יקיזנ / תרופ לאירא א רכ - shemtov1.comshemtov1.com/lor/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/אריאל-פורת-נזיקין-כרך-א.pdf · תרופ לאירא יקיזנ

ARIEL PORAT

TORTS Volume I

:

:

ISBN 9789654421119 "

2013"

"

99835 108 "

029992088' ; 029992099'

[email protected]

7

17 ..................................................................................................

:

23 ...............................................................................................................

25 ................................................................................. : 1

25 ....................................................... .1

26 .................................................................... .2

27 ....................................................... .3

28 ....................................................................................................... .4

29 ......................................................................................... , .5

31 ............................................................. .6

33 .................................................................. .7

34 ................................................... .8

36 ...................................................................................................... .9

39 .................................. .10

41 ............................................................................................. .11

43 ..................................................................... .12

45 ........................................................................................... .13

49 ........................................................ ? : .14

51 .................................................................... .15

55 .............................................................................................. : 2

55 ................................................................................................................. .1

59 ..................................................................... : .2

59 ................................................................................................. .

60 ....................................................................................................... .

61 ..................................................... .

63 ....................................................................... : ' ' .3

63 ............................................................................. ? .

8

65 .......................................... : .

66 ...................................................................................................... .

69 ........................................................................................... : 3

69 .......................................................... .1

73 ........................................................................... .2

73 ................................................................................. .

75 ..................................................... .

77 .................................... .

78 ..................................................................................... .3

78 ............................................................................................... .

79 ........................................................................................... .

80 ......................................................................................... .4

81 ........................................................................................... .

83 ............................................................................................ .

84 ................................................................... .

85 .................................................. , :

:

89 ...............................................................................................................

91 .............................................................................................. : 1

91 ................................................. .1

94 .......................................................... : .2

98 ................... .3

101 ................................................................................... .4

101 ......................................................................... .

104 ............................ .

104 ........................................................................................... .

106 .............................................................................................. .

108 ................................................................................................. .

109 .............................................................. : .

9

111 ................................................................... .5

111 .................................................................................... .

114 ................................................ : .

118 .......................................................................... : .

122 ....................................................................................... .6

122 .................................................................................................... .

124 ...................................................................................................... .

127 ............................................................................................ .

128 ......................................................... .7

128 ............................................................ .

130 .......................................................................................... .

134 ................................................................... .

135 .................................................. .8

135 ................................................................................... .

137 ............................................................................ .

139 .............................................................................. .

145 .................................................................................. .9

145 ............................................................................................. .

146 ........................................................... .

149 ....................................................................................... : 2

149 ....................................................... " " : .1

154 ......................................................................... : .2

155 ....................................................................... .

158 ....................................................................................... .

159 ........................................... .

160 ....................................................................................... " " .

163 ............................................................................... : 3

164 ...................................................................... .1

165 ............................................................................... .2

171 ......................................................... .3

176 ..................................................................... .4

181 ................................................................................ .5

183 ............................................................................................................. .6

10

185 .................................................... : 4

186 ......................................................... .1

186 ................................................................................... .

187 .................................................................... .

187 ................................................................................................... .

189 .................................................................. .

189 .............................................................................................. .

190 .......................... .

191 ................................. .

191 .................................................................... .2

191 .......................... 1998", .

. ................................................................................. 193

195 .................................................................... .3

201 .................................................................................. : 5

201 ................................................................................................... .1

204 ..................................................................................... .2

207 ................................................................... .3

212 ................................................................ " " .4

217 ..................................................................... ? .5

220 ............................................................ .6

223 ................................................................. : 6

224 ................................................................... .1

224 .................................................................................. .

227 ................................................... .

228 ..................................................................................... .

230 ...................................................................................... .2

231 .......................................................................................... .

232 ................................................................................ .

233 ................................................................................ .

240 .......................................................................... .

241 .................................................................................. : .3

241 .......................................................................................... .

11

244 ....................................................................... : .

245 ............................................................... : .

247 .................................................................. : .

249 ........................................................... : .

251 .......................................... .4

251 ........................................... .

255 ............................ .

259 ............................................................. : 7

260 ................................................................. .1

260 .................................................................................. .

261 .............................................................................................. .

261 ........................................................................................... .

adverse selection) ............................................................... 264) .

265 .................................................................................................. .2

268 ........................................................................................... .3

268 ........................................................................................... .

271 .................................................................................. .

273 ..................................................................................................... .

275 ...................................................... : 8

276 ........................................................................................ .1

276 ..................................................................................... .

280 ................................................................................................... .

281 .................................................................................... .

285 ........................................................................... 41 .

286 ................................................................................................ .2

287 ................................................................................................. .

289 .................................................................................................. .

290 ................................................................................................................. .3

292 ................................................................................................................ .4

297 ........................................................................................... : 9

298 .................................................................................................... .1

301 .................................................................................................... .2

12

301 ......................................................................................................... .

302 ........................................................................................................ .

302 .................................................................................................. .

303 ....................................................................................................... .

304 ...................................................... .

305 .......................................................................................................... .3

305 .............................................................................................. .

305 ........................................................................................... .

307 ................................................................................................. .4

311 ....................................................................................... .5

:

317 .............................................................................................................

321 ........................................................................ : : 1

321 ...................................................................... .1

329 .................................................................................................. .2

331 ................................................................................ : 2

333 ............. .1

334 ......................................................................................... .

336 ................................................................................................. .

337 ...................................................................................................... .

338 ................................................................................................... .

338 ....................................................................................................... .

340 .............................................................................................. .

340 .............................................................................. .

341 ............ .2

341 ...................................................................................................... .

342 ................................................................................................. .

343 ................................................................................................. .

343 ............................................................................................... ? .

13

349 .................................... : : 3

350 ....................................................................................... .1

350 ...................................................................................................... .

351 ................................................................................................. .

353 .......................................................................... : .2

355 ...................................................................................................... .

359 ................................................................................................. .

359 .............................................................................................. .

360 ................................................................................................ .

365 ............................................ : .

366 ................................................................ : .3

368 ................................................................................................. .

369 ...................................................................................................... .

371 ............................................................................ .

371 ............................................. .4

372 ............................................... .

373 .............................................................................. "" .

374 .................................................................. " " .

377 ................................................. : 4

377 .................................. .1

377 .................................................................. .

379 ........................................................................ .

385 .............................................................. .

390 .................................... .2

390 .................................................................. .

392 ........................................................................ .

393 .............................................................. .

.3

394 ........................................................................................

394 .................................................................. .

395 ........................................................................ .

399 .............................................................. .

14

, , .4

400 ...........................................................................................

400 .................................................................. .

401 ........................................................................ .

403 .............................................................. .

405 ..................................................... : 5

407 ............................................................................................... .1

410 ............................................................................................... .2

411 ................................................................................................. .

412 ............................................................................... .

416 ................................ .3

418 .......................................................................................... .

420 .................................................................. .

422 .......................................................... .

423 ....................................................................................... : 6

424 ................................................................................................. .1

431 ........................................................................ .2

436 .............................................................................................. .3

437 .................................................................. .4

439 ..................................................................................... .5

439 ........................................................................................... .

441 ........................................................................................ .

442 ........................................................................................ .

442 ....................................................................................................... .

443 ....................................................................... : : 7

445 ........................................................................... .1

448 ...................................................................... .2

448 .................................................................. : .

451 .................................................................................................... .

453 ...................................................... .

456 ................................................................................ .

457 ................................................................................................... .

15

459 ..................................................................... : 8

461 ................................................................................................ .1

462 ....................................................... ' .2

464 ............................................................................ .3

466 ................................................................................ .4

469 ............................................... " " .5

470 ........................................................................................ .6

471 ....................................................................................................... .7

472 ................................................. .8

473 ..................................................................................... .9

473 ........................................... .

474 ................................... .

. ... .

477 ...................................................................................

479 ................................. : 9

480 ................................................................................................... .1

483 ........................................................................................................ .2

486 .................................................................................................. .3

487 .............................................................. .4

488 ............................................ .

491 ....... .

493 ....................................................................................................... .5

495 ..................................................................................... : 10

495 ....................................................... : .1

498 .......................................................................... .2

500 ..................................................................... .3

501 ................................................... ) ( .4

502 .......................................................................................... .

504 ........................................................................ .

505 .......................................................................................... .

506 .............................................................................. .5

507 ........................................................................... : .

16

508 ................................................................................................. .

509 .................................................................................. ? .

511 ............................... : 11

511 ................................................................................................ .1

515 ............................................................................................... .2

519 ........................................................................................... .3

520 ................................................................................................... .4

521 ............................................................................................. .5

522 ................................................................................... .6

523 ................................................................................... .7

527 .........................................................................................................

529 ........................................................................................................

535 ...................................................................................................................

537 .........................................................................................................

553 .........................................................................................................

557 ......................................................................................................

571 ........................................................................................................

17

.

. ,

, . ,

, , ,

, .

) (

,

.

. ,

, :

. .

;

.

,

. .

.

.

, .

.

. ) (

, .

,

. ,

, . ,

. ,

, , ,

, .

, , ,

.

.

. ,

18

. , :

:

, ,

,

? ,

? ,

?

. ) Textbook" ( "

. .

. ,

, .

.

. , ,

. ,

TORT LIABILITY UNDER .

UNCERTAINTY , .

, , . ,

, .

, ,

GETTING INCENTIVES RIGHT IMPROVING, .

TORTS, CONTRACTS AND RESTITUTION , .

, . ,

.

.

, : ,

, , , , , , ,

, , , , , " ,

, , , , , ,

.

, , ,

, . ,

. , ,

. " ,

19

.

. ,

.

, , , .

. . ,

. ,

. ... ,

2013 ,

z:\books\porat\porat-01.doc 07/08/2013 11:02:00

23


, ,

:

.

. ,

,

.

,

, 1. ,

,

.

. ,

:

, . ,

, .

.

.

, ,

.

,

,

, , .

, .

2. ,

.

, .

1 Ernest J. Weinrib, THE IDEA OF PRIVATE LAW (1995) . ).1999( 69) 5( ", ' 2034/98 " 2

:

24


. , 3.

.

4.

;

, .

.

3 TSACHI KEREN-PAZ, TORTS, EGALITARIANISM AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE (2007). Ronen Perry, The Role of Retributive, 4

Justice in the Common Law of Torts: A Descriptive Theory, 73 TENN. L. REV. 177 (2006).

25


1

. 2. . 1

. 5. . 4. . 3.

. 7. . 6. ,

. 9. . 8.

. 11. . 10.

. 13. . 12.

. 15 ? : . 14.

.

. 1

.

, , .

,

.

,

, .

.

;

.

. ,

.

. .

,

,

.

. ,

:

26


.

". " .

, .

. , .

. ,

.

.

,

.

, , .

,

). (

,

.

. 2

:

5.

.

, ,

.

. ,

. ,

, .

.

5 GUIDO CALABRESI, THE COSTS OF ACCIDENTS 2631 (1970).

: 1

27


: .

100

: 50 .

, 30 .

, . 20

.

,)50+30( 80

, ) ( 100 , 80 70 ). 50+20( 70

. 20

.

. , ,

, . ,

, 10

, 30

.

. 3

.

, 6.

80

80 , . "

, "

. " 10

,

,

). (

.

.

6 CALABRESI, id., at 95129 .

:

28


.

" 80 ,

, ( " 90 .

, ) ,

. " 70

,

, , .

.

. 4

, 7). , (

8. , ,

, 50 100 , . , , 30 20 . 80 100 70 ,

, .

, .

, , " " .

. , , .

, 1,000 10% . 100 100 ,

.

7 CALABRESI, id., at 6894. , , 8

, . . 8 ,

: 1

29


) 100 ( , )100(

9. ,

, . " " ,

, . ,

. , . ,

10 , . 100 30 , , 80

. . .

, . . , ,

. , 20% , .

, 10 , ). 20%x 20( 4 , 20

, , , . , ,

, 30 , 50% .20 15

, . 5

, ,

, , .

. 9

. . . 15

:

30


,. ,

.

. .

: , ") (" ") ("

10. " " ,

" "

, , . ,

, .

, . .

10 , . 20

, . , . 20

20 , . ,

, , .

, , , .

, .

. .

, 10 . ,

: 1

31


. ,

. 6

.

.

.

,

, , .

.

? ?

?

" .

, "

. ,

,

. , ) (

, , )Coase( 1960

Coase Theorem ,

, " , 11.

".

,

. :

: . 100

. 20 40

,

, . ,

11 Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Costs, 3 J. L. ECON 1 (1960).

:

32


.

:

. 100 20

40 , ,

, 20 ,

40 20

,

, , .

.

.

,

, , .

, , 20

. , 20

, .

.

.

. ,

, ,

, .

,

, , , , .

, .

. , 40 20 ,

,20

. 40

,

12.

12 Massimo , ,

DAntoni & Avraham Tabbach, Least-Cost Avoidance and Partial Compensation (unpublished manuscript).

: 1

33


, ,

.

. 7

,

.

.

. . ,

. 20 , 100

, , . 40

. 20

. 20 ,

.

20 20

. 40 ,

20 20

, . ,

) 13 ( ,

. ,

.

, )40 ( 10

. 20

) ( 20 10

. .

.

. ,

, 20 13 ( 20 , , 40

40.(

:

34


. 8

,

,

: .

. "" ,

,

, 14. ,

) B( ) (

: .

)L ( )P .( B

. BPL ,

15.

.

.

, , '

16.

14 U.S. v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F. 2d 169 (1947). 15

. , 1 , .

.2 16 Richard A. Posner, A Theory of Negligence, 1 J. LEGAL STUD. 29, 2934 (1972) . ,

343/74 " . 498) 2( ", ..' 5604/94 "; )1976( 141) 1( ", '

' 7794/98 " ;)1995( 102) 1( '', ' 3124/90 "; )2004( ' " 140/00 "; )2003( 721) 4( ", "; )2004( 486) 4( ", "

" " 10064/02 "; )29.8.2010, ( ' " 4693/05 ' 1700/10 " ;)2005( 13) 3( ", ' "

, ). 20.5.2010, ( , ,

: 1

35


, , .

, , .

,

17. .

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

, ,

.

, , .

. ,

.

,

. ,

: , .

18. , , :

, ;

: " ).2008( 351 "

17 Posner, supra note 16, at 33. Guido Calabresi & Jon T. Hirschoff, Towards a, 18

Test for Strict Liability in Torts, 81 YALE L.J. 1055 (1972); Richard A. Posner, Strict Liability: A Comment, 2 J. LEGAL STUD. 205, 210 (1973) .

:

36


, ;

( ,

. ). 19

. 9

.

,

20. .

,

21.

.

, 100

,100 .

.

.

19 . 12 .

Steven 20Shavell, Strict Liability Versus Negligence, 9 J. LEGAL STUD. 1 (1980) .

Stephen G. Gilles, Rule-Based Negligence and the Regulation of Activity Levels, 21 J. LEGAL STUD. 319 (1992) .

: ,

. David Gilo & Ehud Guttel, Negligence and Insufficient Activity: The Missing Paradigm

in Torts, 108 MICH. L. REV. 277 (2009) . .

Avraham . , ;

Tabbach & Jacob Nussim, A Revised Model of Unilateral Accidents, 29 INTL REV. L. ECON. 169 (2009); Avraham Tabbach, Causation and Incentives to Choose Levels of Care and Activity under the Negligence Rule, 4 REVIEW OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 1, 45

(2008). 21 Calabresi & Hirschoff, supra note 18, at 1073, note 66; Posner, supra note 18.

: 1

37


. 22,

.

, . 20 , 20%

10,23 , .

.

,

.

,

, .

,

.

10 20 ,

. ,

. .

: 24.

.

,

25. ,

.

, ,

,

20% , , .

80% (

.18 " 22 . , 23 .Gilles, supra note 20 24 & Tabbach 25

Nussim, supra note 20.

:

38


26, ).

,

.

.

,

.

,

, .

, , 100

. 80

20 ( 10 ,

). 10

.

27.

, .

, .

.

.

,

.

, , .

.

.

.

. ,

) (

.3 , 2627 Posner, supra note 18, at 207.

: 1

39


. , )(

,

.

,

,

. ,

. 10

.

:

, .

.

.

,

. .

,

, , ,.

, ,

28.

, ,

29). (

,

. , ,

28 Calabresi & Hirschoff, supra note 18, at 1062. . 1980", 4 29

, , , " " .

.

:

40


. , ,

.

. ,

,

.

, .

.

, .

,

30. , ,

31. , 32.

. ?

, , .

. , 33. ,

.

. . , ,

.

30 Calabresi & Hirschoff, supra note 18, at 1063 . , .

, " " George Priest, The Current Insurance Crisis, 96 .

YALE L. J. 1521 (1987) . A. Mitchell Polinsky & Steven Shavell, The Uneasy Case for Product

Liability, 123 HARV. L. REV. 1437 (2010) . 31

. 32 CALABRESI, supra note 5, at 2478, 2523 . 33 CALABRESI, id..

: 1

41


, 34.

, ,

35. , ,

. :

, . .

. , ,

.

. 11

36.

. ,

. ,

.

. 34 ,

, , .

. ,

. ,

. , , 35

. 15 . 36 Calabresi & Hirschoff, supra note 18, at 1060 .

:

42


.

,

, , .

.

. " "

. ,

" "

. .

,

. ,

. ,

, ,

.

,

.

,

.

.

, ,

, ,

, 37.

.

, .

.

(

, , ).

. ,

,

, , 37 .

: 1

43


, .

, ,

.

, .

. ,

. ,

.

, , ,

, ,

.

.

.

, ,

. ,

38.

. 12

,

.

.

.

,

, 39.

..2 , 2 , 3839 ROBERT COOTER & THOMAS ULEN, LAW & ECONOMICS 3412 (5th ed., 2008); STEVEN

SHAVELL, FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW 1829 (2004); RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW 2404 ( 6.86.11) (8th ed., 2011).

:

44


, .

. ,

. :

,) (

,

, .

, :

.

,

. ?

.

,.

, ,

, . 75

.

.

, 40, ,

. ,

.

,

, .

41. .

.

)42 ( ?

40 ARTHUR C. PIGOU, THE ECONOMICS OF WELFARE (4th ed., 1932). 41double liability : Robert Cooter, Unity in Tort, Contract, and Property:

The Model of Precaution, 73 CAL. L. REV. 1 (1985). 42

Oren Bar-Gill & Omri Ben-Shahar, The Uneasy Case for Comparative Negligence, 5 AM. L. ECON. REV. 433 (2003).

: 1

45


( ,

, 43. , )

: ,

. ,

, .

,

.

,

44.

. 13

:

46. 45, .

, ,

.

.

47. ,

43 Cooter & Ulen, supra note 39, at 3427; Shavell, supra note 39, at 1829. 44 Cooter & Ulen, supra note 39, at 3424; Shavell, supra note 39, at 1856. .3 , 3 , . 45 2 . 46

.1992", ) ( 47 Guido Calabresi & A. Douglas Melamed, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and

Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral, 85 HARV. L. REV. 1089 (1972) . Lucian, .

Bebchuk, Property Rights and Liability Rules: The Ex Ante View of the Cathedral, 100 MICH. L. REV. 601 (2001); Ian Ayres, Protecting Property with Puts, 32 VAL. U. L. REV. 793 (1998); Ronen Avraham, Modular Liability Rules, 24 INTL REV. L. ECON. 269 (2004); Abraham Bell & Gideon Parchomovsky, Pliability Rules, 101 MICH. L. REV. 1 (2002); Gideon Parchomovsky & Alex Stein, Reconceptualizing Trespass, 103 NW. U.

:

46


(

1 ( ).

, ) 2

) 4 3 ( ,

. ,

2 ( ) 3 1 ( :

). 4

,

.

. ,

:

1

2

3

4

,

( ,

, , ).

48. ,

, ,

,

. ,

,

. , , ,

L. REV. 1823 (2009); Saul Levmore, Unifying Remedies: Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Startling Rules, 106 YALE L. J. 2149 (1997) .

Ariel Porat, Private Production of Public , , Goods: Liability for Unrequested Benefits, 108 MICH. L. REV. 189 (2009) .

. 6 48

: 1

47


, , , .

.

,

, .

, ,

). 3 ( , ,

, , ,

, , 3 ). 1 (

. , 1

). 3 1 (

, :

, . .

) 2 (

, .

49. , ,

.

) 4 ( ,

, , (

. , )

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

49 . ,

:

48


, 2.50

51. 4 2 ,

4 2

, 100 , 100 ,

2 . 100 ,

( 50 , 100

. 150 , 100 , )100

4 . ,

. 2 ,

, , ,

, 4 .

: 2

, 100 50 , 50

. , 150

.

4 2

). (

2 , , 2 4 ,

4 . 4

, (

2 , )

). , ( 4 2

, 2 , .

: 50 .49 "

, 51 ,

. , , : (

, : ( , ) ).

. . ,

: 1

49


, ,

,

.

, :

.

52.'

) 1 ( ) 2 (

53.

, ,

. ,

, , 54.

, 55.

,

, .

, .

). ( 1 ) ( 2 ,

, ,

.

. ,

? : . 14

: , ? ,

).1976( 785) 3( ", ' " 44/76 " 52 , 74 53

., . , . 48 54 736) 4( ", " ' " 468/81' 55

).1989( 856853, 840) 3( ", ' 214/89 "; )1981(

:

50


. , . ,

, , , .

, , 56. .

. , 57. ,

, .

, ,

, , ). (

. , ,

. , ,

. , ,

. . ,

. , . , ,

, , .

, .

, ,

.

; )1993( 485446, 421 " " 56STEPHEN D. SUGARMAN, DOING AWAY WITH PERSONAL INJURY LAW 78 (1989).

.SUGARMAN, supra note 56, at 1218; 491485' , 56 " , 57

: 1

51


.

.

.

, . , ,

. 58.

. , ,

,

, , .

.

.

. 15

The Costs of Accidents :

59.

, . ,

( ).

, , ( : , )

, , . , (

).

.567562' , 16 " , 5859 Calabresi, supra note 5, at 39-67, 2256, 2589.

:

52


: ) ( 1,000

; 1/1000 , , .

. .

, . ,

, , . , ,

. , .

.

. ,

, . , ,

.

. ) ( . , .

, .

, .

. , .

:

: 1

53


1975 .

, 60. , .

61. , ,

. 1975", 60 . ,

, .

. .7 , 61

:

54


55


2

;. ; . ; : . 2. . 1

: ' '. 3. .

: . ? . ;

.. ;

. 1

62." " " " .

,

.

, .

.

63. .

. ,

, " . "

... ",

, ,

,

64."

). 1985, .. ( 120116 62 .118' , , 63 .118' , , 64

:

56


,

.

65.

. , ,

. ,

,

, , , .

66" "

67.

: . ,

;

.

,George P. Fletcher, Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory, 85 HARV. L. REV. 537, 547 65n. 40 (1972) .

WEINRIB, supra note 1, at 5860 ( 3.2.1); ARTHUR: , RIPSTEIN, EQUALITY, RESPONSIBILITY, AND THE LAW 270 ( 9.1.1) (1999) . John

Gardner, What is Tort Law for? Part 1: The Place of Corrective Justice, 30 L. & PHIL. 1 , . (2011) ,WEINRIB . Fletcher, id., at 550 .

supra note 1, at 803 ( 3.9). 66 WEINRIB, id., at 68 ( 1.3). , ' , 67

; ,

, , . ,

civil recourse . Benjamin C. Zipursky, Rights, Wrongs, and Recourse in the Law of Torts, 51 VAND. L. REV. 1, 8290 (1998); John C.P. Goldberg & Benjamin C. Zipursky, Unrealized Torts, 88 VA. L. REV. 1625, 1643 (2002); Benjamin C. Zipursky, Civil Recourse, Not Corrective Justice, 91 GEO. L.J. 695 (2003); John C.P. Goldberg, The Constitutional Status of Tort Law: Due Process and the Right to a Law for the Redress

of Wrongs, 115 YALE L.J. 524 (2005) . civil recourse Scott Hershovitz, Corrective Justice for Civil Recourse

Theories, FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY L. REV. 107 (2011).

: 2

57


) '( :

" . " ,

; ". "

; 68.

; ;

.

69.

) 71 70 (

.

.

. ,

, , '

.

, ', 72.

.

. , ,

. 68 . .

, ,Richard A. Epstein, A Theory of Strict Liability, 2 J. LEGAL STUD. 151 . 16089 (1973).

69 Epstein, id., at 168 . , prima facie , .

Richard A. Epstein, Defenses and . Subsequent Pleas in a System of Strict Liability, 3 J. LEGAL STUD. 165, 17485 (1974) .

Richard A. Epstein, Intentional Harms, 4 J. LEGAL STUD. 391 (1975); Richard Epstein, Nuisance Law: Corrective

Justice and Its Utilitarian Constraints, 8 J. LEGAL STUD. 49 (1979) . ,Richard Epstein , ,

Toward a General Theory of Tort Law: Strict Liability in Context, 3 J. TORT LAW, Iss. 1, Art. 6 (2010).

70 WEINRIB, supra note 1, at 14552 ( 6.16.3) . 71 Stephen R. Perry, The Impossibility of General Strict Liability, 1 CAN. J. L. & JUR. 147

(1988). .3 72

:

58


.

.

73.

, ,

, .

.

, , ' ' "

, , 74..."

75.

,

76.

, .

, .

77. ,

,

78.

, . ) (

, .

79.

. (JULES L. COLEMAN, RISKS AND WRONGS 32460 ( 16.417.10) (1992 73. ,

COLEMAN, id., 32960 ( 1717.10) . 74 .118' , 62 " , , : 75

, , Ernest J. Weinrib, The Gains and Losses of Corrective.

Justice, 44 DUKE L.J. 277, 283 (1994) . .Hershovitz, supra note 67

76 Ernest J. Weinrib, Correlativity, Personality, and the Emerging Consensus on Corrective Justice, 2 THEORETICAL INQ. L. 107 (2001).

77 JULES L. COLEMAN, MARKETS, MORALS AND THE LAW 1856 (1987). 78 COLEMAN, supra note 73, at 36970 ( 18.4) . 79 Fletcher, supra note 65, at 54356 .

: 2

59


,

.

80 : . 2

, ,

.

. ,

,

. .

.

. ,

,

, .

,

.

, , ,

.

, . .

,

, , .

.

, .

.

.

,

.

.

.

.WEINRIB, supra note 1; Weinrib, supra note 76 80

:

60


.

.

, . .

,

.

" "

,

.

.

.

.

, , ,

. ,

,

, .

. ,

. ,

.

,

.

. ,

, ,

,

.

. ,

,

.

, .

. ,

. . ,

. ,

: 2

61


,

, .

.

.

.

.

.

, .

.

, .

, .

,

,

. .

,

.

.

. .

.

,

) (

81,

.

.

82.

.8 , 1 8182 Ariel Porat, Questioning the Idea of Correlativity in Weinrib's Theory of Corrective

Justice, 2 THEORETICAL INQ. L. 161 (2001).

:

62


:

, .

( ) (

).

?

, , .

, ,

. .

.

. ,

.

, , ,

. , .

,

.

, , .

. ) (

" "

. ) " " (

.

(

,

). 83

, .

, ,

, .

. 1 , 7 , 83

: 2

63


, ,

.

.

.

,

.

, . , ,

. , ) (

,

.

. ,

.

,

, , , .

.

.

,

84. ,

85 : ' '. 3

? .

' '

, .

86,

.8 , , 84 .Fletcher, supra note 65 8586 Fletcher, id. . .

,George Fletcher. , The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory, 2 L. & PHIL. 63 (1983) .

:

64


.

. ") : "(

,

, . .

,

.

, :

, .

,

.

, .

.

.

, ,

.

, .

, .

.

. ,

,

. ,

. ,

,

. ,

. , , ,

, ,

( , , .

. ) ,

.

,

.

: 2

65


" ,

, " 87".

88". ,

, .

.

, ,

, , ,

89.

,

. .

Rylands v. Fletcher90 .

, . .

, ,

Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co.,91, .

. ,

92.

.

, , ,

.

: .

, : ,

87 Fletcher, supra note 65, at 550 . 88 Fletcher, id. . ; , 89

. ,

. , 90 Rylands v. Fletcher, L.R. 3H.L. 330 (1868). 91 Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co., 124 N.W. 221 (Minn. 1910). ..5 , 1 , 92

:

66


(justification) (excuse) . , , .

, ( . , )

. , ,

. .

. 93.

,

, (compulsion) . .

, , . :

, .

. .

, , , , .

94.

.

, .

, , , ,

. , ,

93 Cordas v. Peerless Transportation Co., 27 N.Y.S. 2d 198 (1941). Jules L. Coleman, Tort Law and the Demands of : 94

Corrective Justice, 67 IND. L. REV. 349, 365 (1992) .

: 2

67


95.

:

? ,

96?

, 97.

. ,

,

.

,

. . :

.

98?

, , .

.

.

:

. , ,

, 99?

. ,

(

. )

95 Calabresi & Hirschoff, supra note 18, at 1081, note 84 . 96 COLEMAN, supra note 73, at 259 (13.4) . 97

.1 , 3 .

98 Fletcher, supra note 65, at 549, n. 46 . 99 Fletcher, id..

:

68


, .

, , ,

,

. .

, .

, .

. ,

,

,

. , ,

, . ,

,

.

,

.

, , . ,

,

, , .

.

. .

69


3

; . 2. . 1

; . ; .

. 3. .

. ; . 4. . ; . ;

. . ; . ;

. 1

, 100.

,

,

" " , .

101. ,

102 , ,

, :

.

.KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 58 100 : 101

, , 13 . , , .

.15 , 1 102

:

70


.

.

, ,

, ,

, , . , :

, ) (

103. ,

, , 104.

. ,

.

,

;

105. ; ) (

, ,

, .

, . .

.

fairness.(106" (" ,

107

. .3 , KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 912 103 ,

. 104 KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 16180. " " 105

).2008( 145 106 Gregory Keating, Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents, 74 S.

CAL. L. REV. 193 (2000). . 3 , 2 107

: 3

71


108.

,

, ,

.

, ,

, , , 109.

110. ,

, ,

,

, 111.

. , ,

,

,

.

112.

, , .

, . , ,

,

113.

,

.

108 Keating, supra note 106, at 196. 109 Keating, id., at 2027. , . 110

. , .

. Keating, id., at 20719. , 111 Keating, id., at 211. . 112

. .Keating, id., at 2027. ,

113 Gregory C. Keating, Reasonableness and Rationality in Negligence Theory, 48 STAN. L. REV. 311 (1996).

:

72


,

114.

, , " "

,

, .

, ,

, . ,

. ,

, ,

. ,

. ,

, :

.

, 115.

,

, , . , ,

"

116".

, ,

, .

, . , :

,

.

. ,

114 Louis Kaplow & Steven Shavell, Why the Legal System is Less Efficient than the Income Tax in Redistributing Income, 23 J. LEGAL STUD. 667 (1994).

115 KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 558 . 116 KEREN-PAZ, id., at 5865 .

Daphna , Lewinsohn-Zamir, In Defense of Redistribution Through Private Law, 91 MINN. L. REV.

326 (2006).

: 3

73


, , , 117.

. ,

, . ,

, .

118. ,

. 2

119.

,

.

, , ,

, , "":

. , ""

,

.

.

, , .

, , , ,

120.

..4 117 ..4 118 . .3. .2, 1 , 2 , 108 , 1 119 . : 120

,

:

74


, .

. ,

,

.

. ,

,. ,

. ,

.

.

.

121.

, ,

.

.

. ,

" " . , , 2 ( 149148, 142141

, )1964( 582) 4( ", ..' 69/64 " ). 1977 396) 3( ", ' 1272/05 ".

. , )2007( " ,' . . 61/89 " , ,

, . )1990( 589, 580) 1( .

David E. Seidelson, Reasonable Expectations and Subjective Standard in Negligence Laws: The Minor, the Mentally Impaired, and the Mentally Incompetent, 50

GEO. WASH. L. REV. 17 (19812) . :WINFIELD & JOLOWICZ, ON TORT 2804 (18th ed., W.V.H. Rogers, 2010).

.7 , 1 , . 121

, .

.Avihay Dorfman, Reasonable Care: Equality as Objectivity, 31 L. & PHIL 369 (2012).

: 3

75


:

, ,

. , ,

, , ,

122.

.

, 123:

). 124 , (

. , ,

, ,

. ,

.

. ) (" "

125. ,

, ,

126.

, , .

. ,

122 .KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 712

, 123 .

, . 54 , . 3 , 3 , ,

.2 , 124 ,Jeremy Waldron, Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss 125

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TORT LAW 387, 405 (David G. Owen ed., 1995) . "

: , " . ,

, 126 .

:

76


127." " ,

, , ,

.

.

,

, . , ,

,

" "

.

, :

. ,

, ,

.

,

.

,

, ,

.

:

, , ,

.

.

128:

,

.

, .

. ,

.)1987( 269, 257 " " 127 .Steven R 128

Perry, The Moral Foundations of Tort Law, 77 IOWA L. REV. 449, 4617 (1992).

: 3

77


.

, ,

,

, , 129.

130.

, .

,

,

.

, ,

) ( ,

, . ) ( ,

) ( .

: ) (

. ,

,

. ,

. ,

: ) (

, .

131. ,

, ) (

.112 " 129 " 130

(( 381379 ,373 ", " ). 1996,

Keating, supra. 131note 106, at 219221.

:

78


, ) (

.

.

.

.

. ,

. ,

(

).

,

132.

. 3

. ,

) (

: .

,

. , ,

.

, 100

. 50

, . 100

,

, , .

, .

,

.3 , 3 , 132

: 3

79


, 133.,

, 5,000 , 50

, ,

. ,

, :

. ,

.100 50

,

.

,

.

134.

.

,

, , .

, , ,

135.

, .

133 KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 912. . 116114 " 134

, , :

, . ,

. . KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 469

135 Leslie Bender, A Lawyer's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort, 38 J. LEG. EDUCATION , .(1988) 520 ,3

; " , " ' '' ' 137 ,176184 )1997.(

:

80


136.

.

,

. ,

, , ,

137.

.

138.

, .

139. ,

, ,

.

. 4

.

. :

, .

136 ". " .

. 4 , . 137 Bender, supra note 135, at 336 .

Gary T. Schwartz, Feminist Approaches to Tort Law, 2 THEORETICAL INQ. L. 175 Assaf Jacob, Feminist Approaches to Tort Law A Reply . (2001)

to Professor Schwartz, 2 THEORETICAL INQ. L. 211 (2001). , 138

Ifat Biton, Reclaiming; 211210' , 105 " , Power? Women Victims of Sexual Violence and the Civil Legal System, in TRENDS AND ISSUES IN VICTIMOLOGY 13040 (Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar, Moshe Benshimon eds.,

2008). 139

.)2003( 585 " "

: 3

81


.

. ,

.

.

) ( ) (

.

:

. ,

". "

,

, .

, , .

. .

.

(

, ).

.

140.

, ,

, .

" " ,

, , .

, .

141. ,

. 2 , 11 , 140 .KEREN-PAZ, supra note 3, at 10714

.2 , 11 , 141

:

82


, ,

, :

, , ,

142.

,

, .

, .

,

). ( ,

.

, ,

, ;

143.

,

,

) (

144.

145.

,

.Martha Chamallas, The Architecture of Bias: Deep Structures in Tort Law, 146 U 142PA. L. REV. 463 (1998).

Elain Gibson, The Gender Wage Dilemma in Personal Injury Damages, TORT THEORY 185 (Ken Cooper-

Stephenson ed., 1993). " , " 143

, )2006, ( 143 .11 ,

. 16 " , 144 ).26.1.2009 , ( ' " 9980/06 " 145

, ( " ' 354/12 " 18.7.2012 .(

: 3

83


) (

.

.

, ,

,

.

146. , ,

, .

, . ,

147.

,

, .

148.

. .

,

.

149.

' 444/87 " 146 ", ' 754/05 "; )1990( 397) 3( ", "

, ). 2008( 806) 3( '' ,.. ' 9466/05 "; )2007( 218) 2( .2 , 7 ,

243/83 " , )1957( 1464 ", ' 4/57 " 147 .)1985( 113) 1( ", '

" "" " 148, ( 5350

2002.( , . 5953 ', , 149

Chamallas, supra note 142, at , 47089 .

:

84


.

150. ,

. ,

,

151. ,

:

, (

)

. .

.

.

,

152 .

,

.

. ) 153(

' 11/97) "( " 150 ). 6.5.2003, ( ""

' 1102/94) "( " ). 1.8.1999, (

).2006( 310) 3( '' ," " "' 11152/04 " 151 , , 152

( . ) ,

, . ,

, 1976", ) ( . . 2706 "

, 153 , , ,

. ,

: 3

85


, :

154. , .

.

, ,

155.

.

.

". "

, ,

. , ,

,

, " " .

.

. ,

" ", 16 " , 154 , , .

. , ) ( , 16 " , 155

. , .

. (Izhak Englard, THE PHILOSOPHY OF TORT LAW 8592 (1993 . : ' '"

).2010( 233 "

89


. , 1,

. .

, , , , .

, , 2.

3, 5. 4,

6 ) ( 7.

: ;

; " " 8.

, , , , .

, 9.

.

). : ] ( [ 3635 12 LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN, A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW 3503 (3rd ed., 2005); MORTON

HORWITZ, THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN LAW 18701960 1314 (1992). .1 , 2 , 3 .3 , 4 .8 , 1 , 5 .1 , 2 , 6 .3 , 2 , 7 .2 , 3 , 8 .108 , 1 , 9

:

90


, . :

, , .

: . ,

10.

, )27.8.2012, ( ..' " 8500/06 ", , 10 . 38 ,

, ).2012( 87 "! " , ).2006) (5.3 ( 41

468469 ) 6.36) (2012.(

91


1

: . 2. . 1

. 3.

. ; . ; . 4.

. ; . ;

. 5. : . ; . ;

: . ; . ;

. ; . ; . 6 .: . ;

. ; . 7. . ;

. ; . ;

. ; . 8.

. 9. . ; . ;

. . ; . ;

. 1

, 11. , , ?

, . , , ,

", 35 11 , ,

, , ;

, , , ".

:

92


, 12. ,

13. 14.

.

, . .

15.

:

, , .

. " 130

, , .

,

. ,

) 1( ", , ' 145/80 " 12113 )1982 .(

, ., 13 Alan Miller & Ronen Perry, The

Reasonable Person, 87 NYU L. REV. 323 (2012). .

.8 14 ..2 , 2 , 15

: 1

93


( 16. )

17. ' '.

.

, , . ,

:

. ,

. ,

, .

18.

.

. ,

, . ,

, . ,

. ,

, , . ,

16 Ariel Porat, Questioning the Idea of Correlativity in Weinrib's Theory of Corrective Justice, 2 THEORETICAL INQ. L. 161 (2001) , .2 , 2 , .

.3 , 2 , 17 .1 , 3 , 18

:

94


19.

. ,

. . ,

: . 2

, 20.

, ,BPL L,

,BPL B , .

22.

. 19 ,

. EYAL ZAMIR & BARAK

MEDINA, LAW, ECONOMICS, AND MORALITY 8991 (2010); Alon Harel & Ariel Porat, Commensurability and Agency: Two Yet-To-Be-Met Challenges for Law and Economics, 96 CORNELL L. REV. 749, 7515 (2011); Ariel Porat & Avraham Tabbach, Willingness

to Pay, Death, Wealth, and Damages, 13 AMERICAN L. ECON. REV. 45 (2011) ; ).2011( 429427, 415 " , , "

.8 , 1 , 2021 U.S. v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F. 2d 169 (1947). 22

, . B

(Ehud Guttel, The (Hidden.

: 1

95


23. . PL

. , .

, . ,

.

.

, 90 100 . , 110 .

, . , 90 100

110 , , , , (

, ). 110 100 , , :

. :

. , :

.

Risk of Opportunistic Precautions, 93 VA. L. REV. 1389 (2007) . ,

. ": "

. , ; ,

,David Gilo, Ehud Guttel & Erez Yuval, Negligence . Strict Liability and Collective Action, 42 J. LEGAL STUD. (forthcoming 2013) .

.7 23

:

96


, ) ( , 24.

.

, 99 ,

. . ,

, . , , ,

.

25.

, , . . ,

. ,

: . . , ,

) commensurability( 26.

: ,

. 27, ,

, 28.

24 ROBERT COOTER & THOMAS ULEN, LAW & ECONOMICS 34953 (5th ed., 2008); STEVEN SHAVELL, FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW 1829 (2004).

25 SHAVELL, id., at 1901. 26commensurability Harel & Porat, supra note 19. .12 " , 2728

.1975", :

: 1

97


. , 29,

, . ,

, , .

, , .

, , .

, , ,

. ,

. 30.

31 , 32.

29 RICHARD L. REVESZ & MICHAEL A. LIVERMORE, RETAKING RATIONALITY 80 (2008); John W. Pratt & Richard J. Zeckhauser, Willingness to Pay and the Distribution of Risk and Wealth, 104 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY 747 (1996); Porat & Tabbach, supra

note 19. 30

( " ' 2906/01 " , ).25.5.2006,

' 5604/94 "; )1975( 141) 1( ", ' 343/74 " 31 "; )1995( 102) 1( ", ' 3124/90 "; )2004( 498) 2( ", ..

140/00 "; )2003( 721) 4( ", ' 7794/98 486) 4( ", " ' " 10064/02 "; )29.8.2010 , ( ' " 4693/05 "; )2004(' 1700/10 " ;)2005( 13) 3( ", ' " " "

). 20.5.2010 , ( "

).2008( 351 " : ,

.

:

98


. .

Documents

יקיזנ / תרופ לאירא א רכ - shemtov1.comshemtov1.com/lor/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/אריאל-פורת-נזיקין-כרך-א.pdf · תרופ לאירא יקיזנ