OVERVIEW OF WASTE …

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY

www.kit.edu

OVERVIEW OF WASTE INCINERATION

TECHNOLOGIES

Jürgen Vehlow

IEA Bioenergy Workshop ExCo 71

May 21, Cape Town, South Africa

www.ieabioenergytask36.org

J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org

primary goals of thermal waste treatment

inertisation

mass and volume reduction

environmental compatibility

control of pollutants

side conditions

resource recovery

energy (≈ 50 % biogenic) materials (building materials, metals)


incineration of residual MSW in %

<10 <25 <50 <75 <90 >90


process chain of thermal waste treatment

thermal process

energy recovery

air pollution control

residue management


thermal processes

combustion oxygen surplus products: flue gas, ash/slag)

gasification incomplete combustion products: syngas (CO + H2) / slag

pyrolysis oxygen free products: pyrolysis gas, - oil, - coke


types of combustion furnaces

grate

MSW RDF/SRF biomass

fluidised bed

pretreated MSW RDF/SRF biomass

rotary kiln/post comb.

hazardous waste


1874 ‘Destructor’ in Nottingham 1875 + London, Manchester, ... 1900 60 plants

first waste incineration plants in the UK


reciprocating grate

grate types

roller grate reverse acting grate


combustion chambers

with

different grates

roller grate

reciprocating grate

reverse acting grate


waste incinerators

F - Chartres I - Brescia

DK - Esbjerg J – Saitama J – Maishima (Osaka)


fluidised bed

incinerators

bubbling

circulating

revolving


energy recovery

combustion process

boiler

ener

gy

waste

flue gas

losses

steam generation

(η=75-90%)

steam utilisation / district heating

power production

energy utilisation/ conversion

24 - 30%

60 - 75%

≈ 50% biogenic

CHP >60%


energy efficient plants

source: J. Martin


APC (air pollution control)

removal of

dust

acid gases

HCl, HF, SO2

NOx

dioxins

Hg


dedusting devices

fabric filter

collector plate

collector plate

30 – 100 KV spray-electrode wires

dust-free gas

raw gas

precipitated fly ash

electrostatic precipitator (1 – 10 mg/m3)

raw gas

dust-free gas

filter ash

filter bag

bag cleaning by compressed air jet

compressed air

supporting metal wire cage

fabric filter (<1 mg/m3)

electrostatic precipitator

cleaned gas

ash particles

raw gas

cyclone (50 – 100 mg/m3)


wet scrubbing with liquid effluents

treatment

filter ash 7 - 15 kg

salts 12 -18 kg

ESP scrubber acid neutral

to sewer

(residue data per Mg of MSW)


wet scrubbing without liquid effluents

treatment

salts 12 - 18 kg

ESP scrubber acid neutral

filter ash 7 - 15 kg

fabric filter

spray drier



(semi) dry scrubbing

fly ash + salts

+ reagent surplus 30 – 60 kg

fabric filter spray drier

T < 160 °C

Ca(OH)2 / CaCO3



carbon adsorption • fixed or moving bed • entrained flow

oxidation catalyst ad/absorption by polymers

dioxin abatement

NOx abatement

SCR (selective catalytic reduction)

SNCR (selctive non-catalytic reduction


MSWI Bielefeld (Germany)

source: K. Koch, 10.01.07

13 Kombi-Kat 14 Analytik

15 Kamin

ESP 1 ESP 2

spray dryer (scrubber effluents)

acid / neutral scrubber

DeNOx catalyst

aerosol precipitator

fabric filter

APC


MSWI Lauta (Germany)

fabric filter

spray dryer district heating turbine

waste pit

grate activated

carbon

APC


alternatives

to conventional

waste incineration


one and two stage thermal processes

waste Input

size reduction

pre-

treatment

1st thermal process

grate combustion

fluidised bed combustion

2nd thermal process

gasification

pyrolysis

combustion (chamber)

combustion (chamber)

storage / mixing


pyrolysis plant Burgau (30,000 tons/a)

CaCO3

cyclone

boiler

Kamin

turbine

waste

combustion chamber

pyrolysis coke


shaft furnace gasification : Nippon Steel

status: Nippon Steel: 28 plants, 57 lines, 6 400 Mg/d total: 47 plants, 93 lines, 8 400 Mg/d


fluidised bed gasification : Ebara TIFG/TwinReg

status: 1. pilot 1995 (300 kg/h), 2. pilot 1999 (1 Mg/h), Aomori 2000 12 plants, 21 lines, 3 100 Mg/d


JFE/NKK Thermoselect

status: 5 plants, 12 lines, 1 725 000 Mg/a


Mitsui Environmental Systems R21 (lic. Siemens)

status: MES: 7 plants, 15 lines, 1 840 Mg/d Takuma: 4 plants, 7 lines, 518 Mg/d


status of thermal waste treatment

energy recovery becomes a key parameter growing interest in metal recovery alternative processes (Japan ↔ Europe) R&D need for small, efficient, and economic plants for

emerging and developing countries

WtE by waste incineration is in many countries practised as inertising pre-treatment prior to final disposal

meanwhile an environmentally compatible process still opposed in some areas

outlook

Documents

OVERVIEW OF WASTE …