Organic contain carbon (C)…C 6 H 12 O 6 Inorganic no carbon (except CO 2 ) Ex. H 2 O, minerals,...
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Organic Compounds Organic contain carbon (C)… C 6 H 12 O 6 Inorganic no carbon (except CO 2 ) • Ex. H 2 O, minerals, salts Why is carbon unique? • It can form 4 covalent bonds (4e- in outer shell) • Can form extremely long chains or rings by bonding with other atoms
Organic contain carbon (C)…C 6 H 12 O 6 Inorganic no carbon (except CO 2 ) Ex. H 2 O, minerals, salts Why is carbon unique? It can form 4 covalent
Organic contain carbon (C)C 6 H 12 O 6 Inorganic no carbon
(except CO 2 ) Ex. H 2 O, minerals, salts Why is carbon unique? It
can form 4 covalent bonds (4e- in outer shell) Can form extremely
long chains or rings by bonding with other atoms
Slide 2
Building larger molecules from smaller units Monomer = single
unit molecule (ex. 1 glucose) Polymer = 2+ monomers strung together
(starch)
Slide 3
50% of your dry weight! Made of the elements C, H, O, N
Monomers Amino Acids (20 of them) -There are 3 parts to an a.a. all
bonded to a C atom 1. Amino group (NH 2 ) 2. Carboxyl Group (COOH)
3. R group (20 varieties of atoms, gives each a.a. uniqueness)
Picture
Slide 4
Peptide Bond covalent bond b/w 2 a.a. Polypeptide long chain of
a.a. A protein can be made of 1 or more polypeptides Types: 1.
Structural: skin, hair, nails, muscles 2. Transport: hemoglobin (O
2 trough body) 3. Enzymes: speed up rxns in cells (up to1 bill X)
4. Defensive: Antibodies in immune system
Slide 5
Slide 6
Quick source of energy Composed of C, H, O (1:2:1) A.
Monosaccharides simple sugars, monomers 1. Glucose (plants) 2.
Fructose (fruit) 3. Galactose (milk) B. Disaccharides 2 monos
joined 1. Sucrose (table sugar) = Glucose + Fructose 2. Maltose =
Glucose + Glucose C. Polysaccharides 3+ monos - Glycogen,
Cellulose, Starch, Chitin C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers = same formula,
diff. structure
Slide 7
glucosefructose
Slide 8
Cellulose Starch
Slide 9
C, H, O (more C & H, and less O then carbs) Uses: 1. Long
term energy storage (hibernation/migration) 2. Building of cell
membranes 3. Insulation Saturated fatty acids = no double bonds,
harder to break down Unsaturated fatty acids = contain double
bonds, easier to break down Interactive Website (a) Saturated fat
and fatty acid Stearic acid Figure 5.12 (b) Unsaturated fat and
fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid Figure
5.12
Slide 10
Lipids are non-polar dont dissolve in water Types of Lipids: 1.
Triglycerides = 3 fatty acids chains + glycerol 2. Phospholipids =
2 FA chains + glycerol + PO 4 Cell membranes 3. Steroids (ex.
cholesterol and testosterone) 4. Wax = FA + alcohol Hydrophilic
head WATER Hydrophobic tail
Slide 11
TriglycerideWaxes Phospholipid
Slide 12
What are they? (mainly) Artificially made fats made by adding
hydrogen to vegetable oil (turns liquid oil into solid (shortening)
Why are they so bad? extremely difficult to break down linked to
raising LDL levels heart disease Why are they in food? Prolongs
shelf-life Aids texture of baked goods
Slide 13
What foods tend to have trans fats? 40% found in baked goods
cakes, cookies, crackerssome in candy. Whats the FDAs stance? Must
be on nutrition label (since Jan.1, 2006) Many companies have
altered recipes to eliminate the use of trans fats Some cities have
tried to pass laws that ban restaurants from using trans fats
Things to look for on nutrition label. (partially) hydrogenated
oils = trans fat!
Slide 14
DNA & RNA (C,H,O,N,P) DNA stores genetic info.
(instructions for a.a) RNA transfers info. for making proteins
Monomers nucleotides There are 3 parts to a nucleotide: 1.
Phosphate Group (PO 4 -3 ) 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
3. nitrogen base (A,T,C,G,U)
Slide 15
Condensation (aka Dehydration Synthesis): reaction in which 2
monomers are linked, 1 H 2 O is removed in the process Ex. adding a
glucose to a growing starch molecule Happens with all polymers
being built! Hydrolysis Reaction Rxn in which a polymer is broken
into monomers ; a H 2 O is added for each monomer removed Ex.
removing an amino acid from a protein animation
Slide 16
Condensation
Slide 17
Hydrolysis
Slide 18
Carbon Atom Hydrogen Atom
Slide 19
Each cell needs to perform thousands of different chemical
rxnsthis requires energy Activation energy minimum amount of energy
needed to get a rxn going (energy barrier) First the bonds in the
reactant molecules need to be weakened How can cells cross this
energy barrier? -So cells need to use an enzyme (a biological
catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction) -Enzymes lower the
activation energy needed for a rxn to proceed to product(s)
Slide 20
This prevents molecules from spontaneously breaking down
Slide 21
Enzymes lower the energy barrierHOW?HOW 1. Enzyme binds to its
specific substrate molecule (the reactant the enzyme fits with)
They are bound at the enzymes active site 2. This bond stretches
the substrate into a different shape (transition state) and weakens
its bonds or brings two reactants into position for a rxn This is
called the INDUCED FIT modelINDUCED FIT The enzyme is NOT changed
by the reaction (can be used over and over)
Slide 22
Enzymes become denatured if conditions are not right (usually
irreversible). 1. Temperature: if not ideal temp, reaction rates
fall 2. pH: most enzymes work best between 6-8 3. Salinity: too
much or too little inactivates the enzyme