends on the circumstance
Issues in Biotechnology
I would clone myself if that were possible.
(A) yes(B) no (C) undecided
The Possibilities of Human Cloning
To Clone or Not to Clone
18. Cloning illustrates that all of the genetic material required 18. Cloning illustrates that all of the genetic material required for an organism is in its DNA and that that information is in for an organism is in its DNA and that that information is in most cells of an adult organism. The control of biological most cells of an adult organism. The control of biological feedback loops through modern biotechnology is of key feedback loops through modern biotechnology is of key interest to:interest to: (A) agricultural biotechnology only (A) agricultural biotechnology only (B) across the various applications in biotechnology(B) across the various applications in biotechnology(C) pharmaceutical biotechnology only (C) pharmaceutical biotechnology only (D) tissue or organ level in medical biotechnology for humans (D) tissue or organ level in medical biotechnology for humans (E) the field of gene therapy only(E) the field of gene therapy only
19. The control of gene expression is critical to all living 19. The control of gene expression is critical to all living things. The amino acid tryptophan is important for making things. The amino acid tryptophan is important for making many proteins. When there is plenty of tryptophan in a cell a many proteins. When there is plenty of tryptophan in a cell a protein binds to the gene that codes for enzyme that will make protein binds to the gene that codes for enzyme that will make tryptophan. When there is no tryptophan present this protein tryptophan. When there is no tryptophan present this protein falls off the DNA allowing the gene to be expressed so more falls off the DNA allowing the gene to be expressed so more tryptophan can be made. A protein that binds to a site on tryptophan can be made. A protein that binds to a site on DNA next to a gene and blocks the transcription of that gene, DNA next to a gene and blocks the transcription of that gene, thus preventing the synthesis of a protein that the gene thus preventing the synthesis of a protein that the gene prescribes is known as a:prescribes is known as a: (A) repressor (A) repressor (B) regurgitator (B) regurgitator (C) responder (C) responder (D) receptor(D) receptor(E) promoter (E) promoter
20. When a cell is cloned, the programs of gene expression are 20. When a cell is cloned, the programs of gene expression are ‘re-set’. Having the capability to sense signals and react to ‘re-set’. Having the capability to sense signals and react to stimuli is a central feature to all biological life processes. stimuli is a central feature to all biological life processes. What are the regulatory processes in which there are signals What are the regulatory processes in which there are signals indicating “too much” or “too little” which result in a indicating “too much” or “too little” which result in a correction to the processes?correction to the processes? (A) feedback loops (A) feedback loops (B) regressions (B) regressions (C) stop codons (C) stop codons (D) auto rewinds(D) auto rewinds(E) edit functions(E) edit functions
21. Animal Cloning and genetic engineering has been 21. Animal Cloning and genetic engineering has been demonstrated in a number of species, including, sheep, pigs, demonstrated in a number of species, including, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, mules, mice, rats and cattle. One can presume that dogs, cats, mules, mice, rats and cattle. One can presume that these technologies in principle apply to humans. The main these technologies in principle apply to humans. The main reason this has not been accomplished for humans is:reason this has not been accomplished for humans is: (A) there is no good medical reason to support such research(A) there is no good medical reason to support such research(B) there are already plenty of people, so there is no reason to (B) there are already plenty of people, so there is no reason to make moremake more(C) research on human cloning has been banned in most (C) research on human cloning has been banned in most developed countriesdeveloped countries(D) the uniqueness and complicated nature of human biology (D) the uniqueness and complicated nature of human biology prevents it prevents it (E) humans have a soul which cannot be cloned(E) humans have a soul which cannot be cloned
