-

-

2011

Copyright & A K-C

681.3.06 32.973.26-018.2 78

. .

78 Linux: 4- ., . . .: -, 2011.

752 .: . ( )

ISBN 978-5-9775-0712-7

Linux, , , , -

. Linux

: , WWW, FTP, INN, Proxy, NTP,

, . Linux -

, ,

X Window, , .

Linux- , -

, , TV- . . -

Fedora Core 14,

-

Linux. 3G-,

.

Linux

681.3.06

32.973.26-018.2

:

.

.

.

02429 24.07.00. 10.06.11. 70 100

1/16.

. . . . 95,46.

1500 . "-", 190005, -, ., 29.

- 77.99.60.953..005770.05.09 26.05.2009 .

.

" ""

199034, -, 9 , 12.

ISBN 978-5-9775-0712-7 . ., 2011 , "-", 2011

Copyright & A K-C

............................................................................................................................ 1

.............................................................................................. 1 ............................................................................................ 1 ................................................................................................................ 2 ....................................................................................................... 3

I. LINUX .................................................................................. 5

1. Linux ................................................................................... 7

FreeDOS ............................................................................................................................. 8

Windows NT (Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003 Server,

Windows 2008 Server, Windows Vista, Windows 7) ........................................................ 9

Embedded Windows ........................................................................................................... 9

Windows CE (Windows mobile) ...................................................................................... 10

Mac OS X ......................................................................................................................... 10

iOS .................................................................................................................................... 10

UNIX ............................................................................................................. 10 FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD .......................................................................................... 11

Linux ................................................................................................................................. 11

Embedded Linux ............................................................................................................... 12

Android ............................................................................................................................. 12

MeeGo ............................................................................................................................... 12

QNX .................................................................................................................................. 12

Symbian ............................................................................................................................ 13

Linux ................................................................................................. 19 ............................................................................................................................. 20

2. Linux ....................................................................................... 21

................................................................................................................................... 21 .............................................................................. 21 .......................................................................................................... 22

..................................................................................................... 23

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..................................................................................................... 24 ................................................................................................... 24 ................................................................................................. 25 Web- ...................................................................................................... 25 ............................................................................................................. 25

Oracle OpenOffice ........................................................................................................ 26

OpenOffice.org .............................................................................................................. 27

Koffice ........................................................................................................................... 27

GNOME Workshop ....................................................................................................... 27

.................................................................................................................... 28 Windows ....................................................................................................... 28 ..................................................................................... 28

Kylix .............................................................................................................................. 28

KDevelop....................................................................................................................... 29

Glade ............................................................................................................................. 30

Rhide ............................................................................................................................. 30

Eclipse ........................................................................................................................... 30

Lazarus .......................................................................................................................... 32

- ............................................................................................. 32 ............................................................................................................................ 32 ............................................................................................................................ 33 .............................................................................................................................. 33

................................................................................................................................ 34 ............................................................................................................................. 34

3. ................................................................................................ 35

Debian .................................................................................................................. 36 Red Hat ................................................................................................................ 37 Slackware ............................................................................................................. 38 Gentoo ................................................................................................................. 38 LiveCD .................................................................................................... 39 USB Flash ............................................................................................... 40 ............................................................................................... 40 ............................................................................................................................. 41

II. LINUX ................................................. 43

4. . ............................................................. 45

.................................................................................. 45 .............................................................................................................. 45 (OSI) ..................................................... 46 TCP/IP ................................................................. 48 OSI TCP/IP ........................................................ 48

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......................................................................................................... 49 TCP/IP ................................................................................... 49 () ............................................................. 49 IP .................................................................................................................. 49

IPv4 ................................................................................................. 50 IPv6 .......................................................................................................... 51 IPv6 ...................................................................................................... 52

............................................................................................................ 53 ......................................................................................... 53 .................................................................................... 53 TCP/IP ................................................................................................. 54

ARP/RARP ................................................................................ 56 ICMP ............................................................................................................ 56

................................................................................ 59 TCP .............................................................................................................. 59 UDP ............................................................................................................. 60

.................................................................................... 60 FTP .............................................................................................................. 61 SMTP ........................................................................................................... 61 Telnet ........................................................................................................... 61 NFS .................................................................................. 61 IPX ............................................................................................................... 61 NetBIOS ....................................................................................................... 62

.................................................................................................. 62 ............................................................................................................................. 63

5. .................................................................... 64

Linux ................................................................... 64 ................................................................................................................................. 64

................................................................................................................ 65 .......................................................................................................................... 65 ...................................................................................................................... 65 ...................................................................................................... 65 ......................................................................................................................... 65 ...................................................................................................................... 65 ......................................................................................................................... 66

....................................................................................................... 66 ............................................................................................. 66 ..................................................................................... 67

.......................................................................................................... 68 ............................................................................................... 69 .................................................................................... 70 ............................................. 70 ................................................... 72

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(VFS) ....................................................................... 73 .................................................................................. 73 VFS ......................................................................................................... 73

Ext2 ............................................................................................... 74 Ext2 ............................................................................. 74 Ext2 ...................................................................... 74 Ext2 ..................................................................................... 75 ........................................................................ 77 Ext2 ..................................................... 77

......................................................................... 78 Ext3 ............................................................................................ 79 Ext4 ............................................................................................ 79 ReiserFS .................................................................................... 80

............................................................................................................................. 81

6. Linux ............................................................................... 82

Linux .............................................................................................. 83 (Root) ............................................................................................. 83 /bin .................................................................................................................. 84 /boot ................................................................................................................ 85 /dev ................................................................................................................. 86 /etc................................................................................................................... 86

etc/rc.d ................................................ 93 S99windows/etc/sysconfig ............ 94 etc/X11 X Window System ........................... 101 etc/sgml SGML XML ................................ 101

/home ...................................... 102 /lib ......................... 102 /lib64 ..................... 102 /lost+found .................................................................................................... 102 /media .................................................................................................................... 103 /mnt ....................................................................................................................... 103 /opt ........................................ 103 /proc procfs ... 103

proc/_PID- ............................................................................. 105 proc/ide IDE-, ...................................... 105 proc/net ........................................................................... 105 proc/parport .................................................................... 106 proc/scsi SCSI-, ................................... 106 proc/sys ...................................................................... 107 proc/tty ............................................................................................ 107

/root root () .... 108

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/sbin .................................................. 108 /sys sysfs ............................. 109 /tmp .......................................................................... 109 /usr ........................................................................................... 110

usr/bin .............................................................. 110 usr/include include- .................................... 110 usr/lib ................................... 110 usr/local ........................................................................... 110 usr/sbin .............................................................................................................. 111 usr/share - ................................................. 111 usr/src .................................................................. 113

/var ................................................................................................................ 114 var/cache .................................................................................... 115 var/games ........................................................ 115 var/lib ............................................................................................. 115 var/lock lock- (-) ............................................................ 116 var/log (log-) .......................................... 116 var/mail .................................................. 116 var/opt /opt ................................................ 117 var/run .......................................... 117 var/spool spool- ................................................................ 117 var/tmp , ................ 117 var/yp Network Information Service (NIS) () ........................................................................................................ 118

........................................................................................................................... 118

7. Linux.............................................................................. 119

-................................................................................................. 120 LILO LInux LOader ............................................................................................... 120 GRUB .......................................................................................................................... 120

LoadLin ....................................................................................................................... 120

............................................................................................................. 121 .......................................................................... 121 rdev............................................................................................................... 121 Linux ............................................................................... 121

................................................................. 122 ........................................................................ 122

root ......................................................................................................... 122 ro rw ................................................................................................. 122

RAM- ............................................................................. 123 ramdisk_start ......................................................................................... 123 load_ramdisk .......................................................................................... 123 prompt_ramdisk ..................................................................................... 123

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ramdisk_size ........................................................................................... 123 noinitrd ( RAM-) ......................................................... 123

....................................................... 124 mem ........................................................................................................ 124 swap ........................................................................................................ 124 buff.......................................................................................................... 124

NFS .................................................. 125 nfsroot .................................................................................................... 125 nfsaddrs .................................................................................................. 125

........................................................................ 126 debug .......................................................................................................... 126 init .............................................................................................................. 126 kbd-reset..................................................................................................... 127 maxcpus ..................................................................................................... 127 md ............................................................................................................... 127 no-hlt .......................................................................................................... 127 no-scroll ..................................................................................................... 127 noapic ......................................................................................................... 127 nosmp ......................................................................................................... 127 panic ........................................................................................................... 128 pirq ............................................................................................................. 128 profile ......................................................................................................... 128 reboot ......................................................................................................... 128 reserve ........................................................................................................ 128

, PCI ............................... 129 pci=bios pci=nobios ............................................................................ 129 pci=conf1 pci=conf2 ........................................................................... 129 pci=io= ............................................................................................... 129 pci=nopeer ................................................................................................. 129 pci=nosort ................................................................................................. 129 pci=off ....................................................................................................... 129 pci=reverse ................................................................................................ 129

..................................... 130 video=map:... ............................................................................................. 130 video=scrollback:... ................................................................................... 130 video=vc:... ................................................................................................ 130

SCSI- ................................................................. 130 Mid-level........................................................................ 130

LUN (max_scsi_luns=) ................................................................ 130 SCSI (scsi_logging=) ........................................................................ 131 SCSI (st=) ............................................ 131

SCSI ......................................................................... 131 ............................................................................................................... 132

IDE /CD-ROM ................................................ 132

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ISDN- .......................................................................... 132 PCBIT ISDN (pcbit) .................................................................................... 133 Teles ISDN (teles) ........................................................................................ 133 DigiBoard (digi) ........................................................................................... 133 / Baycom (baycom) ....................... 133

......................................................................................... 133 Ethernet (ether) ....................................................................................... 134 (sound) .............................................................................. 134 (lp) ............................................................................................... 135

init .................................................................................................................... 135 init /etc/inittab............................................................ 136 ..................................................................... 140

rc.sysinit ................................................................................................................... 140

rc................................................................................................................. 142 rc.local ..................................................................................................................... 145

, ...................................................... 145 , ...................................... 146

, .......................... 146 ............................................................. 147

......................................................................................................................... 148 ........................................................................................................................... 148

8. Linux ........................................................................ 149

.................................................................................................... 149 ? .......................................................................................... 149 ................................................................................... 149 .......................................................................... 150 ............................................................................................ 150 ............................................................................... 150

............................................................................................. 150 ........................................................................................................................... 151 ............................................................................................. 151 BIOS ............................................................................................................................ 151

............................................................................................ 152 .................................................. 152 xlock vlock .......................................................................................... 152 ............................................. 152

............................................................................................... 153 .......................................................................... 153 root ............................................................................... 153

................................................................ 154 ................................................................................. 155 Ext2(3,4) ..................................... 155

Ext2 ........................................... 156

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............................................................................................... 156 ............................................................................ 157 SSH .............................................................................................................................. 157

PAM ............................................................................................................................ 157

CIPE ............................................................................................................................ 157

Kerberos ...................................................................................................................... 158

CFS TCFS ................................................................................................................ 158 ......................................................................................................... 158

......................................................................................................... 158 .................................................................................................... 158

Packet Sniffers ............................................................................................................. 159

................................................................................................... 159 DNS ............................................................................................................................. 159

identd ........................................................................................................................... 159

........................................................................................................ 159 .................................................................................................... 160 " " .......................................................................... 160

SELinux/AppArmor ........................................................................................................ 160

NFS ......................................................................................................... 161 Firewall ........................................................................................................................... 162

................................................................................................... 162 ...................................................................................... 163

.......................................................................................... 163 .......................................................................................... 163 RPM- ................................................................................... 164

....................................................................................................... 164 ........................................................................... 165 ............................................................... 165

.......................................................................................... 165 ....................................................................................... 165

..................................................................................................... 165 ............................................................................................. 166 .................................................................................... 166

........................................................................................................................... 166

9. RPM- DEB- ................................................................................... 168

RPM ............................................................................... 169 ........................................................................... 170 RPM ...................................................................................................... 170 RPM ........................................................................................................ 171 , ..................................................................... 171 ..................................................................................................... 172

RPM ..................................................................... 174 .............................................................................................................. 174

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............................................................................... 175 () ............................................................................ 176 ............................................................................................................ 177 .............................................................................................. 177 ...................................................................................... 177 ......................................................................................................... 178 ..................................................................................................... 179 .............................................................................................. 179 .................................................................... 180 RPM ................................................................................ 180 PGP .............................................................................................................. 181 .............................................................................. 181 FTP/HTTP ...................................................................................................... 181 ................................................................................................ 182 RPM ......................... 182

Yum .............................................................................. 186 ............................................................................................... 187 Yum ........................................................................ 187 ................................................................................................. 187 ...................................................................................................... 187 .............................................................................................. 187 Yum .................................................................................................... 187

Midnight Commander ..................................................................................................... 188

purp ................................................................................................................................. 189

Kpackage ......................................................................................................................... 190

GnoRPM ......................................................................................................................... 190

Yumex ............................................................................................................................. 192

DEB- ................................................................................................................... 192 DEB ...................................................................................................... 193 DEB ........................................................................................................ 193 , ..................................................................... 193 DEB- ......................................................................................... 193 APT .............................................................................................................. 194

................................................................ 194 ....................................................................... 194 ...................................................... 195 ................................................................................................... 196 ..................................................................................................... 196 ............................................................................................. 196

Aptitude........................................................................................................................... 196

............................................................................................................ 196 ................................................................................................ 197 ..................................................................................................... 197 .................................................................................................. 197

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............................................................................................... 197 ........................................................................................................ 197 ............................................................................................................. 198

........................................................................................................................... 198

III. LINUX .................................................................... 199

10. ..................................................................... 201

...................................................................................................... 202 ...................................................................................................... 202 ................................................................................................ 202 .................................................................................. 203 ...................................................................... 203 ........................................................................................ 204

/.................................................................................................................. 204 /bin ............................................................................................................ 204 /boot .......................................................................................................... 204 /dev ............................................................................................................ 205 /etc ............................................................................................................. 205 /home ......................................................................................................... 205 /lib ............................................................................................................. 205 /lost+found ................................................................................................ 206 /mnt ........................................................................................................... 206 /opt ............................................................................................................ 206 /proc .......................................................................................................... 206 /root ........................................................................................................... 206 /sbin ........................................................................................................... 207 /tmp ........................................................................................................... 207 /usr ............................................................................................................. 207 /var ............................................................................................................ 207 ....................................................... 207 .............................................................................. 207 ................................................................................... 210

......................................................................................... 211 ........................................................................................................................... 212

11. .............................................................................................. 213

............................................................................................ 213 .................................................................................................. 214 ............................................................................................................. 216 ........................................................................................ 219 ............................................................................ 219

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................................................................................................ 221 ..................................................................................... 222

................................................................................................. 222 ................................................................................. 226 ................................................................................................. 226

........................................................................................................................... 226

12. ................................................................................... 227

.................................................................................................. 227 .................................................................................................... 228 , .............................................................. 229 ............................................................................................................................ 230 ........................................................................................................................... 232

IV. LINUX ..................................................... 233

13. ....................................................................................................... 235

apropos ........................................................................................................................... 235

Man- ................................................................................................................... 235 whatis .............................................................................................................................. 235

HOWTO ................................................................................................ 236 -HOWTO .............................................................................................................. 236 Fedora ................................................................................ 236 Slackware .............................................................................................. 236 Alt Linux ........................................................................... 236 Debian ................................................................................................... 236 ........................................................................................................................... 237

14. ........................ 238

/, .............................................................. 239 () ........................................................................................................... 239 ......................................................................................................................... 240

, ................................................................................................................. 240 cal ............................................................................................................................ 240

date .......................................................................................................................... 240

...................................................................................................... 241 ................................................................................ 241 ..................................................................................................... 243

............................................................................................................................. 249 dig ............................................................................................................................ 249

elm ........................................................................................................................... 249

finger ........................................................................................................................ 249

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ftp ............................................................................................................................. 249

getty (mgetty) ........................................................................................................... 249

host ........................................................................................................................... 249

hostname .................................................................................................................. 250

ipchains .................................................................................................................... 250

iptables..................................................................................................................... 250

kppp ......................................................................................................................... 250

lynx ........................................................................................................................... 250

mail .......................................................................................................................... 250

mimencode ............................................................................................................... 250

minicom ................................................................................................................... 250

netcfg ....................................................................................................................... 251

netstat....................................................................................................................... 251

nslookup ................................................................................................................... 251

pine .......................................................................................................................... 251

ping .......................................................................................................................... 251

procmail ................................................................................................................... 251

ssh ............................................................................................................................ 252

telnet ........................................................................................................................ 252

traceroute................................................................................................................. 252

uudecode .................................................................................................................. 252

uuencode .................................................................................................................. 252

wget .......................................................................................................................... 252

.................................................................................................. 252 at .............................................................................................................................. 252

atq ............................................................................................................................ 253

atrm .......................................................................................................................... 253

batch ........................................................................................................................ 253

cksum ....................................................................................................................... 253

crond ........................................................................................................................ 253

crontab ..................................................................................................................... 253

getkeycodes .............................................................................................................. 253

ifconfig ..................................................................................................................... 253

insmod ...................................................................................................................... 254

Isapnp ...................................................................................................................... 254

kill ............................................................................................................................ 254

killall ........................................................................................................................ 254

lilo ............................................................................................................................ 254

linuxconf .................................................................................................................. 255

md5sum .................................................................................................................... 255

modprobe ................................................................................................................. 256

mount ....................................................................................................................... 256

nice ........................................................................................................................... 256

passwd ..................................................................................................................... 256

pnpdump .................................................................................................................. 256

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renice ....................................................................................................................... 256 rpm ........................................................................................................................... 256 rmmod ...................................................................................................................... 257 setserial .................................................................................................................... 257 setterm ..................................................................................................................... 257 skill........................................................................................................................... 257 snice ......................................................................................................................... 257 strace ....................................................................................................................... 258 stty ............................................................................................................................ 258 umount ..................................................................................................................... 258 useradd .................................................................................................................... 258 xf86config ................................................................................................................ 258 xvidtune .................................................................................................................... 258 zic ............................................................................................................................. 258

................................................................................................... 259 df .............................................................................................................................. 259 du ............................................................................................................................. 259 dumpkey ................................................................................................................... 260 free ........................................................................................................................... 260 ftpcount .................................................................................................................... 260 ftpwho ...................................................................................................................... 260 kdb_mode ................................................................................................................. 260 last ........................................................................................................................... 260 ps .............................................................................................................................. 261 quota ........................................................................................................................ 261 tload ......................................................................................................................... 261 top ............................................................................................................................ 261 uptime ...................................................................................................................... 262 users ......................................................................................................................... 262 who ........................................................................................................................... 262 w ............................................................................................................................... 263

.................................................................................... 263 fdisk .......................................................................................................................... 263 fdformat ................................................................................................................... 263 mkfs .......................................................................................................................... 263

.............................................................................. 263 fsck ........................................................................................................................... 263

.................................................................................................................. 263 gzip ........................................................................................................................... 263 tar ............................................................................................................................. 264

................................................................................. 264 joe ............................................................................................................................ 264 sort ........................................................................................................................... 264 uniq .......................................................................................................................... 264 vi .............................................................................................................................. 264

vim ........................................................................................................................... 264

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....................................................................................................................... 264

apropos .................................................................................................................... 264

man .......................................................................................................................... 264

whatis ....................................................................................................................... 264

......................................................................................................................... 265

banner ...................................................................................................................... 265

bash .......................................................................................................................... 265

bc ............................................................................................................................. 265

chvt ........................................................................................................................... 265

clear ......................................................................................................................... 265

cpp ........................................................................................................................... 265

csh ............................................................................................................................ 265

echo .......................................................................................................................... 265

env ............................................................................................................................ 265

g77 ........................................................................................................................... 266

gawk ......................................................................................................................... 266

gcc ............................................................................................................................ 266

id .............................................................................................................................. 266

login ......................................................................................................................... 266

logname ................................................................................................................... 266

make ......................................................................................................................... 266

nohup ....................................................................................................................... 267

openvt ....................................................................................................................... 267

perl ........................................................................................................................... 267

printenv .................................................................................................................... 267

reset ......................................................................................................................... 267

resizecons................................................................................................................. 267

startx ........................................................................................................................ 267

strings ...................................................................................................................... 267

strip .......................................................................................................................... 268

subst ......................................................................................................................... 268

su .............................................................................................................................. 268

true ........................................................................................................................... 268

es ............................................................................................................................ 268

........................................................................................................................... 268

V. LINUX ................................................... 269

15. .............................................................................................. 271

..................................................................................................... 272

............................................................................................... 272

ASCII .......................................................................................................... 272

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(CP866) ........................................................................ 273

Microsoft CP1251 .................................................................................... 273

8 .......................................................................................................... 273

Unicode ....................................................................................................................... 274

....................................................................................................... 274

................................................................................................. 274

................................................................................................. 274

.............................................. 274

console-tools ............................................................................................................ 275

Cyrillic console tools ............................................................................................... 275

kbd ........................................................................................................................... 275

....................................................................... 276

bash .......................................................................................................................... 276

csh/tcsh .................................................................................................................... 276

zsh ............................................................................................................................ 276

less ........................................................................................................................... 277

mc (The Midnight Commander) .............................................................................. 277

nroff ......................................................................................................................... 277

man .......................................................................................................................... 277

ls ............................................................................................................................... 277

Samba ...................................................................................................................... 277

telnet ........................................................................................................................ 278

......................................................................... 278

......................................................................................................................... 278

...................................................................................................... 278

............................................................................................... 279

X Window ............................................................................................. 279

............................................................................................................ 280

............................................................................................ 280

............................................................................. 280

......................................................................... 280

vim ............................................................................................................... 280

joe................................................................................................................ 280

........................... 280

elm ............................................................................................................................... 281

pine .............................................................................................................................. 281

mutt .............................................................................................................................. 281

tin ................................................................................................................................. 281

..................................................................................... 281

Perl ....................................................................................... 282

......................................................................................................... 282

........................................................................................................................... 282

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16. ............................................................ 283

Linux ........................................................ 283 ....................................... 283 ............................................................... 284 ................................................................................. 284

GRUB ...................................................................................................................... 284

Linux ....................................................... 286 "" ...................................................... 286 "" .............................................. 286 Linux ........................ 287 ........................................................................................ 288

() ................................... 288 ................................................................................................... 290

.......................................................................................... 291 () ............................................................ 291

........................................................................................................................... 292

17. DNS ............................................................................................................... 293

................................................................................... 294 host.conf ............................................................................................................ 294 /etc/hosts ............................................................................................................ 294 /etc/resolv.conf .................................................................................................. 294

............................................................................... 295 /etc/named.conf ................................................................................................. 295 /etc/127.0.0 ........................................................................................................ 296 named .............................................................................................................. 297

DNS- ...................................................... 298 /etc/named.conf ................................................................................................. 299 /etc/named/ivan.petrov ...................................................................................... 300 /etc/192.168.0 .................................................................................................... 301

..................................................................................................... 301 (RR) DNS ......................................................................... 302 ........................................................................................................... 303 DNS ........................................................................................................ 303 ....................................................................................... 304 DNS- .......................................................................................... 304 ......................................................................... 304 .............................................................................................................. 304

........................................................................................................................... 304

18. DHCP ........................................................................................................... 305

DHCP- ............................................................................................................. 305 .......................................................................... 305

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IP- ...................................................................................... 306 ( options) ................................................................ 307 DHCP...................................................................................................... 308

DHCP- ................................................................................................................. 308 dhcpd.conf ......................................................................................................... 308 dhcpd.leases ...................................................................................................... 311 dhcpd.conf ......................................................................................... 312

DHCP- ................................................................................................................. 313 dhclient.conf ...................................................................................................... 313 dhclient.leases ................................................................................................... 314

........................................................................................................................... 315

19. ........................................................................................................... 316

SMTP............................................................................................................. 317 POP3 .............................................................................................................. 317 IMAP ............................................................................................................. 317 ..................................................................................... 318 MIME ................................................................................................... 319

MIME-Version ............................................................................................................ 319

Content-Type ............................................................................................................... 319

Content-Transfer-Encoding ......................................................................................... 320

S/MIME ................................................................................................ 320 PGP, GPG ....................................................................................................................... 321

........................................................................................... 321 sendmail .................................................................................................. 321

sendmail ................................................................. 321 sendmail ........................................................................... 322 sendmail .............................................................. 323 SMTP ............................................. 323 POP3 .............................................. 326

Postfix ......................................................................................................... 329 ....................................................................................... 329

........................................................................................................ 330 Mail ............................................................................................................................. 330

Pine .............................................................................................................................. 331

Thunderbird mozilla .................................................................................................... 331

Sylpheed ...................................................................................................................... 331

Evolution ..................................................................................................................... 331

Kmail ........................................................................................................................... 334

........................................................................................................................... 334

20. Web- Apache ................................................................................... 335

................................................................................................................ 335 " " ........................................................................... 340

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" " ........................................................ 341 " " ................................................................................ 342 access.conf ........................................................................................................ 342

........................................................................................................................... 344

21. FTP ............................................................................................................... 345

FTP ................................................................................................................ 345 ............................................................................................. 345

............................................................................................................... 345 ........................................................................................... 346 ............................................................................................................... 346 ..................................................................................................... 346

FTP .................................................................................... 346 FTP- .................................................................. 347 ......................................................................................... 348

........................................................................................... 349 wu-ftp ............................................................................................................... 349

................................................................................................................. 349 ...................................................................................... 351

ftpaccess ........................................................................................................ 351 ftpservers ....................................................................................................... 356 ftpconversions ................................................................................................ 356 ftpgroups ........................................................................................................ 356 ftphosts .......................................................................................................... 357 ftpusers .......................................................................................................... 357

, .................................................. 357 ftpd ....................................................................................................... 357 ftpwho .................................................................................................. 358 ftpcount ................................................................................................ 358 ftpshut .................................................................................................. 358 ftprestart ............................................................................................... 358 ckconfig ............................................................................................... 358

xferlog ................................................................................ 358 .............................................................................................................. 359

........................................................................................................................... 360

22. NNTP. INN ................................................................... 361

NNTP ............................................................................................................. 361 NNTP...................................................................... 363

ARTICLE.................................................................................................................. 363

BODY ....................................................................................................................... 364

HEAD ....................................................................................................................... 364

STAT ........................................................................................................................ 364

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GROUP ggg ............................................................................................................. 364

HELP ....................................................................................................................... 364

IHAVE ............................................................................................. 364

LAST ........................................................................................................................ 364

LIST ......................................................................................................................... 365

NEWGROUPS date time [GMT] [] ............................................... 365

NEWNEWS newsgroups date time [GMT] [] ................................. 365

NEXT........................................................................................................................ 365

POST ........................................................................................................................ 366

QUIT ........................................................................................................................ 366

SLAVE ...................................................................................................................... 366

INN .................................................................................................... 366

INN ..................................................................................................... 366

......................................................................................... 366

INN ........................................................................................... 367

active ................................................................................................................. 375

............................................................................... 376

..................................................... 376

INN.................................................................................... 379

INN ............................................................................................. 380

........................................................................................................................... 381

23. Proxy- ............................................................................................... 382

Squid ............................................................................................................................... 383

ICP ............................................................................................................. 383

Cache digest ................................................................................................................ 383

......................................................................................................... 383

Squid ................................ 384

Squid ............................................................................. 384

................................................................................................ 384

..................................................................................................................... 385

............................................................................................................ 385

...................................................................................... 386

............................................................................ 386

......................................................................................... 387

..................................................................................................... 388

ACL Access Control List ................................................................................... 388

......................................................................................................... 389

........................................................................... 389

HTTP- ............................ 389

...................................................................................................................... 390

Squid .................................................................................... 391

proxy- ...................................................................... 393

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