Naval Officer’s Guide, Chapter 12

The student will know . . .• (1) the current organization and missions of

the Department of Defense, and the relationship of this organization to the Armed Forces, the National Security Council, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and unified and specified commands.

• (2) the major missions of the US Army, US Air Force, and US Coast Guard

The student will know . . .• (3) the major organizational components of the

US Army, US Air Force, and US Coast Guard• (4) the mission and organization of the U.S.

Merchant Marine as an element of Nat’l Defense preparedness

• (5) the role of commissioned officers as members of the US Armed Forces and know the obligations and responsibilities assumed by taking the Oath of Office, accepting a commission, and the constitutional requirement for civilian control.

The student will know . . .• (6) the concept of command and control as

exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of a mission.

• (7) the concepts of naval command and control within the Armed Forces

• (8) the chain of operational command from the National Command Authority to the platform commander.

The DOD was created by the National Security Act of 1947.• (Shortly after the end of WWII.)

It was established as an executive department of the government by the National Security Act Amendments of 1949.

Headed by the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF)

Three primary provisions of the amendments:• Establishment of 3 military departments

(Army, Navy, Air Force) under the SECDEF• Organization of each military department

under its own secretary• Establishment of unified and specified

commands.

Intent of the National Security Act and its amendments:• Increase civilian control of the Armed Forces

to be consistent with Constitutional requirements

• Eliminate unnecessary duplication• Provide more efficient inter-service

cooperation• Provide a unified strategic direction of the

Armed Forces

Missions of the DOD:• To support and defend the Constitution of

the United States against all enemies• Protect the United States, its possessions,

and areas vital to its interests• Advance the policies and interests of the

United States• Safeguard the internal security of the

United States

The Office of SECDEF was created by the National Security Act of 1947 as the successor to the Secretary of War.

SECDEF is the principal defense policy advisor to the President

Responsible for the formulation of general defense policy

Who holds this office today?

Who holds this office today?

The Honorable Robert M. Gates

Established informally during WWII and was modeled after the British Chiefs of Staff.

National Security Act of 1947 made this a permanent agency.

Appointed by the President from the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps

The principal military advisor to the President, NSC, and SECDEF.

This person may not exercise military command over the JCS or any of the armed services.

Jo in t C h ie fs o f S ta ffO rg an iza tion

V ice-C h a irm a n

U S A rm yC h ief o f S ta ff

C h ief o f N a v a lO p era tio n s

U S A ir F o rceC h ief o f S ta ff

C o m m a n d a n tU S M a rin e C o rp s

C h a irm a n , J C S

Allow for joint operations between the armed services. In other words, we can effectively combine forces.

The National Security Act requires that each service must coordinate to fulfill certain specific combat functions.

composed of forces from two or more services

has a broad and continuing mission normally organized on a geographic

basis Ex. US CENTCOM

also have a broad and continuing mission

organized on a functional basis normally made up of forces from a

single service and a functional basis.

(ex: Forces Command is primarily an Army command)

Used for direction of actual combatant forces

Consist of task groups, task forces, etc.

Normally change as one deploys

Operational Chain of Command

Provide support for the operational forces

Normally located in CONUS because they provide at-home support

A “Force Projection” Army Primary mission

• To prepare land forces for war• To fight our country’s wars and win

• Three phases or elements in an Army operation:– Mobilization (Active and Reserve Units)– Deployment – Operational

• Operations may or may not involve conflict– OOTW - Operations Other than War– Disaster relief, drug interdiction, fighting

forest fires, etc.

Functions of the US Army• Organize, train, and equip forces for land-

combat operations designed to defeat enemy land forces, seize and occupy land areas

• Provide air defense units to defend friendly territory from air attack

• Coordinate for joint amphibious operations with other services

• Conduct special operations

Functions of the US Army• Develop doctrines, procedures, and plans in

conjunction with other services engaged in airborne operations

• Train and provide occupational forces and establishment of military government

• Provide humanitarian relief during national disasters

Functions of the US Army• Assist civilian communities during

disturbances• Assist with civic action programs

Basic branches• Infantry• Armor• Field artillery• Air defense artillery• Aviation• Special Forces• Corps of Engineers• Signal Corps

• Military Police Corps• Military Intelligence• Civil Affairs• Adjutant General

Corps• Finance Corps• Chemical Corps• Ordnance Corps• Quartermaster

Corps

• Special branches– Judge Advocate General Corps (JAG)– Chaplain Corps– Medical Corps– Dental Corps– Veterinary Corps– Nurse Corps– Medical Specialist Corps– Medical Service Corps

Secretary of the Army (Civilian) Staffs

• Office of the Chief of Staff• General Staff• Special Staff

Army Reserve National Guard

From smallest to largest:• Squad (4 - 10 individuals)• Platoon (2 or more squads, led by LT)• Company (2 or more platoons, led by CAPT)• Battalion (2 or more companies, led by

LCOL)• Brigade (2 or more battalions, led by COL,

BGEN)• Division (up to 15 battalions)• Corps (largest tactical unit)

• Missions– Strategic aerospace offense– Strategic aerospace defense– Counter air– Air interdiction (AI)– Close-air support (CAS)– Airlift– Aerospace surveillance and reconnaissance– Aerospace maritime operations

Strategic aerospace offense• The objective is to neutralize or destroy an

enemy’s war-sustaining capabilities or will to fight.

• Attacks directed against an enemy’s key military, political, and economic power base.

• (Example: NATO vs. Yugoslavia in Kosovo)

Strategic aerospace defense• Integrate aerospace warning, control, and

intercept forces to detect, identify, and destroy enemy forces attacking our nation’s war-sustaining capabilities or will to fight.

• SAD forces provide warning and assessment of strategic attack to the NCA through extensive network or warning sensors, both on the earth’s surface and throughout aerospace.

Counter Air• Objectives are to gain control of the

aerospace environment.• Offensive Counter Air (OCA)• Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD)• Defensive Counter Air (DCA)

Air Interdiction (AI)• The objectives are to delay, disrupt, divert,

or destroy an enemy’s military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces.

Close-air support (CAS)• Support ground operations by attacking

hostile targets near friendly ground forces.• Requires detailed coordination with friendly

forces.

Special Operations• Influence accomplishment of strategic or

tactical objectives through low-visibility, covert ops.

• Conducted in enemy-controlled areas

Airlift• Deploy, employ, and sustain military forces

through transportation of men, equipment, & supplies.

• Combat missions Air drop Extraction Air landing of ground forces & supplies into

combat

Airlift• Combat support missions

Logistics support transportation of personnel & equipment

• Two perspectives of airlift Strategic: Inter-theater Tactical: Intra-theater

Aerospace surveillance & reconnaissance• Collect information from airborne, orbital, &

surface-based sensors.• Reconnaissance ops directed toward

localized or specific targets.

Aerospace maritime ops• Neutralize or destroy enemy naval forces• Protect friendly naval forces & shipping

Newly defined role under The Department of Homeland Security – cabinet level –

Pres. Bush est. this department in response to Sep 11th terrorist attacks.

Missions• Enforcement of all maritime laws and

treaties• Search and rescue (SAR)• Enforcement of national anti-drug policy• Maintenance of all aids to navigation• Ice-breaking operations• Scientific research projects• Environmental cleanup & control

Missions, cont’d.• Fulfill any military function as directed• Boating safety in inland lakes & waterways• Military reconnaissance (wartime)• Safeguard ports & harbors• Investigation of marine disasters in domestic

waters (TWA Flight 800, JFK Jr.)• Instruct general public on boating safety

Mission• Augment overseas lifting capabilities of the

Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps personnel, equipment and stores.

Organization – Maritime Administration (MARAD) – part of DOT

MARAD administers the officer training program at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

What act of Congress created the DoD? What are the SECDEF’s responsibilities? Who makes up the JCS? What is a unified command? Specified

command? What is the mission of the Army? Air Force?

Coast Guard? What are some of the functions of the

Army? Air Force? Coast Guard?

Presentation• 5 to 6 minutes, ppt, ovhd etc….acceptable• Overview of paper – hit the main points and be

ready to answer questions – Paper –

• As per syllabus – What, when why, who, where…

• Content – get into what happened (sequence of events), why it happened, could it have been prevented (be careful here), what was the outcome…

• Strategic Implications…..