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Warming Up
There are some great scientific
achievements that have changed the
world. Can you name some of them? What
kind of role do they play in the field of
science ? Do these achievements have
anything in common? Match the
inventions with their inventors below
before you answer all these questions.
Alexander Bell electricity
Thomas Edison the First telephone
Laite Brothers the electric Lamp
Madame Curie black holes in Universe
Franklin Theory of Gravity
Steven Hawking the First Plane
Elbert Einstein Radium
Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity
Quiz Questions (P1) 1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287- 212 BC), a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the
object.阿基米德 (Archimedes)
2. Charles Darwin, Britain (1808 -- 1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Charles Darwin
Darwin's book showed that people had
developed from apes instead. So this
caused a lot of argument between
religious and scientific people. However
Darwin's idea became very influential
and is still accepted today.
3. Thomas Newcomen, British (1663--1729)
He improved the first steam pump built
by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it
into a steam engine for taking water out
of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it
still further in the 1770s turning it into
the first modern steam engine used on the
railways.
4. Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822- 1884) He
grew pea plants and developed ideas on
heredity( 遗传学 ) and inherited ( 继承 , 承传 ) characteristics. He concentrated ( 集中精力 ) on cross-fertilizing ( 施肥 ) pea plants
and analyzing the results. Between1856--
1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.
Gregor Mendel
He examined seven kinds of seed and
plant characteristics and developed some
laws of inheritance ( 承传的规则 ). The
first is that inheritance factors do not
combine but are passed to the next
generation intact ( 完整的 ). Second, he
found that each partner gives half the
inherited factors to the young.
Third, some of these factors show up
in the offspring ( 子孙 ) (and so are
dominant 显性的 ). The other factors
are masked by the dominant ones
(and so are recessive 隐性的 ).
5. Marie Curie, Polish and French
(1867--1934) She was born in Poland and
came to study in France in 1891 and she
lived there for the rest of her life. In
1898 she discovered radium. She
received two Nobel prizes, one ( with
Pierre Curie ) for physics (1903) and one
for chemistry (1911). Marie Curie
She is the only person to have been so
honored. On the death of her husband
she took over his job at the Sorbonne in
Paris. Her work on radioactivity and
the discovery of radium meant that she
began a new scientific area of research.
She was the first woman to receive a
Nobel Prize and the first woman to
teach at the Sorbonne ( 索邦神学院 :
巴黎大学前身 ).
6. Thomas Edison, American (1847- 1931)
He was already an inventor of other
electrical devices ( phonograph 电唱机 ,
electric light bulb) when in 1882 he
designed a system for providing New
York with electricity from a central
power station. This was a tremendous
achievement, which had previously been
thought impossible.Thomas Edison
7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452- 1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible.
Leonardo da Vinci
Some of his famous paintings include "The Adoration of the Magi" and the "The Last Supper". Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.
8. Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-
1829) He did research into different
gases and discovered the medicinal
value of nitrous( 麻醉 ) oxide( 氧化物 )
(or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic( 麻醉剂 ). In 1815 he developed a safety
lamp for miners.
Humphry Davy
Previously there had been many
accidents when candles on the miners'
helmets had exploded when it came
into contact with underground gas
from the coal the miners were digging.
The safety helmet made working
underground very much safer.
9. Zhang Heng, Chinese (78- 139) He
invented the first seismograph( 测震 仪、地震仪 ) to indicate in the
direction of an earthquake. It was in
the shape of a cylinder( 圆筒形 ) with
eight dragonheads round the top,
each with a ball in its mouth.
张衡地动仪
Around the bottom were eight frogs
directly under a dragon's head.
When an earthquake occurred, a
ball fell out of the dragon's mouth,
making a noise.
10. Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He
has worked in astronomy and studied
black holes in space. He has shown
that black holes do not only absorb
everything around them but, from
time to time, throw out matter as well.
Stephen Hawking
This may mark the beginning of
new galaxies. This is an advance on
the old theory which said that black
holes "eat” everything they come
across.
John Snow (1813-1858)
John Snow was
born in York on
March 15th, 1813,
the oldest of nine
children.
York
London
His father worked as a laborer. While
poor, his parents were determined to give
their children whatever educational
opportunities they could afford. He was
educated at a private school in his native
city until the age of fourteen, when he was
apprenticed( 当学徒 ) to William
Hardcastle, a surgeon( 外科医生 ) living
at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
After serving for a short time as a
surgeon and unqualified assistant during
the cholera epidemic of 1831-1982, he
became in October 1836 a student at the
Hunterian School of medicine in Great
Windmill Street, London. He began to
attend the medical practice
at the Westminster Hospital
in the following
October.
1836 37 38 39 40 184541 42 43 44
He graduated M.D. of the University of
London on 20 Dec. 1844, and in 1850 he
was admitted a licentiate of the Royal
College of Physicians.
He designed a chloroform inhaler( 氯仿吸入器 ), described in his book, On Chloroform and other Anesthetics, published in 1858.
Dr. Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist( 麻醉师 )
What else was he famous for?
What is Cholera?
Cholera is the illness caused by a
bacterium called Vibria cholerae. It
infects people’s intestines( 肠 ),
causing diarrhea( 腹泻 ), vomiting
and leg cramps.
The most common cause of cholera is by
someone eating food or drinking water
that has been contaminated with the
bacteria.
After a disaster, this is a very real
danger, since regular, clean water and
food supplies are often unavailable. The
disease can be spread even further by
infected people using already dirty
water sources to clean themselves
or dispose of waste.
Cholera can be mild or even without
symptoms, a severe case can lead to
death without immediate treatment. The
diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the
infection quickly leaves the body without
enough fluid. The following
dehydration( 脱水 ) and shock can kill a
person within hours.
Look at the picture, the title and the map, guess what is the content of the text? Then skim it quickly to see if you were right.
When we want to solve some problem.
First we should find the problem, do
some research on it, prove your finding,
and then make a conclusion. This is a
scientific and objective way of
researching.
1. What order would you put the seven in?
Pre-readingPre-reading
• Infectious diseases can be spread to
other people. They have an unknown
cause and need public health care to
solve them.
2. What do you know about infectious
diseases?
•Repel ( 回避 ) may be exposed to an
infectious diseases, so may animals,
such as bird flu. AIDS, SARS are
infectious diseases.
•Infectious diseases are difficult to
cure.
Cholera is the illness caused by a
bacterium called Varian cholera. If
infects people’s intestines( 肠胃 ),
causing diarrhea, vomiting and leg
cramps( 腹痛 ).
3. What do you know about cholera?
•The most common cause of cholera is by
someone eating food or drinking water
that has been contaminated( 污染 ) with
the bacteria.
• Cholera can be mild( 不严重的 ) or
even without symptoms( 症状 ),
but a severe case can lead to death
without immediately treatment.
First we should find the problem.
Then, think of a method. We should
collect as much information as possible.
4. Do you know how to prove a
new idea in scientific research?
•Analyzing results is the most
important stage.
• Before we make a conclusion, it is
necessary for us to repeat some
stages or processes.
Germany
Great Britain
Death of first cholera case in London during the 1848-49 epidemic
London
Previous cholera epidemic in Great Britain in 1831-32
The spread of cholera
“…I found
that nearly all
the deaths
had taken
place within a
short distance
of the pump.”
death
Snow on cholera
2
Theory two: When people
_______ cholera into their bodies
with meals, their bodies were
attacked and soon they died.
Theory one: Cholera
________ in the air and
dangerous gas floated around
until it found its victims.Make
up a
question
multiplied
absorbed
4
5
Collect
results
Some information was
_________ on how many
people died and where they
got water.
Analyse
results
________the water to see
if that is the cause of the
illness.
gathered
Analyse
6
7
Repeat if
necessary
With extra _______ , it
was announced
definitely that _______
water carried cholera.
Make a
conclusion
Polluted water spread
cholera. “King Cholera”
was _________ .
evidence
polluted
defeated
Make a conclusion
Think of a method
Collect results
Make up a question
Find a problem
Analyse the results
Repeat if necessary
①
③
②
④
⑤⑥
⑦
Read the text carefully and choose the best answers.1. What’s the purpose of the text?A. To show us how difficult it was to find a cure for cholera.B. To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it.C. To show us how difficult it was to carry out experiments at that time.D. To tell us the way cholera spread and how serious it was.
B
2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?A. John Snow became famous after cholera hit England in the 19th century.B. John Snow began to collect information long before cholera hit England in the 19th century.C. The mother and her daughter mentioned in the text both lived in Broad Street.D. John Snow felt unsure about the cause of cholera after he finished the map.D
3. Why was cholera called “King Cholera” in the text?A. Because cholera caused many deaths.B. Because it got its name from Queen Victoria.C. Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.D. Because it was defeated with the help of the king.
C
What should you do if you're travelling
to a country that has a cholera
outbreak? Drink only water that you have boiled
or treated with chlorine or iodine. Other
safe drinks include tea or coffee made
with boiled water and carbonated, bottled
beverages with no ice.
•Eat only food that's been thoroughly
cooked and is still hot, or fruit that
you've peeled yourself.
•Avoid undercooked or raw fish and
shellfish.
•Avoid raw salads and vegetables. •Avoid food and drinks from street
vendors.
"Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it."
TIPS
Group Discussion
1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.
How did he finally prove it?
John Snow finally proved his idea
because he found an outbreak that was
clearly related to cholera, collected
information and was able to tie cases
outside the area to the polluted water.
2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.