14,15,16

“CIVILIZED” WORLD Materially – high standard of living,

ocean liners, cars, electricity Secular outlook on life Low death rate Low infant mortality rate European family pattern – smaller

families Growth of urban centers and urban life

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Immigration into various countries

outside of Europe Migration within Europe Liberalism?

NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Use of steam power Growth of metallurgical industries Advent of the railroad Electricity Internal combustion engine Chemistry – creation of synthetic fibers Germany, Britain and France – major

industrial powers

FREE TRADE Advent of free trade Buying more imports than what you

export British paid for imports with invisible

exports – shipping and insurance Export of European capital – investment

of profits into other parts of the world instead of back to workers

Gold Standard – how did it affect debtor nations?

Limited liability corporation

FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC Established after loss in Franco Prussian

War Conservatives vs Republicans Dreyfus Affair – bring down republic Domestication of republicanism

BRITISH Advance toward an egalitarian political

democracy very slow Reform bill of 1832 – granted the right

to vote to about 1/8th of people We will see Britain granting the right to

vote to more and more people We will also see the rise of British Labor

and Labor party during this time period Disraeli – Conservative Gladstone – Liberals – abandoned

laissez faire and active state intervention

BISMARCK Kulturkampf – Battle against Catholics –

uses liberals to wage “war” Abandons liberals – drops free trade and

uses Catholics Repress socialism with active socialist

legislation Realpolitik?

1871-1914 Rise and importance of labor unions Come about due to the extension of

suffrage to lower classes British were most advanced in trade

unionism They brought into being and led the

Labor Party – they will be less socialistic than labor parties on the continent

FIRST INTERNATIONAL Association with the crazy and violent

Paris Commune Many will not want to be associated with

this

REVISIONIST AND REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM Marxism will turn into parliamentary

socialism Belief that workers or unions could work

with the state to improve working conditions/wages

Revisionist socialists – Marx might be wrong – class struggle might not be necessary

Capitalism can be transformed

ARTS / INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS Charles Darwin – Origin of the species Social darwinism Changing views of Nature Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of

dreams – Impact on idea of rational individual Einstein’s Theory of Relativity – matter

was transmutable Time, space and motion were not

absolute in character, but relative

NIETZSCHE Held a low opinion of modern

democratic societies Developed concept of superman – a new

kind of noble being who would create new ethical values

Rejected qualities of humility, patience, hopefulness, hope and love

Encouraged qualities of danger, courage, intellectual excellence

Critique of reason and rationality

WANING OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM Liberalism of John Locke, John Stuart

Mill, - principle idea in liberty of the individual

Contributed to growth of women’s rights Free trade Parliamentary democracy Eventually….universal male suffrage

What happened???

NEW LIBERALISM Economic problems associated with

capitalism leads to adoption of economic nationalism – tariffs, decline of free trade

Growth of welfare state – active state intervention

1871-1914 - IMPERIALISM Imperialism – Causes – Differences from earlier colonialism Highest stage of capitalism? Social Darwinism

IMPERIALISM Sick Man of Europe – Ottoman empire

falling apart and the “scramble” to get the scraps

Attempts at reform – Abdul Hamid – and backlash

Russian invasion – Berlin Congress – mediate balance of power

Egypt and the Suez Canal and British intervention and Egypt as protectorate

PARTITIONING OF AFRICA Livingstone and Stanley and the Congo Stanley and King Leopold and Congo Berlin Congress of 1885 – rules of

conquest Friction between major powers –

Fashoda Crisis between England and France

Boer War in South Africa

INDIA British rule goes from India Company to

direct rule

CHINA Open Door Policy Extraterritorial rights Spheres of influence Boxer Rebellion

JAPAN Meiji restoration kicks out imperialists Japan becomes an imperialist nation

itself Russo Japanese war – win!