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Nutrition Terms
Nutrition Process by which animals receive a proper and
balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduces, and perform.
Nutrient substance or part of feedstuff that is necessary for
an organism to live and grow. Also known as a single group of foods of the same
general chemical composition that supports animal life
Required nutrients include water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
Water Most important nutrient Animals can go without
food for several days, but can only survive without water for ~3 days
Vital for proper body functions
Makes up 55-65% of an animal’s body
Purposes: Dissolves and
transports other nutrients
aids in digestion carries waste from the
body Regulates body
temperature and supports breathing
Protein
Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Purpose: Develop and repairing
body organs and tissues (i.e.: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers)
Important in the reproduction process of the developing fetus, transmitting DNA, and development of young
Carbohydrates
Important in converting of food into energy
Carbohydrates are made up of chemical elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Types: sugars, starch, fiber
Purpose: Supports body functions,
breathing, digesting, etc. Stores fat, and produces
heat for body warmth
Fats
Contains the same chemical elements of C, H, & O as carbs, but in different combinations
Purpose: Provides energy▪ contains 2.25 times more
energy than carbs/protein Aid in absorbing fat
soluble vitamins Provide essential fatty
acids needed in an animal’s diet
Vitamins
Organic substances designated by the letters A, B, C, D, E, and K.
Needed for specific biochemical reactions.
Needed in very small amounts
Purpose: Needed for regulating
the digestive system, absorption, and metabolism
Minerals
Inorganic Purpose:
Supply the material for building bones, teeth, the skeleton
Producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones. Minerals are divided into two
Divided into TWO groups1. Macro minerals▪ seven major minerals
needed in largest quantity▪ most likely lacking in the
ration2. Micro minerals▪ nine trace minerals that
are only needed in small amounts
Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms Slow Growth
Common w/ALL Water
Body becomes overheated Slow down in normal body
function Protein
Growth and repair of tissues suffers
Anorexia, anemia, edema; slow growth rate, low birth weight, lower milk production, decreased feed efficiency
Carbohydrate Lack of energy/body heat
Fat Lack of energy Absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins is affected
Vitamin Body functions are
affected Mineral
Lower rate of gain, feed inefficiency, decreased milk/egg/wool production, decreased reproduction,
Major Way Nutrients are used Maintenance
Rations high in carbohydrates and fats designed to keep animal constant with no gain or loss of weight.
Growth Rations high in energy and protein so as to increase the animal’s body size.
Reproduction ration A ration that contains the largest amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins
of any ration Reproduction rations improve conception rates and breeding ability for males
and females and are important for producing live, healthy offspring that have a good birth weight.
Lactation Rations for lactating (milk producing) females encourage large milk
production and are high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus (same nutrients contained in the milk).
Work and activity Rations need increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates to supply the
extra energy needed to perform (example: hunting dog chasing game).
Nutrition Terms
Diet Feed and water an animal receives Amount and type is based on: 1 – what
animal needs, 2 – what nutrients are in feed
Must be palatable Ration
Feed that contains right proportion of nutrients
“Balanced ration”