英美文学导论英美文学导论 (( 第二讲第二讲 ))

主讲教师主讲教师 : : 林春阳林春阳

Part TwoPart Two

The 18The 18thth century—The Age of Enlightenmen century—The Age of Enlightenmentt

The Romantic Period (1798—1832)The Romantic Period (1798—1832)

The 18The 18thth century—The Age of century—The Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

ⅠⅠ.Historical Background.Historical Background England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful de- England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful de-

-velopment in the 18-velopment in the 18thth century. century. The Englishmen spent in their endless political discussion The Englishmen spent in their endless political discussion

and in efforts to improve his government.and in efforts to improve his government. Another feature of the age was the rapid development of Another feature of the age was the rapid development of

social life.social life. There sprang into life a public movement known as the EThere sprang into life a public movement known as the E

nlightenment.nlightenment.1. It is an expression of struggle of the progressive class of1. It is an expression of struggle of the progressive class ofthe bourgeoisie against feudalism.the bourgeoisie against feudalism.2. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagna- 2. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagna- -tion, prejudice, and other survival of feudalism.-tion, prejudice, and other survival of feudalism.3. They accepted bourgeois relationship as rightful and rea-3. They accepted bourgeois relationship as rightful and rea--sonable relationship among people.-sonable relationship among people.

ⅡⅡ.Literature.Literature It is an age of prose rather than poetry, and in this rIt is an age of prose rather than poetry, and in this r

espect it differs from all preceding ages of English liespect it differs from all preceding ages of English literature.terature.

The literature writing of the 18The literature writing of the 18thth century may be in century may be in three main division: the reign of so-called classicisthree main division: the reign of so-called classicism, the revival of romantic poetry and the beginning m, the revival of romantic poetry and the beginning of the modern novel.of the modern novel.

The middle of the 18The middle of the 18thth century in England sees the i century in England sees the inception of a new current—that of nception of a new current—that of SentimentalismSentimentalism.. It came into being as a result of a bitter discontent It came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in a social reality.on the part of certain enlighteners in a social reality.

Another conspicuous trend in the English literature Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18of the latter half of the 18thth century was the so-call - century was the so-call -ed ed pre-romanticismpre-romanticism. It originated among the cons-. It originated among the cons- -ervative groups of men of letters as a reaction ag -ervative groups of men of letters as a reaction aga-a-

-inst Enlightenment and found its most manifest ex- -inst Enlightenment and found its most manifest ex- -pression in the “Gothic novel”.-pression in the “Gothic novel”.

ⅢⅢ.the main writers.the main writers

Adventure Fiction WritersAdventure Fiction Writers

Daniel Defoe (1660—1731)Daniel Defoe (1660—1731)

Jonathan Swift (1667—1745)Jonathan Swift (1667—1745)

Pre-Romantic PoetsPre-Romantic Poets

William Blake (1757—1827)William Blake (1757—1827)

Robert Burns (1759—1796)Robert Burns (1759—1796)

Daniel Defoe (1661—1731)Daniel Defoe (1661—1731) Defoe was often given the credit for the discovery of thDefoe was often given the credit for the discovery of th

e modern novel.e modern novel. He created He created The Review, The Review, the first journal social and polithe first journal social and poli

ti- -cal magazine.ti- -cal magazine. Main worksMain works(1) “The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robin(1) “The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robin

sonsonCrusoe” (Crusoe” ( 鲁滨逊漂流记鲁滨逊漂流记 ))(2) “Captain Singleton”((2) “Captain Singleton”( 辛格顿船长辛格顿船长 ))(3) “Moll Flanders”((3) “Moll Flanders”( 摩尔弗兰斯摩尔弗兰斯 ))(4) “A Journal of the Plague Year”((4) “A Journal of the Plague Year”( 大疫年日记大疫年日记 ))(5) “Roxana”((5) “Roxana”( 罗克萨娜罗克萨娜 )) Four fact helped the reader to understand the charactFour fact helped the reader to understand the charact

er of his work.er of his work.(1) He was a jack-of-all-trades, as well as a writer(1) He was a jack-of-all-trades, as well as a writer(2) He was a radical Nonconformist in religion.(2) He was a radical Nonconformist in religion.(3) He was a journalist and pamphleteer.(3) He was a journalist and pamphleteer.(4) He knew prison life.(4) He knew prison life.

Jonathan Swift (1667—1745)Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) The supreme master of the satires literature in the first parThe supreme master of the satires literature in the first par

t of the 18t of the 18thth century is Jonathan Swift. century is Jonathan Swift. ““Tale of a Tub” and “Gulliver’s Travels” are the greatTale of a Tub” and “Gulliver’s Travels” are the great

est satire in the English literature.est satire in the English literature. Main works: Main works: (1) “A Tale of a Tub” ((1) “A Tale of a Tub” ( 一只桶的故事一只桶的故事 ))(2) “The Battle of the Book” ((2) “The Battle of the Book” ( 书籍之战书籍之战 ))(3) “The Drapier’s Letter” ((3) “The Drapier’s Letter” ( 布商来信布商来信 ))(4) “A Modest Proposal” ((4) “A Modest Proposal” ( 一个温和的建议一个温和的建议 ))(5) “Journal to Stella” ((5) “Journal to Stella” ( 给斯黛拉的日记给斯黛拉的日记 )—according to the)—according to theletters that Swift wrote to his girlfriends as the importantletters that Swift wrote to his girlfriends as the importantworks of the English dairy literature works of the English dairy literature (6) “Gulliver’s Travels”((6) “Gulliver’s Travels”( 格列佛游记格列佛游记 )—the immortal work )—the immortal work

ofofSwift written in 1726 and ranking among the best novels ofSwift written in 1726 and ranking among the best novels ofworld literatureworld literature

William Blake (1757—1827)William Blake (1757—1827) Blake is the most independent and the most original oBlake is the most independent and the most original o

f all the romantic poets of the 18f all the romantic poets of the 18thth century. century. He is a famous painter in English at the end of the 18He is a famous painter in English at the end of the 18thth

century and in the beginning of the 19century and in the beginning of the 19thth century. century. In his earliest works, he seemed to go back to the ElizaIn his earliest works, he seemed to go back to the Eliza

b- -ethan song writers for his models and break up the b- -ethan song writers for his models and break up the Ne- -oclassicism of the 18Ne- -oclassicism of the 18thth century. century.

Main works:Main works:(1) “Poetical Sketches”((1) “Poetical Sketches”( 诗的素描诗的素描 ))(2) “Songs of Innocence”((2) “Songs of Innocence”( 天真之歌天真之歌 ))(3) “The Book of Thel” ((3) “The Book of Thel” ( 塞尔书塞尔书 ))(4) “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” ((4) “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” ( 天堂与地狱的结天堂与地狱的结

合合 ))(5) “Songs of Experience” ((5) “Songs of Experience” ( 经验之歌经验之歌 ))(6) “Vision of the Daughters of Albion” ((6) “Vision of the Daughters of Albion” ( 阿尔比昂的女儿阿尔比昂的女儿

之之幻想幻想 ))(7) “The Song of Los” ((7) “The Song of Los” ( 罗斯之歌罗斯之歌 ))

Robert Burns (1759—1796)Robert Burns (1759—1796) He is the famous Scottish peasant poets.He is the famous Scottish peasant poets. Besides the songs of nature and of human emotion, Burns hBesides the songs of nature and of human emotion, Burns h

as given us a large number of poems.as given us a large number of poems. Burns wrote the poetry with Scotch dialect.Burns wrote the poetry with Scotch dialect. Main worksMain works Lyrical poems:Lyrical poems:(1) “My Heart’s in the Highlands” ((1) “My Heart’s in the Highlands” ( 我的心在高原我的心在高原 ))(2) “A Red Red Rose” ((2) “A Red Red Rose” ( 一朵红红的玫瑰一朵红红的玫瑰 ))(3) “John Anderson, My Jo” ((3) “John Anderson, My Jo” ( 约翰安德生约翰安德生 , , 我的爱人我的爱人 ))(4) “Auld Lang Syne” ((4) “Auld Lang Syne” ( 昔日时光昔日时光 )) Satiric poems:Satiric poems:(1) “Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” ((1) “Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” ( 苏格兰方言诗苏格兰方言诗

集集 ))(2) “The Tree of Liberty” ((2) “The Tree of Liberty” ( 自由树自由树 ))(3) “Scots, Wha Hae” ((3) “Scots, Wha Hae” ( 苏格兰人苏格兰人 ))(4) “Holy Willie’s Prayer” ((4) “Holy Willie’s Prayer” ( 威利长老的祈祷威利长老的祈祷 ))(5) “The Two Dogs” ((5) “The Two Dogs” ( 两只狗两只狗 )—a contrast between the rich)—a contrast between the richand poorand poor

The Romantic Period (1798—1832)The Romantic Period (1798—1832)ⅠⅠ. Historical Background. Historical Background After the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution, After the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution,

England took place many changes in the society.England took place many changes in the society.(1) Britain became the “Workshop of the world”.(1) Britain became the “Workshop of the world”.(2) The bourgeoisie became the dominant position in the (2) The bourgeoisie became the dominant position in the country.country.(3) The peasants became landless and had to find a new(3) The peasants became landless and had to find a newway of living and a new class, proletariat, had sprung in-way of living and a new class, proletariat, had sprung in--to existence.-to existence.(4) The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of men(4) The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of menand the abolition of class distinctions. and the abolition of class distinctions. The English people became more and more dissatisfiedThe English people became more and more dissatisfied with the reality of other country.with the reality of other country. Some reforms had been made in England since 1815, Some reforms had been made in England since 1815,

e.g. the destruction of the African salve trade.e.g. the destruction of the African salve trade. The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political

power to the middle class.power to the middle class.

ⅡⅡ.Literature.Literature

1. Romanticism arose as a main literary trend, which pre-1. Romanticism arose as a main literary trend, which pre--vailed in England during 1798—1832, beginning with the-vailed in England during 1798—1832, beginning with thepublication of Wordsworth’s publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsLyrical Ballads (1798), ending (1798), endingwith Walter Scott’s death(1832). with Walter Scott’s death(1832). (1) introducer: (1) introducer: Thomas, James and Thomas Thomas, James and Thomas (2) symbol: (2) symbol: with the publication of Wordsworth’s with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Lyrical BalladsBallads in collaboration with S.T. Coleridge in collaboration with S.T. Coleridge (3) content: (3) content: as a renewed interest in medieval literatureas a renewed interest in medieval literature(4) climax: (4) climax: the first half of the nineteenth century the first half of the nineteenth century

2. The 182. The 18thth century was distinctively an age of prose. century was distinctively an age of prose.

3. It is the second great age in English literary history.3. It is the second great age in English literary history.

4. The literature of the age was exceeding rich and varied.4. The literature of the age was exceeding rich and varied.

ⅢⅢ.the main writers.the main writers William Wordsworth (1770—1850)William Wordsworth (1770—1850)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834)Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834)

Jane Austen (1775—1817)Jane Austen (1775—1817)

George Gordon Byron (1788—1824)George Gordon Byron (1788—1824)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)

John Keats (1795—1821)John Keats (1795—1821)

William Wordsworth (1770—1850)William Wordsworth (1770—1850) He was awarded “Poet Laureate” in 1843.He was awarded “Poet Laureate” in 1843. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were called “LakWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were called “Lak

e Poets”.e Poets”. Main works:Main works:(1) “Lyrical Poems” ((1) “Lyrical Poems” ( 抒情歌谣集抒情歌谣集 ))(2) “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”(2) “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”(( 丁登寺杂咏丁登寺杂咏 ))(3) “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” ((3) “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” ( 不朽颂不朽颂 ))(4) “The Solitary Reaper” ((4) “The Solitary Reaper” ( 孤独的收割女孤独的收割女 ))(5) “Lucy Poems” ((5) “Lucy Poems” ( 露茜露茜 )—a series of poems)—a series of poems(6) “The Prelude” ((6) “The Prelude” ( 序曲序曲 )—the autobiographical poems)—the autobiographical poems Characteristics:Characteristics:(1) simplicity and purity of the language(1) simplicity and purity of the language(2) a passionate of lover of nature and his description of(2) a passionate of lover of nature and his description ofnaturenature

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834)Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834)

He was the outstanding representative of English rHe was the outstanding representative of English ro- -manticism poem in the 19th century.o- -manticism poem in the 19th century.

He was one of the “Lake Poet”.He was one of the “Lake Poet”.

As a good lecturer, his lectures on Shakespeare are As a good lecturer, his lectures on Shakespeare are considered an valuable Shakespeare critical materconsidered an valuable Shakespeare critical materials.ials.

He regarded the imagination as the soul and leadiHe regarded the imagination as the soul and leading function of the literature.ng function of the literature.

His poem not only embodied the characteristic of tHis poem not only embodied the characteristic of the 19th century romanticism literature but also rehe 19th century romanticism literature but also revealed his personal specific style and superb art.vealed his personal specific style and superb art.

As the literature critic, Coleridge enjoyed great preAs the literature critic, Coleridge enjoyed great pres- -tige. His work of literary criticism “Biographia Lis- -tige. His work of literary criticism “Biographia Litera- -ria” summed up his and Wordsworth’s litertera- -ria” summed up his and Wordsworth’s literature pra-ature pra-

-ctice and the creation ideas.-ctice and the creation ideas.

Main Works:Main Works:(1) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”((1) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”( 古舟子咏古舟子咏 )—h)—h

is is masterpiece masterpiece (2) “Christabel”((2) “Christabel”( 克丽斯塔贝尔克丽斯塔贝尔 ))(3) “Kublakhan”((3) “Kublakhan”( 忽必烈汗忽必烈汗 ))(4) “Biographia Literaria”((4) “Biographia Literaria”( 文学传记文学传记 )—literary critici)—literary critici

smsmworkwork

Jane Austen (1775—1817)Jane Austen (1775—1817)

Every novel of Austen is perfect, enjoying her qEvery novel of Austen is perfect, enjoying her qu- -iet irony and her simple delicate analysis of u- -iet irony and her simple delicate analysis of cha- -racter. There are no heroic passions nor acha- -racter. There are no heroic passions nor astoun- -ding adventures.stoun- -ding adventures.

Her style is easy and effortless.Her style is easy and effortless.

She was the founder of the novel which deals wShe was the founder of the novel which deals wi- -th unimportant middle-class people and of wi- -th unimportant middle-class people and of which there are many fine examples in latter Englhich there are many fine examples in latter English fic- -tion.ish fic- -tion.

Main works:Main works: (1)“Sense and Sensibility”((1)“Sense and Sensibility”( 理智与情感理智与情感 )) 又名又名

““ Elinor and Marriane”---the first published boElinor and Marriane”---the first published bookok

(2)“Pride and Prejudice”((2)“Pride and Prejudice”( 傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见 ))

(3) “Mansfield Park”((3) “Mansfield Park”( 曼斯菲尔德庄园曼斯菲尔德庄园 ))

(4) “Emma”((4) “Emma”( 爱玛爱玛 ))

(5) “Northanger Abbey”((5) “Northanger Abbey”( 诺桑觉寺诺桑觉寺 ))

(6) “Persuasion”((6) “Persuasion”( 劝导劝导 ))

George Gordon Byron (1788—1824)George Gordon Byron (1788—1824)

He published the collection of lyrical verse “HHe published the collection of lyrical verse “Hours of Idleness” which incurred the harsh critiours of Idleness” which incurred the harsh criticism from “The Edinburgh Review”. cism from “The Edinburgh Review”.

After he took his seat in the House of Lords, he After he took his seat in the House of Lords, he published the first two cantos of “Childe Herolpublished the first two cantos of “Childe Herold’s Pilgrimage”. The book made him famous d’s Pilgrimage”. The book made him famous quickly. quickly.

Main Works:Main Works:(1)“Hours of Idleness”((1)“Hours of Idleness”( 闲散时刻闲散时刻 )-the first collecti)-the first collecti

ononof lyrical verseof lyrical verse(2)“English Bards and Scotch Reviewers”((2)“English Bards and Scotch Reviewers”( 英国诗英国诗

人人与苏格兰评论家与苏格兰评论家 ))(3)“Childe Herold’s Pilgrimage”((3)“Childe Herold’s Pilgrimage”( 恰尔德哈罗德游恰尔德哈罗德游

记记 ))(4)“The Giaour”((4)“The Giaour”( 异教徒异教徒 )---narrative poem)---narrative poem(5)“The Bride of Abydos”((5)“The Bride of Abydos”( 阿比多斯的新娘阿比多斯的新娘 ))(6)“The Seige of Corinth”((6)“The Seige of Corinth”( 柯林斯之围柯林斯之围 ))(7) plays(7) plays a. “Manfred”(a. “Manfred”( 曼弗雷德曼弗雷德 )) b. “Cain”(b. “Cain”( 该隐该隐 ))(8)“Don Juan”((8)“Don Juan”( 唐璜唐璜 )---representative work)---representative work

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)

He was expelled from the university for the publi- -cation of the pamphleHe was expelled from the university for the publi- -cation of the pamphlet t The Necessity of AtheismThe Necessity of Atheism. .

His writings drew the Irish’s inspiration to strive the freedom.His writings drew the Irish’s inspiration to strive the freedom.

Main worksMain works(1) poems(1) poems(2) Long poems(2) Long poems(3) Lyrical drama(3) Lyrical drama(4) Lyrical poems(4) Lyrical poems(5) prose(5) prose

Main Works:Main Works:(1) “The Necessity of Atheism”((1) “The Necessity of Atheism”( 无神论的必然性无神论的必然性 ))(2) long poems(2) long poems a. “Queen Mab”(a. “Queen Mab”(麦布女王麦布女王 )) b. “The Revolt of Isiam”(b. “The Revolt of Isiam”(伊斯兰反叛伊斯兰反叛 ))(3) lyrical dramas(3) lyrical dramas a. “Prometheus Unbound”(a. “Prometheus Unbound”(解放普罗米修斯解放普罗米修斯 )) b. “The Cenci”(b. “The Cenci”(钦契钦契 ))(4) “Adonais”((4) “Adonais”( 阿多尼阿多尼 )---an elegiac poem on deat)---an elegiac poem on deat

h of Keatsh of Keats(5) “Ode to the West Wind”((5) “Ode to the West Wind”( 西风颂西风颂 )---lyric poem)---lyric poem(6) “England in 1819”(1819(6) “England in 1819”(1819 年的英国年的英国 )---the politi)---the politi

cal cal poempoem(7) “A Defence of Poetry”((7) “A Defence of Poetry”( 诗辩诗辩 )---prose)---prose

John Keats (1795—1821)John Keats (1795—1821)

In 1817 he published his first collection of poems.In 1817 he published his first collection of poems.

He published his long allegorical poem He published his long allegorical poem Endymion,Endymion, which was severely attacked by conservative criwhich was severely attacked by conservative crit- -ics.t- -ics.

Keats’ principle is Beauty is true, truth of beauty.Keats’ principle is Beauty is true, truth of beauty.

Keats turned from Spenser and Ariosto to the grKeats turned from Spenser and Ariosto to the gre- -at masculine poets of the 17e- -at masculine poets of the 17thth century, Shakes century, Shakesp- -eare and he found iron which was lacking in hp- -eare and he found iron which was lacking in his earlier works by learning the lessons of the artiis earlier works by learning the lessons of the artist- -ic calmness and severity during the two years st- -ic calmness and severity during the two years fr- -om 1818 to 1820. fr- -om 1818 to 1820.

Main Works:Main Works:

1. long poem1. long poem (1)“Endymion”((1)“Endymion”( 恩底弥翁恩底弥翁 )) (2)“Isabella”((2)“Isabella”( 伊莎贝拉伊莎贝拉 )) (3)“The Eve of Saint Agnes”((3)“The Eve of Saint Agnes”( 圣阿格尼斯之夜圣阿格尼斯之夜 )) (4)“Hyperion”((4)“Hyperion”( 赫披里昂赫披里昂 ))

2. sonnet2. sonnet (1)“Ode on a Grecian Urn”((1)“Ode on a Grecian Urn”(希腊古瓮颂希腊古瓮颂 )) (2)“Ode to a Nightingale”((2)“Ode to a Nightingale”( 夜莺颂夜莺颂 ))