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1. DEFINITION METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AVIATION are the phenomena, that can affect the safety of the flight.
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METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AVIATION
Cpt. Ing. Naděžda Bartošová Ph.D.
1. DEFINITIONS
2. TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
3. KEY WORDS
1. DEFINITION
METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AVIATION are the phenomena, that can affect the safety of the flight.
2. TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
FOG
ICING
TURBULENCE
THUNDERSTORM
FOG
● Visibility is reduced under 1 km
● Types:
radiation fog (in the morning, local character)
advection fog (huge, with the drizzle)
frontal fog (moving with the frontal system)
ICING
● ICING IS NOT caused by ice in cloud, is caused by SUPER - COOLED liquid water droplets.
● ICING FACTORS:
- LWC
- Temperature (0 ;– 20)
- Droplet size
- Cloud type
- Airfoil geometry
- Airspeed
- Duration of exposure
ICING
● LUQIUD WATER CONTENT :
- is amout of available water,
- varies from cloud to cloud,
- depends on temperature
ICING
● CUMULATIVE AFFECTS OF ICING:
Decreases
Thrust
Radio communication problems , Blockage of pitot tubes and static vents ,
Adverse Aerodynamic Effects .
ICING TYPES
● Clear icing
- is often clear and smooth,
- Supercooled water droplets, or freezing rain, strike a surface but do not freeze
instantly.
● Rime icing
- is rough and opaque,
- formed by supercooled drops rapidly freezing on impact.
● Mixed icing is a combination of clear and rime ice.
● Frost icing is the result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces while the aircraft is stationary.
● SLD icing
- Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD) conditions,
- similar to clear ice.
ICING PREVENTION
● Mechanical means, which may be as simple as using a broom or brush to
remove snow
● Application of Deicing fluid
● Use of infrared heating to melt and remove contaminants
● Put the aircraft into a heated hangar until snow and ice have melted
● Position aircraft towards the sun
TURBULENCE
Def: Turbulence can be defined as small-scale, short-term, random and
frequent changes to the velocity of air
TYPES:
● Light, moderate, severe, extreme
● THERMAL
above a warm surface
● MECHANICAL
caused by interference of surface features on the horizontal flow of air
● SHEAR
wind changes dramatically within a short horizontal or vertical distance
● AERODYNAMIC
caused by an aircraft as it flys through the air (wake turbulence)
TURBULENCE
THERMAL MECHANICAL SHEAR
THUNDERSTORMDEF:
● a storm caused by strong rising air currents and characterized by thunder and lightning and usually heavy rain or hail.
● formed by a process called convection, defined as the
transport of heat energy
TYPES: frontal
non – frontal
HAZARDS:
● severe turbulence,
● low level windshear,
● low ceilings and visibilities,
● hail and lightning
THUNDERSTORM
3 STAGES:
Towering Cumulus Stage:
- visible clouds of liquid water,
- upward motion throughout the cloud,
- turbulence and icing.
Mature Stage:
- production of precipitation,
- updrafts /downdrafts motion,
- turbulence, lightning, icing, microburst.
Dissipating Stage:
- final stage,
- downdrafts,
- moderate precipitation.
THUNDERSTORM
STRUCTURE:
Single cell
Multi cell
Super cell
THUNDERSTORM
HAZARDS:
severe turbulence,
low level windshear,
low ceilings and visibilities,
hail and lightning
KEY WORDS
FOG - radiation/frontal/advection fog
ICING – clear/rime/mixed icing
TURBULENCE – light/moderate/severe/extreme
THUNDERSTORM - single/multi/super cell
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !