Objectives:

◦Explain the different characteristics of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.

◦Show examples of the symptoms of diabetes.

◦Guide the learners through the process of how each type is diagnosed.

LESSON TWO: WHAT IS DIABETES?

Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes.

Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age).

Requires insulin injections for survival.

Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma).

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES

Partly genetic

Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas (where insulin is produced) is the enemy and they self-destruct

Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin

Causes of Type 1

Frequent urination (polyurea)

Excessive Thirst (polydipsia)

Excessive hunger (polyphasia)

Rapid weight loss

Signs and Symptoms of Type 1

Happens in 90 - 95% of persons diagnosed with diabetes

Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age)

Can go undetected for years

Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis)

Signs and Symptoms often not present

Is a progressive disease

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Strong genetic link

Insulin resistance (more than enough insulin production; however, the insulin does not work properly at the cell wall)

Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and/or lack of exercise

Not enough insulin production

Causes of Type 2

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Frequent yeast infections

Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst

Signs and Symptoms of Type 2

Most often diagnosed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women.

If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur.

Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother (see insulin resistance under Type 2 Diabetes).

Cause of Gestational Diabetes

Step 1: ◦ Drinking a 50-gram oral glucose solution followed by a 1-hour

blood glucose test.◦ If result is equal to or greater than 140 mg/dl, further testing

required.

Step 2: ◦ drinking 100-gram oral glucose solution after an 8 hour fast◦ blood sugar test at 1, 2, and 3 hours after◦ positive diagnosis requires that any two of the four glucose

values obtained during the test meet or exceed the following values: - Fasting - 105 mg/dl- 1-hour - 190 mg/dl- 2-hour - 165 mg/dl- 3-hour - 145 mg/dl

Gestational Diabetes Screening

Type of Diabetes Characteristics Signs/Symptoms Causes

Type 1 (Juvenile) Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes.

Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age).

Requires insulin injections for survival.

Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma).

Frequent urination (polyurea)

Excessive Thirst (polydipsia)

Excessive hunger (polyphasia)

Rapid weight loss

Partly genetic

Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas is the enemy and they self-destruct.

Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin

Type 2 Happens in 90 - 95% of persons diagnosed with diabetes

Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age)

Can go undetected for years

Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis)

Signs and Symptoms often not present

Is a progressive disease

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Frequent yeast infections

Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst

Strong genetic link

Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and lack of exercise

Not enough insulin production

Gestational Most often diagnosed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women.

If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur.

Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases.

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Frequent yeast infections

Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst

Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother

Comparison Chart

Proceed to end of lesson assessment.

Assessment