পীর ধরার অকাট্য দলিল (PEER DHARAR AKATTA DALIL)

7/23/2019 (PEER DHARAR AKATTA DALIL)

1/37

\c`-Mr-KJ\cJ`KkvJi\ $K`+ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ

g@{Jd KJx#{Jr FtrJg ItI\O tJX{` $~{+I`/ C/ $KjJt|+9 Cg/ C9 Co/ Cg9 Cr/ Cr/ I`9 $lJ\J I`sI`dvJru+

XBB^ LDF^F^ FIF\\F LFOKO

ItI\ jS~/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo

qqq%|fok`bzki~%mg`
http://www.talimezikr.com/http://www.talimezikr.com/


2/37

eIg\J

g{Jj KJrJ{# ~J@r KJrJgOj KJij i~g tJu cJgJg gJRr@\JcX\ iI~`vJ \X~~XuXZj Kj\Jr kX~ cJ~ {JI\\c gJ~oc `J xaJa|iI~[u rJe tJ KJkvJI\Jj k@cJZJ]Xo~ I\cJ` iJn \X~F iJ]uJ xJu jJ KJrJ{#u IjXÌdc iJb cJ]uJXrgS c]{OXd i~g I`sJtO KJ]IruJ/ t@oO/ d~X`s/ iOX~ \JXgr gJXs|dSXb~ Cs#\ iI~iEb|duiXf dJjJ XkXZ i\c JXj~ caJ KJrJ{# cJuJrJX\ rJe \~J~ Jj iIc cJFx@XS x@XS KI`~Jg SIcXc Z@Xf xJj tJXr\Sb ] NgJjdJ~Sb cJXd~ Ij\Xf C\ KXgJQKJ\q|Xb Ct` KJrJ{#]uJrJ \JXgrXd~ Ij\XfF IgXr i~g sJI/ ` KJ\JIc tFi~g tJ~ Kj@eIc u ~JtEr@rJ{ $tJ+ ] cJ~ c]{OdSc iJb Ò~ tJ{J`JSXb~ Ij\f{Xc C` i~`cO|\JXr/ iOX~ \JXgr gJ\JXr KJ]IruJ t@oO d~X`sSXb~ iI` Xs|/{JjO sIXc ] dOJu C\IdX\ xgj joXt~ CtrJX{ ~c IZXrj C` KJXZj rJXRJNgJjdJ~ gJj@Xq~ \JXorJ/ KjvIdX\ i@~Jcj \Jr aX\F Ki~ C\If is] gJj@Xq~ gXj_XSXZ \j iO~ k~Xc {X`7 \J~KJj s~Oo ] {JdOt s~OXo~ IeIXc/ kgO|u ]`v`{JI~\ Ijcv _O`jkJ~J~ KJXrJX\ isIf~ tIn\ M~ C `FIfXc duJ~ [J \~J{XuXZ t@oO`JXd~ jJg\~Xb sI~uc I`X~JkO KVjtrJIg\ \Xg|IjXuJI_c iO~ jJg kJ~OeXd~ IuJ-\rJXi I`J gJj` tgJ_X\ {JjO KJrJ{#]uJrJ iOX~~ iI~[u tX\|tX[cj \~J {XuXZ `c i\c KJrJ{#]uJrJ {JjO iO~ gJXs|Xd~ gJkvXgF x _SXc~`~bOu ~bOu g{JJSb i\c JXj~ caJ KJrJ{# ~J@r KJrJIgjX\ I\eJX` rJe \~JxJu cJ~ tJj iXu FtrJgX\ g{Jj ] Kii gI{gJu Mr \X~ SXZj cJ~K\JfvcJF jcj \X~ cXr k~J {XuXZ/ tJXa tJXa I\ iIcXc KJrJ{# ~J@r KJ!rJIgjX\rJe \~J xJu t ia IjXd|s duJ {XuXZ C jJrJXuX\~ KXxJSvcJ~ _jv x \M KJgJX\x \Jj MiXds IdXr bg@ gXj cJ S{b \~`

Kj@tIt@iJn\ ] iJIn\JSb KJgJ~ C d} `JXS tJ~b\JXr C\f t@~Ie iXr t\rs}g tJa|\ gXj \~`

rR\

i\Js\gJXs|d \`rJ~ `z tJX{`_JdJ ] ikJj RIroJ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJm% g@{Jd gj#x@r FtrJg ItI\OI`%C%$KjJt|+9 Cg%C9 Cg%Cg9 Cr%Cr%I`9 $lJ\J I`sI`dvJru+iO~ tJX{`/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OoIiIiJr/ _JIg!KJ-KJ~JIùJ ItI\OuJ dJr Mr@g gJd}JtJ[uJ~gvJj/ ItI\OuJ oJMXsj `JrJXds

XBB^ LDF^F^ FIF\\F LFOKOQ~k||be n{ |db a~bf| `r}ok` }mkbe|k}| # ~bokakgr} obflb~ gc Nfeaoflb}dX~gc% Fodfjj Dfz~f| @frofef @rdf``fl Fzdf~ro K}of` ]kllkvrbb $^d%+Xbb~ ]fdbn/ @fekiagej Lf~nf~ ]df~kc

Xrnok}dbl n{

Fodfjj Dfz~f| @frofef L% @rdf``fl @fezr~ro K}of` ]kllkvrbb

Xbb~ ]fdbn/ @fekiafej Lf~nf~ ]df~kcX~kemkxfo/ Zf`kf F~fnkf ]kllkvrbf Lf~ro Rof` @fl~f}f $]kllkvrb Efaf~/ @fekiagej+

Mdfk~`fe/ ]kllkvrbf Cgrelf|kge Nfeaoflb}d

6g i\Js 6 I{_~O/ 6;;> FX~_O3 t~b 62 I{_~O/ >88< FX~_O

id iI~\jJ i\Js\SJIo\t# Im_JFj \IMfJ~ iX\^srO g@{Jd I~uJ_@r {\

K~ tXxJ_j ItI\OuJ oJMXsj `JrJXds/ lJ\Jg@d}Xb _IjItt IiI C ivJX\I_ 1=/ ItXs~O ~Jm/ ~gjJ/ lJ\J/ B-`fko: abeb}k}oHnlmg %mg`

gErv : iiJ~ `vJ\ fJ\J 28'-/ `Jm| JkJF 18'-X~kmb : Xfxb~ Nfmi Kelkfe ^}% 28'-/ Ngf~l Nkelkea 18'- Br~gxb 2 Br~g/ R] , 2

CF I\cJX`~ \Jj Ks i\Js\ C` ItI\OuJ oJMXsj `JrJXds - C~ IrIRc Kj@gIc ZJzJiEb|g@d}b `J oXfJ\Ii FcvJId gJkvXg `JIbI_v\eJX` x \Jj iJ~ \~J tE|b IjIq cX` cav] fO\J~ X rRX\~ jJg MXrR iE |\ i\Js \~J xJX`

>88< ]kllkvrbf Cgrelf|kge Nfeaoflb}d% Foo ~kad|} ~b}b~skbl%K]NE-;4-6641-6

Eg r}b gc |dk} nggi `f{ nb `flb cg~ ~bx~ke|bl g~ ~b-x~glrmbl g~ g|db~ mg``b~mkfo xr~xg}b} kefe{ cg~` qk|dgr| x~kg~ q~k||be xb~`k}}kge gc |db xrnok}db~ fel ]bllkvrbf Cgrelf|kge

Nfeaoflb}d% Nr| geo{ cg~ mg``be|f~{ fel kecg~`f|kge/ `be|kgekea |db ef`b gc |db q~k|b~ mfe

nb r}bl%


3/37

i\JsX\~ \aJ

IÌs FtrJgO I[JI`d/ dJs|Ij\/ SX`q\/ Kjvcg g@tIrg I`JjO ] KJkvJI\g{JtJk\/ iOX~ \JXgr ] gJ\JXr/ SJMt-Mr-KJ_g/ \c`-Mr-KJ\cJ`/ sJ{#t@Io KkvJi\ $K`+ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd KJx#{Jr FtrJg ItI\O

tJX{` $~{+ I`%C% $KjJt|+9 Cg%C9 Co%Cg9 Cr%Cr%I`9 $lJ\J I`sI`dvJru+\c|\ ~I[c iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr jJg\ SRJIj i\JsjJ~ iI` dJIuc iXuKJrJ{# iJX\~ d~`JX~ rJXRJ \JIf \I~uJ KJdJu \~IZ

IÌej gc/ o~\J~ KJ`Xc|Q@~ iJ\ RJ]uJ I`J NgJjdJ~ g@trgJjSXb~ gXj~gIbX\JnJu rJIrc is/ \j iO~ k~Xc {X`7 CF I`qXu~ iJiXf \J~KJjs~Oo ] {JdOt s~OXo~ MI/ `vJRvJ/ I`XsqbF C I\cJX`~ gEr Mi_O`v I`qu

_@~iJ\ $tJ+ cJ~ tJ{J JSXb~ Ij\f C` i~`cO|\JXr iOX~ \JXgr gJ\JXrKJ]IruJ t@oO d~X`sSXb~ iI` Xs|{JjO sIXc ] dOJu rJXRJ NgJjdJ~Sb

joXt~ CtrJX{ IjXuJI_c IZXrj C` KJXZj Ki~IdX\ KXj\ iIceJ`Jj _O`jMiX~J iXs KJJ {Xu IÌXc~ Kcr SX~ {JI~Xu SXZj C` I`J {XugErv`Jj tgu ] sI~ Ki[u \~XZj C~\g iI~IIcXc `F RJjJ \J]Xg~Rdgc ] IdsJ{J~J I`J gJj@qX\ tIn\ iXa Kj@iJIbc \X~ NgJjdJ~ g@trgJj

eJFXd~X\ KJrJ{#~ tJIjkv rJXe M@ \\/ CfJ KJrJ{# iJX\~ d~`JX~ KJgJ~I`jOc iJa|jJ

i\JsjJ~ \JX_ xJ~J tJI |\eJX` t{XxJIScJ \X~XZj iXcv\X\ KJgJ~ KJI~\g@`J~\`Jd t`J~ _jv d@IjuJ C` KJXR~JXc~ gr \JgjJ \I~

i\JsjJ~ X KjIJ tX] I\Z@ I\Z@ er If aJ\J C\JF JeJI`\tdu iJn\\r cJ gJ t@~ dGIXc dRX`j CfJ \JgjJ \~IZ

i\Js\

tE[Oi

XrR\ iI~I[Ic %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1KXjX\ is \X~ iO~ k~J~ d~\J~ I\7 C \aJ~ _`J`%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6;iO~ gJXs|Xd~ KJtr {JI\\c I\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >3

C XF iOX~~ \J_%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4iOX~~ KIZrJu KJX~\If g{J têJXSv~ d~_J R@Xr %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >;

\Jr` `J KJrJ{#~ Q~ tX KJ~] ciEb|\aJ%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=6C\fJ g{J têJXSv~ t`Jd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=2

\u_j g@tIr C R`~ _Xj jJgJ_ iXz%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=2\Jr#X`~ tI C\If iI~[u duJ Sr %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=3C X iOX~~ d~\J~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=1C\fJ gJ~J\ er %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=4iO~ ZJzJ \{F KJrJ{#iJ\X\ I[jXc iJX~Ij%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


4/37

rR\ iI~I[Ic

_j ] `s iI~[uI`Is FtrJgO I[JI`d/ dJs|Ij\/ SX`q\/ Kjvcg g@tIrg I`JjO ] KJkvJI\

g{JtJk\/ gJ_JXXd IgrJc/ iOX~ gJ\JXr/ SJMt-Mr-KJ_g/ \c`-Mr-

KJ\cJ`/ KkvJi\ $K`+ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd KJx#{Jr FtrJgItI\O tJX{` $~{+ 6;=1 tJXr gJIj\S _rJ~ KS|c IQ]~ aJjJ~ c~s}O~iurJ SJXg C\ t}J g@tIrg ] IsIc iI~`JX~ _jS{b \X~j cJ~ IicJ ]

gJcJ MeuF t}J tud `sOu IZXrj cJ~ IicJ~ jJg KJr{J KkvJi\ {x~cgJ]rJjJ tud gJ jIZg@JgJj ItI\O tJX{` $~{+/ IxIj c~s}O \XrX_~C\_j Kcv MJjtj KJds|Is\ ] {JjO KJXrg IZXrj/ IcIj Md|E\I`

I{tJX` RvJc IZXrj gJXs|d \`rJ~ gJcJ~ jJg tudJ gJXr\J ItI\J $~{+IcIj FtrJgO _O`j `v`J~ KJds|Kj@tJ~O ] C\_j i~X{_SJ~ cJitO IZXrj

gJXs|d \ #rJ~ dJdJ_Jj mJ tud KJ@r _J~ ItI\O tJX{` $~{+ c\JrOjC\_j RvJcjJgJ I`Xrc o~c tJ_|j ] FtrJgO I[JI`d IZXrj IcIj oJ~tO

eJqJ~ M X~~ \I` IZXrj

IsJ ] \g|_O`jZXrX`rJ aX\F IcIj Kcv iR~ ~b-sI tj gkJ`O ZJ IZXrj xJ~

oXr s}Xu Is\grO R@` xc t{\JX~ cJX\ iJndJj \~JXcj IcIj 6;26tJXr oJXxr i~OJu `Jm|vJ \X~XZj MXrRv x/ cRj tgS iJI\JXj gJ


5/37

ds I`XdXs~ ` `X~bv KJXrg ]rJgJSb Ij_ Ij_ KI_|c CXrgX\ KJgXriI~bc \~J~ _jv cJIrg ] cJr#I\j IjXc cJ~ Ij\f Z@Xf KJtXcj

IcIj `~J`~F Is\cJX\ iZ \~Xcj isJ I{XtX` IcIj Is\cJX\ `XZIjXu gJIj\S dX`} g{JI`dvJrXu~ Ka|jOIc IèJXS~ IèJSOu ikJj I{XtX` 63`Z~ KkvJijJ \X~j cJ~ izJXjJ~ iIcIf CcF KIej` ] gJjtc IZr x/

xRj IcIj \JXt izJXcj cRj KjvJjv IèJXS~ ZJ~J cJXd~ \Jt `Jd IdXu cJ~\Jt \~Xc Z@Xf KJtXcJ MXrRv x/ \Jj ZJ \RjF `JtJu CXt \JXt izJXjJI`qXu iJFXef izXc {uIj cX` IcIj FX~_O IèJXS~ ZJXd~X\ iJFXefizJXcj iJsJiJIs IcIj lJ\J I`sI`dvJrXu~ Ka|jOIc IèJXS~ ItIju~ C\#_JIgjJ~ IZXrj IcIj tIIrc iE |-iIg iJI\JXj~ tJFX\J CjJrJFIttCXtJItXusXj~! _jJX~r tXfJ~O I{XtX` IjXuJI_c IZXrj

KJkvJI\ g{JtJkjJKcv M ix|JXu~ CF KJkvJI\ g{JtJk\ _jSc KJrJ{#~ ]rO IZXrj `z

`z KJrJ{#~ ]rOSb $\c`-Mr-KJ\cJ`+ d@IjuJXc KJtJ~ iEX | KJrJ{#iJX\~g{JtGI _SXc~ t` I\Z@A KJrJ{#~ ]rO~ _jv t` tgu dJuJ \~Xc aJX\j C`g{Jj KJrJ{#iJ\ duJr jÒ_O {x~c g@{Jd $tJ+ C~ gJkvXg IicJ-gJcJ/ ]JdKa`J t tgXu~ \Jj KJkvJI\ tJk\X\ K`Sc \~Jj IcIj xRj gJcSXe|KJtXrj cRj cJ~ i~g s}XuJ gJ Xi dRXrj u duJr jÒ_O {x~c g@{Jd$tJ+ {JIt g@XR CXt C\If t@~ rJr SJrJi cJ~ {JXc Mi{J~ IdXrj C` tJXatJXa `s I\Z@ rJr KJXrJ [cId|X\ ZzJIr C` [JI~Id\ Mr {XuIZr.$KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+ _@~iJ\ $tJ+ `XrXZj - KJgJX\ xId \{ Xi Ka`J`JX` dXR cJ~ _jv _J{JjJXg~ KJj {J~Jg. k@Xi dRXrF _J{JjJXg~

KJj {J~Jg KJ~ {JIt g@XR or IdXr I\ {Xc iJX~-/ tJkjJ!~c gJ\JXr iOX~~JjO e G cJ t{X_F Kj@kJ`j \~Xc iJX~j x I`ZJjJu Is gJXs|d \`rJQ@gJXcj tF I`ZJjJ~ iJXs~ _JjJrJ IdXu ~Jd CXt I`ZJjJu i~XcJ/ I\ C\IftJi CXt _JjJrJu Cgj eJX` iI[Xu ojJ kX~ IZr/ xJXc KJrJ{#~ KrO~ SJXu~Jd jJ rJXS $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+ C QfjJ dXR cJ~ IicJ `rXrj/ ZXr I{XtX`RJdJ KJgJX\ C\If ~c iJInXuXZj/ KJIg dRXc iJI Ka|J t@t`Jd iXuIZ x/KJgJ~ C ZXr~ xgJjJu FtrJgO ds|Xj ]~ [Xu JjO KJ~ \M {X` jJ$KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+.

R@` ZJf ùXtF IcIj Ij_|Xj C\J `Xt tGI_SXc~ KiE | CF g{JtGI~ g{J

t}JX\ R@_Xcj/ KJ~ KXUJX~ [JXR~ iJIj U~JXcj ] `rXcj \ KJgJX\`JIjXuXZj KJgJX\ dRJ dj xRj IcIj tg s}bO~ ZJ/ cRj IcIj eJ`XrjKJrJ{#iJ\X\ iXc {Xr KJ~Ò gJkvXg Jj aJ\J iXuJ_j/ cJF IcIj FX~_OgJkvXg~ iJsJiJIs gJd}JtJ IèJXS~ izJ sq \X~j

IcIj 6;26 tJXr {x~c gJ]rJjJ gJ KJ@r SIb tJX{` $~{+ $`j`JtO

d~X`s+ C~ Ij\f ùJc $g@I~d+ {j C` ; `Z~ iJ{JXz iJ{JXz tJkjJ~ i~ _@~ \c|\ \Jd#~OuJ c~O\J~ RrJoc iJ {j C` cJ~ IjXd|XsF [~XgJjJF~ g~giO~ tJX{` _@~ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ tud gJ Ct{J\ tJX{` $~{+ s}XudJdJ_@~ \ #rJ~ $IxIj iJIj~ Mi~ _JujJgJ_ IÌZXu jJgJ_ i~Xcj+ Ij\fùJc S{b \X~j ] CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ _SXc SeO~eJX` I`[~b \X~j C` KcvM ix|JXu~ KJd` Jj tj C g{Jj KJrJ{#~ ]rO cJ~ tIn\ tJkjJ~ gJkvXggJ = `ZX~~ gJaJu I[sIcuJ tJXÌ~uJ cI~\J~ RrJoc iJ {j C` 6= `Z~s}Xu dJdJ_@~ \ #rJ~ Ij\f tJkjJ!~c IZXrj Ì~sJXr~ _@~ \`rJ cJX\KJd~ \X~ KJx#{Jr FtrJg `vJI~J~tJ`. jJg kX~ mJ\Xcj C` gJ{#IoXr

s}Xu dJdJ_@~ \`rJ gJXs|d \ #rJX\ t\r gJj@Xq~ tJgXj rXcj KJx#{JrFtrJg `vJI~J~tJ` RJzJ] $dJzJ]+ gJj@qX~ d{J] $gJj@qX\ dRJ dJ]+/ CFKJx#{J~ KJgJ~ \Ir_J~ f\~J. gJXs|d \ #rJ s} I[sIcuJ ] \Jd#~OuJ Meuc~O\J aX\F RrJoc $tjd+ iJ {j

{x~c gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd sJgt@r {\ oI~di@~O tJX{` $~{+ $sJXuR- _JXg!KJXuoJ~\JIjuJ gJd}JtJ/ rJr`JS/ lJ\J+ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd KJx#{JrFtrJg ItI\O tJX{` $~{+-\ `XrIZXrj/ KJIg KJrJ{#iJX\~ Ij\f dJuJ\X~IZ/ gJ! @d C\_j FX~_O `JrJ IsIc JjO gJj@qX\ KJiIj CrXg s~Ouc

] CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ iEb|J Jj dJj \X~j KJgJ~ C dJuJ KJrJ{# iJX\~ Ij\fx \ @r {XuXZ/ cJ~ igJb {Xj u KJiIj KJrJ{#iJ\ KJijJX\ CrXgs~Ouc ] CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ iEb|J Jj dJj \X~XZj. $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+

rR\ iI~I[Ic rR\ iI~I[Ic


6/37

gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo iIcJ6;32 tJXr Ì~sJXr~ _@~ \`rJ KJr{J_ {x~c gJ]rJjJ tud gJ Ct{J\$~{+ C~ \g ] dJuJ~ gJkvXg gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo iIcJ \X~j ] tgSI`Xs FtrJXg~ CrXg s~Ouc ] CrXg gJ!~oXc~ KJXrJ ZIzXu duJ~ K\J

iI~s}g \X~j gJFXr~ i~ gJFr/ \RXjJ iJXu {Xf/ \RXjJ tJFX\r [JIrXu_@~ \ #rJ gJ{#Ior \~Xc xXcj C` gJj@qX\ FtrJXg~ iXa KJjXc rJSXrjMXrRv x/ Ì~sJXr~ _@~ \ #rJ _OI`c aJ\J K`Ju IcIj \RXjJF IjX_~ jJXgùJc $g@I~d+ \X~jIj/ CfJ IcIj KJdX`~ RrJo gXj \~Xcj tgJX_ {JjOKJXrg c~O~ rXv CF g{Jj KJrJ{#~ ]rO 6;11 tJXr _JIg!KJ-KJ~JIùJItI\OuJ dJr Mr@g gJd}JtJ iIcJ \X~j xRJXj KJd`/ CrXg sI~uc ]CrXg gJ!X~oc FcvJId I`qXu~ iJsJiJIs KJ~Ò/ Md@|/ I`Jj ] FX~_O I`qXu~iEb|J cJIrg duJ {u KJkvJI\ _SXc~ CF Id\iJr cJ~ K\J iI~s}Xg~gJkvXg tgS I`Xs~ iJu C\ \JIf Is r gJj@qX\ tIn\ FtrJXg~ iXa

iI~[JIrc \X~ g{Jj KJrJ{#iJX\~ tJXa eJr`JtJ Jij \X~XZj gJIj\Sd~`J~ s~Oo {X _@~iJ\ $tJ+-\ eJr`JtJ C` cJ~ t@jcX\ tIn\eJXìJrj \~J IcIj iIc `Z~ KS{Jub ] oJ@j gJXt d@F`J~ `JtI~\ FtrJgO g{J-tXrXj~ KJXuJ_j \X~j xRJXj gJ Icj IdXj gJj@qX\ CrXg gJ!X~oc ]CrXg s~OuXc~ iEb|J Id\ IjXd|sjJ~ gJkvXg FtrJgO _O`j `v`J caJ _@~iJ\$tJ+ C~ iEb|J t@jc iJrXj~ _jv iI~iEb|IsJ dJj \~J {u xRJXj ds I`XdsaX\ r r gJj@q ] e G CrXg sI~uc ] CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ cJIrg IjXcC` jÒXiXg gsr {Xu t@jXc~ i~OJu MOb|{Xc iJSXr~ gc Z@Xf KJXtjCRJXj id|J/ KJd`/ KJRrJ\/ CXrg aX\ \X~ cJtI`{#/ iJSzO/ gt#]uJ\

ix| t\r t@jXc~ i@Jj@i@ i~OJ XjuJ {u ds-I`Xds aX\ KJSc IÌejKJXrg-]rJgJSb g`v \X~XZj- gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo t@jc ] KJdX`~d~`J~. iGIaÒ~ tg JXj~ Mt {X \J~KJj s~Oo ] {JIdt s~Oo cJ~`J` igJb gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo SXr [X K`XrJ\j \~J xJu

gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo IsIc/ JjO ] KJXrXg~ tRvJ crjJgEr\eJX``sO `c|gJXj gJXs|d \`rJ~ `z tJX{`_JdJ ] ikJj RIroJ KJr{J {x~cgJ]rJjJ m% g@{Jd gj#x@r FtrJg ItI\O tJX{` I`%C%$KjJt|+9 Cg%C9 Cg%Cg9Cr%Cr%I`9 $lJ\J I`sI`dvJru+ IicJ~ IjXd|s ] dJuJ~ gJkvXg `JtI~\ FtrJgO

g{J-tXrj ] gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo KI`\r IicJ~ gcF iI~[JrjJ \~XZj

`c|gJj iO~ tJX{` \`rJ $KJJ _@~+ tX\| `JtI~\ FtrJgO g{J-tXrXjgJXs|d \`rJ `XrIZXrj XcJgJXd~ _jv KJIg d~de~J C\_j d~dO gXj~gJj@qX\ ~XR SrJg/ KJIg KJgJ~ KJgXr xcf\ FtrJXg~ i[J~ C` itJ~\X~IZ KJgJ~ KJdX~~ ZXr/ KJrJ{#~ `JJ cJ~ KJgXr C~ [JFXc ds j `sOi[J~ C` itJ~ \~X` Fj#sJKJrJ{# `Ji\J `fJ ItiJF \J QJzJ ZXrsIsJrO {XrF IicJ sIsJrO {u KJgJ~ C ZXr KJrJ{#~ `JJ d@IjuJXc KJtJ~

iEX |KJIg [JXR~ iJIj oXr KJrJ{#iJX\~ Ij\f dJuJ \X~IZrJg gJ! @d KJgJX\C\If ZXr tJj dj KJIg CF tJjX\ FtrJXg~ \JX_~ _jv IjXuJI_c \~X`J/KJrJ{#iJ\ KJgJ~ C dJuJ \ @r \X~XZj. $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+ xF g{Jj KJrJ{#~]rO [JXR~ irX\ C\_j _J{JjJgO gJj@qX\ KJrJ{#~ ]rO `JjJXc iJ~Xcj tFgJXs|d \`rJ [JXR~ iJIj UI~Xu xJX\ d@IjuJXc CXjXZj tF gJj@qIf \gj{Xc iJX~ JjO gJj@q R@` t{X_F cJ @UJXc iJX~j KJg~J t`JF xj CFg{JXjuJgXc~ tIn\ \d~ \~Xc iJI~ MXrRv x/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo~t\r e G kgO|u SJzJgO/ \tJ~/ KI`sJt aX\ t@b|Xi Ij~Jid/ \J~bgJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo~ iO~ tJX{` _@~/ C\_j IsJI`d I{tJX` k@ JrJXd-

XsF ju/ tgS I`Xs Kjvcg iJ\-eJ~c Mig{JXdXs Cc M IsIc iO~ jF`rXrF [Xr C\_j RJIf KJrJ{#~ ]Ir/ _JFXud KJXrg ] C\_j IÌsIsJI`Xd~ t{#`Xc CXt g{Jj KJrJ{#iJX\~ tJIjkv K_|Xj~ rXv t\XrKJgIc

SX`qbJ ] I\cJ`tgE{xRj I`Jj [[|J~ Mi~ jJ-_JXuXx~ oXcJuJ IZr/ [sgJ v`{J~fJX\] _JXux {X` jJ

`Xr gXj \~J {XcJ/ SJzJ KJXrg ] e iO~Xd~ \J~Xb tgJX_ I sGrJ~ tGI {Ir/In\ t tgu IcIj K\J iI~s}g ] Ij~rt SX qbJ \X~ x@SJ\J~O I JjIeI\ g{J

I\cJ`tgEX{~ gJkvXg tgJ_ aX\ \tJ~/ KI sJt ] kgO|u SJzJgO I`dEI~c\X~IZXrj tF g{J I\cJ tgEX{~ tI `b|jJ CRJXj cXr k~J {XrJ

I`JXj~ dGIXc id|JtgJX_~ j~-jJ~OX\ jIc\ Kù aX\ ~J \~J~ _jv ] [I~`Jj KJds|

j~-jJ~O~ t@sGRr _O`j iI~[JrjJ~ Id\ IjXd|sjJ I{tJX` \J~KJj s~Oo ]gXjJI`JXj~ KJXrJX\ 6;1< tJXr tgJ_X\ Mi{J~ IdXrj I`JXj~ dGIXcid|J.jJg\ g{JSIf C` igJb \X~ IdXuXZj id|J k@kgO|u _O`j v`J~ gXkvFtOgJ` ju `~ _JIc/ kg|/ `b|/ IjI |XsXq t\r X~~ gJj@Xq~ _jv KiI~tOg

\rvJb `Xu KJXj xJ~ oXr KtRv j~-jJ~O ìd|J ] I`qJ _O`j aX\ IoX~



7/37

CXt id|J~ gJkvXg sJIgu FtrJgO _O`j `XZ IjXuXZ CgjI\ CF I\cJ` iXzKXj\ I{@] RGJj gI{rJ~J ix| id|J $`J~RJ iX~+ \~J \X~XZ

cJ~JjJXu _JjJcIcIj 6;46 tJXr cJ~JjJXu _JjJc. `J `X{s#cO tE~ jJg\ Kcv M ix|JXu~

KJkvJI\ S_Xr~ I\cJ` i\Js \X~ g{J\I`~ iI~[u IdXuXZj xJ tJXr\X\

KJrJ{#iJX\~ R@` Ij\Xf i ZJu cJ~JjJXu _JjJc ~b \I~Xu du/ ;;; tJXr~IdX\ g{J\J`v sJ{jJgJ~. rR\ g{J\I` o~Xd^t tJX{`/ KJj@gJIj\ 6>82tJXr~ IrJ~. rR\ KJrJgJ sR tJ!dO tJX{` $~{+ C` 6>=1 tJXrgtj`O s~OXo~. rR\ g{J\I` gJ]rJjJ _JrJrMIj gO tJX{` $~{+-~ gcg@tIrg g{J\I`Xd~ Kg~ \OIc|~ \aJ

g{Ji_@~iJ\ $tJ+ C~ i~ t@dOQ| iJu 62 sc `Z~ i~ IcIjF iag cJ~ IrIRc

g{Ji. jJg\ I\cJX` C\If {JIdt s~OXo~ `JIj\ igJb \X~XZj xJ

FIc{JXt~ iJcJu b|JX~ rRJ aJ\X` t@dO|Qv ds `Z~ Ij~rt SX`qbJ ] K\JiI~s}g \X~ 6;43 tJXr I`JjX\ Mi{J~ IdXrj g{Ji! jJg\ I`JjIeI\g{JI\cJ` xJ FIc{JXt FtrJXg~ jJg Mr \X~ ~JRX`

CF I\cJX` IcIj I`JXj~ CF M\Xq|~ x@XS I`JXj~ tEb|jcj C\If Ia]~O$@fe qkoo dfsb ebsb~ nbbe sfek}dkea/ fel geb `fe lksklbl ke|g m~g~b gc m~g~b}

f|g`-`be fc|b~ lbf|d fel |db{ mfe ok}|be fel qf|md qk|d oksb cbbokea}+ gGcv~ i~gJj@q IjXsq {Xu xJu jJ/ C\If gJj@q \JIf \JIfi~gJb@-gJj@XqiJI~c {uC` cJ~J Kj@eIc IjXuF dRXc ] jXc iJu. KJI`J~ \X~ igJb \X~ IdXuXZj

FtrJXg~ g{J gjOqOXd~ gJkvXgF I`JXj~ tEiJc C` gXj \I~Xu IdXuXZj134 tJXr ~tJuXj~ _j\ _JI`~ F`Xj {JFuJj tJX{X`~ \aJ/ xJ~ IrIRc KJr-I\IguJ. jJg\ g{JI\cJ` aX\ i~`cO|Xc ~tJuXj~ $Mdb`k}|~{+ _j/ IcIjF iagtJrIoMI~\ CItm/ jJFIf}\ CItm FcvJId KJI`J~ \X~IZXrj KJr-`JJjO tF4;8 tJXrF IX\JbIgIc~ tJFj $]keF+/ \JtJFXj~ $Mg}F+ tJXa fvJjX_X~$\feF+ t\|KJI`J~ \X~IZXrj C` t |iag =32 Idj/ 2 QJ/ 88 mX~f ] g@tIrg dJs|Ij\SXb~ gJkvXg x@XS~ s} ~[jJ I{XtX` m%It\JJ~ KJrO F }JI{gO tJX{` \c|\ b|id\ iXuXZj I`Is FtrJgO I[JI`d] SX`q\ mJ {Jj-K~-~Isd tJX{X`~ $r\[J~J~/ Im%Cg%It+ gXc c|gJj I`Xs

@glb~e F}|~geg`{`rXc xId I\Z@aJX\ cJ~ jJg {X g{J-eJ`jJ



8/37

kEg IiiJtJ t`|jJsJ6;4; tJXr kEg IiiJtJ t |jJsJ I\cJX`~ gJkvXg i\Js \~Xrj I\ MiJXu

k@giJj \~Xr \Jj Ic {u jJ C` I\eJX` k@giJj cvJS \~J xJu cJ~ C\IfK`va|MiJu `rJ {XuXZ F{J ` i~OIc

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrriO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr IrXR igJb \~Xrj KJrJ{#iJX\~ tJIjkv iXc {Xr

C\_j RJIf iO~ K`svF k~Xc {X` iGIaÒ~ x@SXs} tg KJrJ{#~ ]rOSb t`JFx iO~ kX~F g{JgjOqO {XuXZj/ t tX\|tIn\ KJXrJ[jJ \X~XZj

\Xu\If \J~JgcKJrJ{#iJX\~ z z ]rOXd~ $\c`-Mr-KJ\cJ`+ _O`Xj g{Jj KJrJ{#iJX\~ i

aX\ IÌej KXrÎ\\ QfjJ QXf aJX\ xJ~ gJkvXg tJkJ~b gJj@Xq~ NgJjO sI GI

iJu cgIj I\Z@tRv\ KXrÎ\\ QfjJ `J \J~Jgc CRJXj i\Js \~J {r

Sbi_JcO `JrJXds t~\JX~~ gJjjOu I`[J~iIc KJr{J gJ KJ@t tJrJgtJX{`X\ {JXoO _@X~~ RIroJ KkvJi\ _jJ` tJgt@r KJrg tJX{`/ {x~cgJ]rJjJ KJs~Jo KJrO aJjÒ $~{+ C~ IrRJ \Jtd@r tJI`r. jJg\ CrXggJ!~oXc~ C\If I\cJ` izXc IdXuIZXrj I`[J~iIc tJX{X`~ eJqJu-\Jtd@r tJI`r. I\cJ`RJjJ izJ K`Ju KJIg C\Idj gJIj\SX~ _@~\`rJ~ tI{c _JgJXc KJt~ jJgJ_ izJ~ _jv gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo xJFKJtX~~ jJgJ_ izJ~ i~ KJIg gJXs|d \`rJX\ tJrJg idJj \I~-

KJt#tJrJg KJrJF\g! tJrJXg~ _`J` d]uJ~ i~ IcIj KJgJX\ `rXrj/KJt~ jJgJX_~ iEX |/ KJgJ~ CRJXj KJtJ~ tgu KJiIj \Jtd@r tJI`r!I\cJ`RJjJ iXz CXtXZj. KJIg `rrJg/ _O _@~. C` cJ~ CrXg \Js#o!tX\| K`Sc {Xu IÌc {rJg

Jj ù~J gJXs|d \`rJ gJIj\SX~ {I~~Jgi@X~~ ù~J SJXg KJ@r {JIrgjJXg C\_j g@I~Xd~ `JzOXc ISXuIZXrj IcIj cRj jOX[~ IdX\ cJI\Xu`rXrj gJIf~ jO[ IdXu cJ FIrs gJXZ~ UJ\ dRJ xJu A g@I~d cRj I\Z@ @UXc iJ~XrJ jJ/ @UJ~ \aJ] jJ KJrJ{#~ ]rOXd~ \aJ @UJfJ] C\fJ

\J~Jgc ù~J aX\ iJu tJXz iJ[ gJFr dEX~ iJ jdO IZr I\Z@ IdXj~

gXkv CF tJXz iJ[ gJFr _JuSJ eX A g@I~Xd~ `JzO t{ jdO {Xu SrCRj tF _JuSJu FIrs gJXZ~ UJ\ dRJ xJu _Xr~J KIk\ tRv\ FIrsgJZ k~J~ _jv tRJXj xJu

Jj tJfI~uJ jXsOXc - gJXs|d \`rJ C\Idj KJtX~~ jJgJ_ KJdJu\~Xc dI~ {XuIZr KaJ| jJgJX_~ tgu iJu sXq~ IdX\ cRj tJXa

\Xu\_j g@I~d IZr cJXd~X\ IcIj `rXrj gtI_Xd~ d~_J-_JjJrJ ` \X~d] KJIg jJgJ_ KJdJu \I~ gtI_Xd~ IecX~ gJXs|d \`rJ C\JF jJgJ_KJdJu \~IZXrj d~_J _JjJrJ ` \X~ g@I~d~J `JFX~ `tJ IZr/ C\f iX~KJ@r \JXd~ gJrJ $gJXs|d \`rJ~ RJXdg+ eJF eJ`Xrj \Jj _JjJrJ RJrJKJXZ jJI\ dXR KJIt/ IcIj gtI_Xd~ d~_J IdXu IecX~ cJI\Xu dXRjgJXs|d \`rJ~ _JujJgJ_ gJIf aX\ C\ {Jc MiX~ MXn KJXZ C` gJXs|d\`rJ sEXjv~ MiX~ jJgJ_ KJdJu \~XZj $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+ - [JXR dRJtJO gJrJ eJF ] \Xu\_j gJ]rJjJ tJX{`X\ KJrJ{#iJ\ KJ_] `JI[Xu~XRXZj

Jj SJrJ\JJ gJXs|d \`rJ ~JXc I`ZJjJu Xu Q@IgXu IZXrj tJXagJ]rJjJ gI_ @~ ~{gJj rJ{~O ] s]\c jJXg d@F _j g@I~d IZXrj cJ~J]Q@gJXrj SeO~ ~JXc gJ]rJjJ rJ{~O tJX{` MXn dRXrj gJXs|d \`rJI`ZJjJu jJF cRj IcIj eJ`Xrj gJXs|d \`rJ I\ CXJu SXrj/ eJr \X~R@X_ dRXrj jF gtI_Xd] jF CId\ ]Id\ R@_Xc ISXu gJ]rJjJ rJ{~O] s]\c tJX{` dRXrj iIg iJXs i@\X~~ gJURJXj KJ\JXs~ Mi~ aX\C\If Mr KJXrJ CXt i~XZ tF KJXrJ~ gJURJXj gJXs|d \`rJ _JujJgJ_ IÌZXu jJgJ_ izXZj& $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+ I\Z@b i~ _JujJgJ_ t{

gJXs|d \`rJ iJIj~ Mi~ IdXu eXt i@\X~~ I\jJX~~ IdX\ KJtXc rJSXrj/Mi~ aX\ KJXrJfJ] KJtIZr cRj g@I~d d@F_j eJ`Xrj gJXs|d \`rJ xIdcJXd~X\ dXR ~JS \X~j/ CF eX` d@F_j CXt QX~ Xu izXrj I\KJrJ{#~ ]rO @UXc iX~IZXrj C~J d@F_j dXR oXrXZ/ QX~ CXt d@F_jX\`rXrj xJ dXRXZJ KJIg _OI`c aJ\J K`Ju \Rj] \JX~J \JXZ rX` jJ[JXR dRJ tJO gJ]rJjJ gI_ @~ ~{gJj rJ{~O ] s]\c tJX{`X\KJrJ{#iJ\ KJ_] JI[Xu ~XRXZj

6;;< tJXr M~ `JhJ FtrJIguJ \JIgr gJd}JtJ~ IiIiJr ] rsJj \}OugtI_Xd~ RIc` KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJ gJ sJgt@r {\ tJX{` { \~Xc



9/37

xJX`j/ cRj IcIj \c`-Mr-KJ\cJ` {x~c gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd KJx#{JrFtrJg ItI\O tJX{X`~ $~{+ Ij\f dJuJ~ d~RJ \X~j gJXs|d \`rJIiIiJr tJX{`X\ `rXrj gdOjJ gXjJuJ~Ju gtI_Xd j`ÒXc jJgJ_ KJdJu\~J~ i~ ~JtEr@rJ{ $tJ+ C~ ~]_J gJ`J~\ I_uJ~Xc~ tgu KJgJ~ tJrJg] dd s~Oo duJr jÒ_OX\ $tJ+ i^ZJXu IdXuj IiIiJr tJX{` {\~Xc SXrj/ IcIj _@~ $tJ+ C~ ~]_J s~OXo ISXu `JrJXds aX\ xJ~J

tJrJg iJInXuIZr CX\ CX\ t`J~ jJg Xr tJrJg IdIXrj xF gJ IiIiJrtJX{` duJr gJXs|d \`rJ~ jJg `Xr tJrJg IdXrj tJXa tJXa _@~iJ\$tJ+ C~ ~]_J s~Oo aX\ tJrJXg~ _`J` KJtr ]uJ\rJ IgjIj tJrJgKa|J KJgJ~ tJrJg] cJ{J~ Ij\f i^ZJXu Id] $t@`{JjKJrJ{#+ C c~O\J~FgJg \c`-Mr-KJ\cJ` S~O`-F-j]uJ_ {x~c RJ_J gJNj@Ij I[sIc$~{+ C~ gc gJIj\S iO~ tJX{` _@~/ duJr jÒ_O~ $tJ+ i aX\tJrJXg~ _`J` iXrj -Ij_ \JXj sJjJ ] [JXR dRJ tJO KJr{J{x~c gJ]rJjJ gJ sJgt@r {\ tJX{`X\ KJrJ{#iJ\ KJ_] JI[Xu ~XRXZj

d@IjuJÒeJX` id|J~ KJzJXr_@~iJ\ $tJ+ xRj d@IjuJ aX\ I`dJu {Xu xJX`j cJ~ I\Z@Idj iEX | cJ~KJdX~~ jJcOu {x~c FgJg {JtJj $~J+ ] {x~c FgJg {JtJFj $~J+ C\F~JXc C\F i dXR eXu Iji {Xu iX~IZXrj cRj cJXd~ t\r \JX_~ Mt/iJbJIk\ Iiu jJjJ_JXj~ $tJ+ Ij\f CXt d@F eJF `rXrj/ jJjJ_Jj KJg~Jd@FeJF Sc\Jr ~JXc C\F i dXR eu iXuIZ _@~iJ\ $tJ+ `rXrjjJjJeJF I\ dXRZ KJgJX\ `r/ cRj `z eJF FgJg {JtJj $~J+ `rXrj KJIgdRrJg KJgJXd~ [JI~IdX\ R@` Iìd/ i[ Uz {X/ \JaJ] KJs}u iJI jJ/ d@FeJF eXu d^zJXdÎz \~IZ/ Cgj tgu C\If z SJZ dXR d@F eJF A SJXZ~ IjX[

ISXu KJs}u jF/ C\f iX~ {nJ _JX~ `JcJt CXt SJZIfX\ eX IjXu xJucRj duJr jÒ_O _@~ $tJ+ \Ij jJcO FgJg {JtJFj $~J+ \ `rXrjjJjJeJF cIg I\ dXRZ `r7. IcIj `rXrj jJjJ_Jj KJIg ` C\F idXRIZ cRj duJr jÒ_O _@~ $tJ+ \Ir_J~ f\~J d@FeJFX\ _IzXu kX~[JXR~ _Xr @\ eJItXu `rXrj eJFu R@` IsQ}F cJg~J cJgJXd~ jJjJeJFX\{J~JX`/ cJgJXd~ jJjJeJF d@IjuJ aX\ I`dJu {Xu xJX` C \aJ Xj Is eJFu$~J+ SzJSIz IdXu \JdXc \X~IZXrj cJF d@IjuJ aX\ I`dJu {]uJ~ \aJt |iag jJcO eJFX\ `rJfJ] t@jc _@~iJ\ $tJ+ C~ RJIf ]uJI~t duJrgJXs|d \`rJ d@IjuJ aX\ I`dJu {]uJ~ \aJIf I`dJu {]uJ~ I\Z@Idj iEX |

t@jci cJ~ KJdX~~ jJcO- jJcjO eJFXd~X\ `XrIZXrj IcIj tJ~J _O`j K_

t} iI~s}Xg~ ors}IcXc 31 `Z~ ùXt Kcv d@ |r {Xu iXzIZXrjtIdj IZr >888 tJXr~ >6 s g ~I``J~ Id`JSc ~JI Ka|J tJg`J~/gJXs|d \`rJ \jvJXd~X\ `rXrj KJgJX\ eJr \X~ SJtr \I~Xu dJ] t`JFcJX\ SJtr \I~Xu IdXrj `s I\Z@Idj Kt@ aJ\J~ \J~Xb R@` K KJ{J~\~Xcj I\ tIdj `rXrj/ KJgJX\ RJ`J~ dJ] KJIg KJ_X\ RJ`. IcIj eJr\X~ RJ]uJ dJ]uJ \~Xrj/ cJ~i~ CJ tX~ ]_@\X~ I`ZJjJu XcF s~O~

R@` RJ~Ji rJSIZr I`ZJjJu Xu `z `z sJt IjXc IjXc iJZ KJj oJZ. t`\$IjsJt IjXc KJrJ{#- ZJzXc + \~IZXrj I\Z@b t`\ \~Xc \~Xc tgs~O~ IjX_ {Xu xJu C` I`Xs~ iJu C\ \JIf Is r gJj@Xq~ jujgIj/\c`-Mr-KJ\cJ`/ Kcv M ix|JXu~ KJkvJI\ Jj tj _@~iJ\ $tJ+ C~CF RJIf ]uJI~t t\Xr~ @\ RJIr \X~ d@IjuJÒeJX` id|J~ KJzJr {Xu SXrj

gJXs|d \`rJ~ g{J-gErv`Jj \Xu\If `JbO _O`Xj~ iag sJXR x \JI\r iag mJX\/ {J\ t \Itc \JXrJ/ c @_

O`Xj~ KJXrJ

iJu dz {J_J~ `Z~ KJXS ~JtEr@rJ{ $tJ+ I\ \aJ XrXZj/ x@X~ tgu \Jj\aJ `rXcj/ {x~c KJrO $~J+-\ QJXz \X~ iJIj KJjXc `XrXZj t` \aJKJ_] `JcJXt eXt `zJu

_@~iJ\ $tJ+ `XrXZj I`Xs~ C\ iJ aX\ Kjv iJX gJ 18 {J_J~RJIf NgJjdJ~ aJ\X`. cIg `Xt `Xt eJ` cIg C i~OJu fX\J I\jJ

I`Xs~ C\ iJ aX\ KjviJX \XrgJ rJ-FrJ{J FrJrJ{#-~ jOXciIcjOc {X`

C\If \aJ IcIj/ rv rv gJj@Xq~ tJgXj iJuF `rXcj cJ!{XrJ KJgJX\xId \M \RXjJ iJj RJ]uJ~ tgu mJj {JXc~ iI~`Xc| `Jg {JXc [@j RXcdXRj C` \Jj t@jc CgjI\ C\If gJJ{JX`~] RrJi \~Xc dXRj/cJ{Xr KJgJ~ g@I~d {Xu xId KJgJX\ tXsJkj \X~ jJ dj cJ{Xr \uJgcix| Xn\J $dJI`+ aJ\X`j

gER|v rJX\~ NgJj \[@iJcJ~ iJIj

Mn/ _JS/ KIe ItI~ KJXS J {F] jJ

KJgJ~ C\fJ Kj@X~Jk/ {JdOt s~OXo xJ KJXZ xgj KJXZ C` \J~KJj s~OXo

xJ KJXZ xgj KJXZ cgjeJX`F _O`j [JrJXc {X` C~ `JFX~ KJgJ~ kJX~$Ij\f+ x ùJc $g@I~d+ {FuJ aJX\j \Jj @I RJfJFXc iJ~X`j jJ/ xId



10/37

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrrKXjX\ is \X~ iO~ k~J~ d~\J~ I\7

C \aJ~ _`J` \J~KJj s~Oo C` {JIdt s~OXoF KJXZ cJZJzJ iOX~~ \aJ\J~KJj s~OXo C` {JIdt s~OXo~ \JaJ] jF

\aJfJ KJiJc dGIXc jXc In\F jJ xJu C \aJfJ KXjX\ _JXj KXj\KXj\ _JdX~r KJXrg ]rJgJ~J] _JXjj x/ \J~KJj s~Oo ] {JIdt s~OXo~\JaJ] iOX~~ jJg MXrR jF/ c @ cJ~J C` r r rJ\ \j iO~ kX~ `XtKJXZj t@c~J C \aJfJ C\f SeO~eJX` Kj@tJj \~J d~\J~

iO~ \JX\ `Xr/ C~ KJtr Ka|F `J I\7 iO~ C sIf KJtXr oJtO|s xJ~gJXj ]Jd `J ]Jd_O `J sJXuR/ FX~_OXc If[J~ $\bfmdb~+ `J iXot~

KJtXr \J~KJj s~Oo ] {JIdt s~OXo~ \JaJ] iO~ k~J~ \aJ MXrR jF/I\ \J~KJj s~OXo xJ KJXZ cJ~F gg|{r iO~ `J ]Jd k~J iJnX\~ K`SIc~_jv CRJXj \Xu\If KJuJXc \JI~gJ KJIg Mc \~`

KJuJcXrJ eJr \X~ C` tEeJX` `vJRvJ I`Xsqb \~XrF tgtvJIf~ tIn\

tgJkJj {X` KJsJ \I~ iI` \J~KJj s~OXo KJXZ

]uJ`cJ FrJFI{r KIZrJ{ $tE~J gJXudJ =2+Ka|J cJg~J $KJgJX\ I[j`J~ _jv+ C\If KIZrJ cJrJs \~. xJ~J KJ~Ò

eJqJu Jj ~JXRj cJ~J r@SJXc~ gJXj @XUj KIZrJ~ Ka|CRJXj KXj\ ~\gKXa|F `v`{J~ \~J {XuXZ KIZrJ Ka| MiJu/ Mi\~b/ j\Xfv~ MiJu/ KJrJ{#cJuJrJ~ j\fv rJXe~ C\If I`Xsq iJ xJ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-\ I\uJgXc~ IdjduJ {X`

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 6;rR\ iI~I[Ic

RJfJj KJIg cJ~ iO~ jJ/ t KJgJ~ g@I~d jJ

gJj@q Jj-I`JXj gJSceJX` Cgj MjIc \~XZ x/ C~i~ gJj@q KJ~ gJj@qaJ\X` jJ/ RJIr JjF {X` xId \M {Xf xJu gJj@q `rX` C\fJ Jj {XfxJu/ Cc JjO gJj@q {X` C~\g {Xc {Xc KJrJ{# ~J@r KJrJgOjX\ KO\J~\~X` $jJM_@I`rJ{#+/ \~Xc \~Xc KJ`J~ R@` xId JjO {u cRj t IoX~KJ`J~ KJrJ{#iJX\~ \d~cO iJXu iX~ \JJ \~X` $KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#+

\Jj s {Xr tfJ \JaJ] xXu sq {u jJ/ xXcF aJX\/ iGIaÒ~ KjviJX xXu] sq {u jJ/ CeJX` S{ aX\ S{JX~ xJu/ xXc xXc KJrJ{#iJ\ix| xJu

Q~ xgj gJj@qX\ KJ\Js {FXc IÌj \X~ ~JXR/ gJj@Xq~ gXj~ Q~] cJX\KJrJ{# aX\ $Kj aX\+ IÌj \X~ ~JXR

cIg dIRXcZ iJ{JzIr I~ {FuJ ~I{uJXZ Ka[ M{J gXQ~ jvJu [rJXo~J\I~XcXZ

`JJ~ [JXR~ iJIj~ tX C` _X\X~~ tX KJrJ{# iJX\~ C\fJ dJj~\Xg~ t\|KJXZ

cJgJ~ d@ |r NgJXj~ tX C\fJ t`r NgJXj~ xJS \~

C\fJ gJj@Xq~ \JXZ jJ SXr gJj@q gJj@q {ujJ

CXrXg~ xRj gGcv {u/ KJXrg cRj KJXrg {u

_S _JzJ C\F gJXs|d I[Xj \u_jJ/ gJXs|Xd~ g~b {u jJ \Jj \JXr

dRXr cJX~ dRJ~ gc/ tJkjJ I\ rJSc Cc7 eJ`Xr cJX~ eJ`J~ gc/ eJ`jJ

~Fc jJ KJ~I` d} CRJXj R@` tXXi C g{Jj KJrJ{#~ KrO~ iI~I[Ic i\Js \~J {XrJItI\OuJ oJMXsXj~ i aX\ gJXs|d \`rJ~ tEj|_O`jO `~ {Xc xJX


11/37

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr >6

$r@SJcr \J~KJj >


12/37

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr >=

gJj@q k~J `J KIZrJ k~J C` cJ~ Ij\f aX\ KJrJ{#~ j\fv {JIZXr~ ~JJKj@tJj \~J KIZrJ \aJ~ KJIekJIj\ KXa|~ tJ~gg|] cJF

FtrJXg~ FIc{Jt QXf dRJ SXZ _jJX` ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ aX\ KJ~ \X~KdvJÌk \Jj gJj@qF \JX~J \JXZ jJ ISXu Ka|J C\If KIZrJ~ gJkvg ZJzJKJrJ{#~ jJSJr iJuIj

KJrJ{# cJuJrJ t |sIgJj/ IcIjXcJ t`F \~Xc iJX~j {~J i |Xc~ KIc M[@IsRX~ dOQ|62If `Z~ \XnJ~ I~uJ_c \~J~ iX~ I_ }JFr $KJ+ xRj {x~Xc~$tJ+ \JXZ CXt `rXrj

F\#~J I`tIg ~JI\JrJI_ RJrJ\ $tE~J KJrJ\ 6+Ka|J KJiIj iz@j KJijJ~ ie~ jJXg/ IxIj tGI \X~XZj. cRj {x~c

g@{Jd $tJ+ `rXrj KJIg izXc _JIjjJ/ cRj I_ }JFr $KJ+ cJX\ kX~ cJ~

ItjJu ItjJu nI\Xu C\If [Ji IdXu ZXz IdXrj C` C tgu IcIj KJrJ{# ~J@rKJrJgOXj~ i aX\ K_JjJ CXrg ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-C~ IecX~ MOI`c \X~IdXrj CfJ \gj QfjJ {r& {x~c $tJ+ cRj \Ic {Xu SXrj `JzO IoX~cJ~ \Ic dX{ _~ MXn Sr C` IcIj {x~c RJId_J $~J+-\ `rXrj/UJIr@Ij. Ka|J KJgJX\ \r IdXu lJ\ $`JRJ~O iag R I\cJ @r KI{+CRJXj C\If \aJ R@` Kj@kJ`jXxJSv x/ u RJdJ FX \~Xr/ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-\ IjX_ iJXs `Xt \J~KJj s~Oo sRJXc iJ~Xcj {x~c I_ }JFr $KJ+-\IdXu {x~Xc~ $tJ+ @X\ [Ji jJ IdXu IjX_F \d~Ic {JXc cJ~ IecX~ RJdJuOKJXrJ _Xr IdXc iJ~Xcj cJ jJ \X~ IcIj {x~c I_ }JFr $KJ+-\ \j gJkvg

$KIZrJ+ \X~ ~JtEXr~ $tJ+ \JXZ i\JIsc {Xrj7

C QfjJ ]uJ_ jIZ{Xc KXj\ \X~F `rJ {u I\ eX` dRJ {u jJ xJXd~eJ`jJ KJXZ cJ~JF eJ`Xc eJ`Xc d@e|J`jJ CIzXu gJ]rJiJ\X\ rJe \~Xc iJX~eJ`jJ{Oj gJj@q KJ~ iJaX~ \JjF coJ jF

\uJgXc~ iEX |{x~c NtJ $KJ+ KJtgJj aX\ C gJIf~ iGIaÒXc K`c~b\~X`j C tX {x~c ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ C~sJd \X~ SXZj-\JIf \JIf gJFrM|_S aX\ IcIj K`c~b \~X`j C` IcIj t~JtI~ KJrJ{#~ QX~~ ZJXd jJgX-

`j ZJXd jXg IcIj jOX[~ gJj@qXd~ IjXd|s IdXu `rX`j/ KJgJX\ C\If gF dJ]/

KJIg jOX[ jJg` CRJXj C\If \aJ R@`F iIbkJjXxJSv x/ \JIf \JIf gJFr M|_S aX\ IxIj jJgXc iJ~Xrj gF rJSr jJ I\ tJgJjv \Xu\ {Jc M[@aX\IcIj \j gF ZJzJ jJgXc iJX~j jJ7 C itX KJ~ C\If \aJ R@`F eJ`J~ gcx/ KJrJ{# iJ\ t~JtI~ ~JtEr@rJ{#~ $tJ+ C~ \JXZ \J~KJj s~Oo jJI_r \~XciJ~Xcj/ I\ I_ }JFr $KJ+ {x~Xc~ $tJ+ \JXZ \j \J~KJj s~Oo `{j \X~KJjXrj/ \j I_ }JFr $KJ+-C~ gJkvXg ~JtEr-~JtEr {Xrj7 \J~KJj s~Oo

iXrj/ CrXg rJd@Ij~ Jj ItjJ gJ`J~X\ iXrj

Ct` QfjJ~ gEr MXsv {X/ gJIf~ d@IjuJ _tgJjO _S/ gJj@Xq~ d{fJ] _tgJjO K{O \J~KJj s~Oo/ CrXg rJd@Ij caJ CrXg gJ~oc t`F {JjO _SXc~ I_Ijt _tgJjO _SXc~ tX {JjO _SXc~ cJur@\ $t+ JIic {Xc{Xr C\If gJkvg ZJzJ {X` jJ C _jvF u gJ]rJiJ\ IjX_ \J~KJj s~Oo`~J`~ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-C~ \JXZ jJI_r jJ \X~/ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-\ C\IfgJkvXg~ IecX~ cJ~ t ed i\Js \~Xrj C ~JtEr@rJ{#] $tJ+ I_ }JFrX\ $KJ+C\If gJkvg kX~ KJrJ{#~ jJSJr iXrj 62 `Z~ {~J ISI~SX~ IcIj C\J C\J

xRj tJkjJ \~IZXrj C` KJrJ{#~ _jv I\ IjdJj \JjJF jJ \XdXZjxRj {x~c RJId_J $~J+ Cc M[@iJaX~~ iJ{JXz~ Mi~ RJ`J~ IjXu xXcj/

\c d@Id|jF jJ t Idj ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-C~ ISXuXZ c @ IcIj C\J C\J IjX_~[Ju/ IjX_~ g{jXc/ IjX_~ @IXc KJrJ{#X\ iXrj jJ C \aJIf~ tJ~dJzJXrJ CF x/ FtrJXg~ CX\`JX~ SJzJXcF gJkvXg~ is C` iXuJ_jCXtIZr Cgj I\ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-C~ `rJu] C~ `vIcg {uIj cJ~i~ CxJ` dRJ SXZ FtrJXg~ FIc{Jt QXf \Jj gJj@qF gJkvg ZJzJ KJrJ{#X\ rJe\~Xc iJX~Ij

cJ_#X\~Jcr KJ]IruJ t |_jIÌdc C` O\c C\If I\cJ`/ xJ~ IecX~KtRv KJ]IruJXd~ _O`jO ~XuXZ Ct` KJ]IruJXd~ iXcvX\~ _O`XjF C\_jgJj@q KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~J~ iXa gJkvg I{XtX` IjXd|sjJ IdXuXZj \Jj \JjKJ]IruJXd~ _O`Xj dRJ ISXuXZ C\JIk\ `J ` ]Jd `J gJkvg ~XuXZ C`cJXd~ IjXd|Isc iXa cJ~J \XnJ~ I~uJ_c \X~ KJrJ{#X\ rJe \X~XZj

>>iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr


13/37


iO~ gJXs|Xd~ KJtr {JI\\c I\ 7

C\ s}bO~ gJj@q xJ~J `Xr \J~KJj s~Oo ] {JIdt s~Oo gXj [rXrFXcJxXa {u/ iOX~~ \JjF d~\J~ jF \J~KJj s~OXo t`F KJXZ C\aJ \J~K-Jj s~OXoF QJqbJ \~J {XuXZ

]uJrJ ~JcJI`j ]uJrJ FuJ IÌZj FrJ Io I\cJI g g@I`j $tE~J KJjKJg 2;+Ka|J \J~KJj s~OXo I`Xs~ xJ`cOu Jj C` ~Xc~ tgJX`s ~XuXZ.

I\ c @\j Cc xJSv xJSv KJXrg ]rJgJ~J iOX~~ iJuÒ \~Xc xJj KJtred {X/ \J~KJj s~Oo tIn\eJX` @UJ IjXu \J~KJj s~Oo jOI`z Kj@kJ`j \X~ @UXr cJX\ iOX~~ \JXZ xXc {X`F jFXr t \J~KJj s~OXo~ KJuJXc~ KJtr{JI\\c MirI \~Xc iJ~X` jJ/ oXr KJrJ{#~ KJXdXs~ cJX`dJ~O \~Xc IsRXÌ\ \J~KJXj~ gJIr\ KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~Xc iJ~X` jJ \J~KJj I[jX` I\\J~KJj s~OXo~ gJIr\ KJrJ{#X\ I[jXc iJ~X` jJ \aJIf KJ~] eX `rJd~\J~

]uJ KJrJgjJ IgrJd@jJ FrgJ $tE~J \J{Jo 32+C` IsIRXuIZ cJX\ $~JtErX\ $t+ C` cJ~ RJIf Kj@tJ~OXd~X\+ CrXg

rJd@Ij $SJXuÒ CXrg+.

C CXrg xJ I\cJ` iX jF/ i@Ia i@X\/ s~OuXc~ r@SJXc~ I\cJX` xJ~Kj@tJj iJ]uJ xJujJ KJtXr I\/ C CXrgIf \JjIdj \M `F i@\ iXz/\cJ` o\J{# QXf K_|j \~Xc iJX~Ij/ CfJ gJj@Xq~ \JXZ ISXu IsRXc {u/

$\Jj gJj@q+ IxIj C I`dvJ Kjv C\ gJj@Xq~ Ij\f aX\ IsXRXZj C gJj@qX\`Xr \JXgr gJj@q/ C~F jJg {X iO~ `J {JjO ]Jd `J gJXs|d C I`dvJ IdXuF

KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~J xJu C I`dvJ sRJ~ _jv Cc {J_J~ {J_J~ I\cJ` iXz K_KJXrg/ ]rJgJ/ IsIc/ gER| t`JF iOX~~ iZXj d^zJu k@_JX{~J CXrg K_|j \~XrF cdJj@xJuO C`Jdc \~XrF KJrJ{#X\ xId rJe \~J xc/ cX` g{JJFgJg SJx#xJrO~ $~{+-C~ gc gJj@q xJX\ Jcr FtrJg `rJ {u/ IcIj \jiOX~~ iZXj Cc d^zJXrj7 IcIj jJgJX_~ ~OIc-jOIc C` FtrJg/ \J~KJjs~Oo ] {JIdt s~Oo IxIj iO~ k~J~ iXuJ_j gXj \X~j jJ/ cJ~ [Xu I\ \g

@UXcj7 Cc iO\c \cJ` iXz/ jJgJX_~ Cc gJtrJ gJtJXur _Xj/ IcIjCgj I\ I_IjXt~ KcJ Kj@e` \~Xrj/ Cgj I\ I_IjXt~ KeJ` gXj \~Xrj/xJ~ _jv IcIj C\_j gJj@Xq~ iZXj ZJuJ~ gc d^zJXrj/ C\If gJj@Xq~ \JXZIjX_X\ Iù \X~ IdXu cX` \J~KJj s~Oo {JIdt s~OXo~ KJtr gg|MirI\~Xc iJ~Xrj

CgIjeJX` r r xJSv KJXrg iOX~~ iZXj d^zJXrj {x~c {JtJj `t~O$~{+ aX\ KJ~ \X~ KdvJÌk \c rJR rJR t |X~~ gJj@q iOX~~ iZXjiJuÒ \X~ [XrXZj/ k@KJrJ{#~ j\fv rJXe~ KJsJu

>< iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr


14/37


\J~KJj s~OXo~ dGIXc iO~ k~J~KJX~\If ciEb|\J~b

iO~ k~J~ `vJiJX~ FtrJXg~ x \Jj dXr~ gcI`X~Jk aJ\Xc iJX~/ CfJKJeJI`\ ju Cgj KJX~J KXj\ ZJf RJXfJ `vJiJX~] gc I`X~Jk KJXZ xgjC\dr I\uJg I`X~JkO/ Kjvdr I\uJXg~ iiJIc/ C\dr jJgJX_ KJIgj _JX~`Xr/ Kjvdr KJX `Xr C~\g I`X~Jk dXr dXr \JXr \JXr [Xr KJtXZ I\FtrJXg~ KJtr iIciJdv I`qXu \Jj dXr~ \Jj tX \Jj gcI`X~Jk jFxgj jJgJ_/ ~J_J/ {/ xJ\Jc/ \JXrgJ FcvJId iJ[ ]uJ jJgJ_ o~_/ CXc\JI~F \Jj KJiI~ \J~b jF CfJ IjXu KJiJcc KJXrJ[jJ \~J xJ\

\J~KJj s~OXo~ Ij~\s KJXds

KJI\Igt#tJrJc $KJr-\J~KJj t@~J `J\J~J- `Z~xJ` I`Xu \X~XZ iIc gJXt cJ~ IÌ`~ s~O~ jJiJ\ {X C \J~Xb cJ~ IÌ`~SXe|\Jj tJj k~XZ jJ C`JX~ dRJ Sr < gJt xJ` cJ~ IÌ`~ s~O~ jJiJ\{u jJ gJXj t Bc`cO {u jJ CRj @UJ Sr cJ~ O~ Se| tJ~ {XuXZ

\J~KJj s~OXo `rJ {XuXZ-IjuF jJgJ_F tg KsOr C` jJ{# C` jJiJ\\J_ aX\ gJj@qX\ I`~c ~JRX` xJ`cOu jJ{#~ \J_XrJX\ gXj \~J xJ\ OrJX\~ dX{~ jJiJX\~ gc jJ~O~ d{ aX\ xRj jJiJ\ tX~ xJu/ cRj xgj @UJ xJu cJ~ Se|tJ~ {XuXZ In\ gJj@Xq~ d{ C` gj aX\ xRj xJ`cOuKsOr C` jJX{#~ \J_ tX~ xJu cRj gXj \~Xc {u/ cJ~ jJgJX_~ Se|tJ~{XuXZ Ka|J gJ]rJ~ d~`JX~ CRj jJgJ_ ISXu {JI_~ {X mJJ~ ~JSOX\ DqkIdXu `Xr C DqkF KJgJ~ i aX\ ~JS tJI~Xu crX`/ KJgJ~ ~JSO~ \JXZ ISXu`Xt aJ\Xc {X` jJ In\ C\F gXg|\J~KJj s~OXo] rJ {XuXZ/ IjuF KJgJ~i aX\ jJgJ_F `JJ~ xJ`cOu jJX{#~ `vJIk Ij~Jgu \~X` `JJ~ kJX~ ISXu

KJgJ~ `Xt aJ\J~ d~\J~ {X` jJjJgJ_ iXz] xId jJX{#~ \J_ aX\ I`~c aJ\J jJ xJu cRj IjuF C~ _jv

iXcv\If jJgJ_O~ I` }c C` I[Ic {]uJ MI[c {X` xId cJ~ eJ`jJ I[J jJ{u cX` @UXc {X` t C\XugO~ \Inj I`gJ~OXc KIc tEeJX` eXS g~XZ

O f IO f I


15/37

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr >;

C XF iOX~~ \J_

xRj \J~KJj s~OXo~ KJuJXc~ tX tg I_XSO~ jJgJX_~ Igr {u jJ/jJgJ_ iXz xJ`cOu jJX{~ \J_ aX\ [J \X~] I`~c aJ\J xJu jJ/ cRjC\_j gJj@q IxIj C~ ciEb| gXjJ`vJIk~ CrJ_ _JXjj `J I[I\tJ _JXjj cJ~\JXZ ISXu \j jJgJ_ IòXr xJX cJ~ \J~b C` Dqk _Xj IjXc {u CgJj@qIf~ jJgF {X {JjO iO~ `J KJkvJI\ I[I\t\ IcIj Dqk `JIcXu d`J~i~ jJgJX_~ eJ`J~ KJ~ {X` C` kOX~ kOX~ xJ`cOu jJX{~ \J_ IcX~JI{c{Xc aJ\X` xJ~J \Jj Idj C\If KJkvJI\ sI tj \JXgr rJX\~ Ij\faX\ jJgJX_~ tIn\ o~g@rJ `J Ijug iIc jJ _XjXZ/ cJ~J IjX_~ [Ju \JjIdj] \J~KJj s~OXo~ IjXd|Isc jJgJ_ izXc iJ~X` jJ cJ iJ~Xr FgJg

SJx#xJrO $~{+-C~ gc gJj@q C` KJ~] I`~ KJXrg ]rJgJ~J \j gJj@Xq~ \JXZjJgJ_ IsRXc SXrj cJF `rJ {u/ cIg x jJgJ_ iz \J~ Ij\f aX\ I_JtJ\X~ iz7 \J~ Ij\f aX\ jJgJX_~ KJtr {JI\\c IsJ \X~ jJgJX_ dJIzXuZ7jJgJ_ cJ k@izXr I\ \gj \X~ \JXug \X~ cJ I\ \J~ Ij\f aX\ _XjZ7 \J~KJj s~OXoF\~Jt#tJrJc.gJXj jJgJ_ iz `rJ {uIj `~ `rJ{XuXZKJI\g@t#tJrJcJ.jJgJ_ \JXug \~ `rJ `Jrv KIk\Js jJgJ_OF k@jJgJ_ iXz/ gJXj k@tE~J \~JcF iXz KJ~ \ t_dJ \X~/ jJgJ_ \gj \X~\JXug \~Xc {u t cJuJJF \X~ jJ

6> `Z~ ùXt~ C\_j FdO ZXrX\ Icj gJXt~ ecX~ jJgJX_~ KJ{\Jg/KJ~\Jj/ ]uJI_`/ t@jc t` g@R \I~Xu cJX\ jJgJX_ dJz \I~Xu IdXr tXcJ\ t_dJ In\gcF \~Xc iJ~X`/ cJ `Xr t I\ KJtXr jJgJ_ izJ IsRr7 Cg@R jJgJX_F I\ cJ~ \-eJ` t` `dXr xJX`7 CfJF I\ \J~KJj s~OXo~ gXcKJtr jJgJ_ izJ {X`7

cJF \I` `Xrj/{Jc iJ k@FXuF [@X\ SrcJF `Xr I\ ]_@{r7gXj~ KJkJ~ gXj ~r

`JFX~ \~Ir iI~J~I{XtÒ jJgJ_ izI` KJ~ \c\Jr

_JujJgJX_ RJzJ {XrgXj~ QJzJ d^Xz [XrKJ_J_Or {JItuJ `Xr_J{JjJXg~ R@rIr J~I{XtÒ jJgJ_ izI` KJ~ \c\Jr

iOX~~ KIZrJu KJX~\If g{J têJXSv~ d~_J R@Xr\ jJ [Ju g{J têJXSv~ \J~b KJrJ{#~ IddJ~& {JIdt s~OXo KJXZ _jJX`~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ o~gJXuXZj

rJ tJrJcJ FrJ I`_@I~r \Jr#`$`JRJ~O s~Oo+_@~O \Jr#` ZJzJ \Jj jJgJ_F iEb|{ujJ.{JIdt s~OXo KJ~] KJXZ-

KJt#tJrJc Ig~J_@r g@IgIjj$KJr {JIdt+Ka|J jJgJX_ gJXgXj~ g~J_ {u. $KJrJ{#~ tX IddJ~ {u+iag {JIdt s~OXo `rJ {XuXZ _@~O \Jr#` ZJzJ jJgJ_ \JXgr `J iEb|{u jJ

cJF xId {u/ cX` iIcIf jJgJ_O `vI~ [JF t IsIc {J\/ KIsIc {J\ _@~O \Jr#` \JX\ `Xr cJ _JjJ C` [jJ ~JtEr@rJ{#~ $tJ+ `JbO Kj@xJuO K`sv\c|`v/ \J~b \Jr#X` _@~O xId jJ {u cX` jJgJ_ izJfJF IgXav {Xu xJu

CRj \Jr#X`~ _@~O \~Xc {Xr IjuF \Jr#` [jJ d~\J~ C` I\eJX` cJX\_@~O \~Xc {u cJ _JjJ d~\J~ C jJ \X~ \cJ` aX\ tE~J ZJjJ g@R \X~ AFdO `JrX\~ gc jJgJX_ dJzJXr \gj {X`t`|XX CXrXg~ _JX{~O C`SJuJc|@gO eJ` gJj@qX\ \Rj x i \X~ cJXr/ cJ cJ~ C\ XugO eJ`FC` CXrXg~ oR~F cJX\ _JjXc du jJ u ~JtEXr~ $tJ+ KJXds _Xj]xJ~J C {JIdt Kj@xJuO jJgJX_ dJzJXc iXuJ_j gXj \X~jJ/ cJ~J IjX_~JF jÒ~[Xu `sO _JXj Xr \J_ J~J igJb \X~ [Xr $jJM_@I`rJ+ I\cJ` iXz \Jr#X`~_@~O \JX\ `Xr cJ _JjJ C` \JXgr iOX~~ Ij\f aX\ \Jr#X`~ _@~O KJtXrF

>4 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr

O J Jf I O J Jf I


16/37

I\eJX` {u cJ _JjJ KJtgJj _Igj coJ KJXZ \M iJSr {Xr mJJ~ xId `XrSJkJ~ d@Xk~ gJRj IjXu Ct/ Dqk cI~ \X~ d`/ gJaJu IdXr iJSr eJr {XuxJX` iJSrfJ cRj Z@fX` SJkJ~ d@k KJjXc t SJkJ \Jj Idj dXRIj CÌ\eJX` cJ~ d@k `~ \~Xc {u cJ _JXjjJ gXj \~J xJ\/ C\ {JXf K_t} i`JkJ KJXZ/ xgj SJkJ/ S/ ZJSr/ _ }J/ gI{q/ I_~Jo t CRj \Jj#If SJkJ\Jj#If I_~Jo \gj \X~ k~X` IjuF C\If rJ\ k~Xc {X` SJkJ [jJ~ _

jv k@SJkJ I[jXrF {X`jJ/ O SJkJ C` d@k ]uJrO SJkJ I[jXc {X` cJ I[jXrF{X`jJ `Jj d@uJXc {X` jJI\ nvJ d@uJXc {X` cJ] cJ~ _Xj IjXc {X` cJ~i~t C d@k aX\ x gJRj crXc _JXj cJ~ \JXZ ISXu IsRXc {X`/ cX`jJ SJkJ~d@Xk~ gJRj t rJe \~Xc iJ~X` gJj@Xq~ d{fJXc] In\ cgIj KtRv KicvX~ {Jf ~XuXZ/ CXc dX{~ IecX~ ~XuXZ/ dIi t C\ I`~Jf `vJiJ~otot t C\ g{J _Ifr x/ ~XuXZ K/ G/ \Xs\J/ Ijru FcvJId CXrJC\ C\If `z `z {JXf~ gc K_t} I_Ijt ~XuXZ CXc dX{~ Iec~ QJ~K\J~ `JFX~ aX\ I\Z@F dRJ xJu jJ Cc tg K icvX~ {JXf~ gXkv\Jr#Ìf \JaJu KJXZ KXjX\F cJ _JXj jJ iJSr eJr {Xc xgj SJkJ I[jXc

{u/ d@Xk~ Q~ I[jXc {u/ gJRj cI~ I[jXc {u C` Ct` XF C\_j I[IjXuduJ rJX\~ d~\J~ {u/ In\ cgIj \Jr#X` _@~OfJ] gJRXj~ gc xJ IdXujJgJX_~ If j \X~ jJgJ_X\ \JXgr \~Xc {u dX{~ KtRv KX~ IecX~\Jr#Ìf x I[IjXu SJkJ d@uJXj~ gc \Jr#` x d@uJXc IsIRXu du cJX\F iO~`Xr xJ~J Kjv C\_j I[j#Xj]uJrJ~ Ij\f aX\ I[XjXZ cJ~ \JXZ ISXu I[jXc{u C gXg|KJrJ{# iJ\ `XrXZj/ x KJgJX\ _XjXZ cJ~ iZXj iZXj Q@X~ t`_Xj jJ]/ C\J C\J [J \X~ KJgJX\ jJSJr iJX` jJ

\Jr#` `J KJrJ{#~ Q~ tX KJ~] ciEb| \aJ

\M x@I \~Xc iJX~ tE~J/ tJjJ/ \/ t_dJ {XrFXcJ jJgJ_ {Xu xJu/ \Jr#`_JjJ~ Cc d~\J~ I\7 iOX~~ \JXZ Ct` _JjJ~ d~\J~ I\7 C ~\g is \~JfJFC\If g`z g@R|cJ~ \J~b/ Ka`J C\XugO~ \J~b x X dRJ xJX\J~KJj s~OXo ] {JdOt s~OXo ` JXj \Jr#X`~ \aJ Xc~ tI{c MXrR \~J{XuXZ C` Cgj \aJ `rJ {XuXZ x/ xJ jJ _JjXr kg|\~JF GaJ xJX` \J~K-Jj s~OXo M {XuXZ

Io \r@IÌ{g gJ~Jd@j$tE~J `J\J~J 68+Ka|J $kg|Xd}J{OXd~+ \Jr#X` ~XuXZ Kt@R. Ka|J cJXd~ dX{~ KJtr _JuSJIfF`vJIkS C` d@ {Xu KJXZ xJ~ \J~Xb cJ~J KJrJ{#X\ I[jXc iJ~rjJ kJIg|\ rJ\`Xr xJ~J dJÒ \X~ cJXd~ \Jr#`] Kt@ aJ\Xc iJX~ xJ~J \Jr#X` x Kt@R aJ\XciJX~ cJ iX~J eJX`] O\J~ \X~ jJ/ CfJF \Jr#X`~ Kt@XR~ `z rb \jjJ{JdOt s~Oo Kj@xJuO sucJj \Jr#X` [Xz `Xt `Xt gJj@Xq~ I[J sI~ {vJXXr QJ~Jo~J \X~ C gXg|\J~KJjiJX\ KJ~] \X~ `rJ {XuXZ

FrJgJj KJcJrJ{J I`\JrI`j tJIrg$tE~J ~J 4;+Ka|J \Jr#X` tJIrg ZJzJ KJrJ{#~ d~`JX~ jJ_Jc iJ]uJ xJX` jJ. sc C`Jdc

\X~ sc j\O K_|j \X~] xId \Jr#X` tJIrg \X~ KJrJ{#~ d~`JX~ xJ]uJ jJ xJucX` g@I iJ]uJ xJX`jJ Ka|J KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~J xJX` jJ/ cJ~ jJSJr iJ]uJxJX`jJ \J~KJj s~OXo KJ~] C~sJd {X

\Jd# KJo#rJ{J gJj xJ\#\J{J ]uJ\Jd#RJ`J gJj#dJt#tJ{J$tE~J tJgZ ;-68+

=8 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr =6

> iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr


17/37

Ka|J IjuF xJ~J M{JX\ ${#X\+ _JSc \X~XZ cJ~JF k@g@I rJe \X~XZKJ~ t {Xu SXZ/ xJ~J ${#X\+ gJIf [JiJ IdXu ~XRXZ. $dJt#It+ \aJ~ gJXjr@SJcr \J~KJj s~OXo IrXRXZ/ dJoj \I~r/ cJ{Xr {#X\ dJoj \~J gJXj cJ~IjuF t {Xu xJ]uJ C` xJ~ X{#~ dJoj {XuXZ t IjuF \Jj IdjFKJrJ{#X\ iXc iJX~ jJ C` KJrJ{#~ tX cJ~ \Jj t] JIic {Xc iJX~ jJC` KJrJ{#~ tI] t rJe \~Xc iJX~ jJ \J~b t |i\J~ C`JdXc~ gEr Mt

{X {# t_dJ cJ \iJr dujJ/ x ix| gj gJaJ jJ jJgJu/ gj KJXS ` J\J{u cJ~i~ \Jg~ J\J {Xu \ {u gj KJXS t_dJu xJu/ gJaJ cJX~ Kj@t~b\X~ gJIfXc j@FXu iXz t_dJ du gj KJXS fIi iX~ cJ~i~ gJaJ~ fIi MXncJF `rJ {u xJ~ xgj `JU/ dJIz \JgJu ~JXR gJ[ t` I\Z@F gj `J I`X`\aX\ KJXt CRj dRXc {u I`X`\ `J gXj~ Mt \JaJu

ds|j sJX$Xdkog}gxd{+-C IjXu KXj\ KJXrJ[jJ KJXZ gXjJI`Jj$X}{mdgoga{+-C `Xr gJj@Xq~ \g|kJ~J~ IcjIf ~ KJXZ I[J/ Kj@e` C` FJ $\dkeikea/Cbbokea fel Qkookea+/gJj@q xRj \Jj \J_ \~Xc xJu/ kj gtI_Xd xJX`/ cRj

gtI_Xd~ I[J KJXt/ C I[J gtI_Xd xJ]uJ~ eJ`jJu ix|Ìtc {u/ cdj@xJuO ]_@\~J~ FX \X~ C` cJ~ gtI_Xd xJ]uJ~ \J_If tj {u

gJj@Xq~ I[J sI xJ {X t |\JX_~ KJkJ~ Mdu iag \Jr#X`~ IecX~ {uI[J~ Mdu {Xr \Jr#X`~ C\If iJcrJ id|J~ gc jzXc aJX\

iX~ C I[J~ iIcorjF jJgJ_/ ~J_J/ {/ xJ\Jc caJ FtrJIg\ `JKVjtrJIg\ \g|kJ~JX\ IjuIc \X~ cJ{Xr dRJ xJu gJj@Xq~ t` \g|\JX~ gErMtr \Jr#X`~ IecX~ \Jr#`F gJj@qX\ [JrJu/ cJ~ t |\g|Ij|JI~c \X~/ t |

i\J~ C`Jdc IjuIc \X~ C` \Jr#`F gJj@qX\ KjvJjv iJbO~ MiX~ s}c dJj\X~ \Jr#` tX {JIdt s~OXo] C gXg|MI CXtXZ/

MJ~b KJrJ FjJ Ior _JZJId g@dSJcj F_J ZJr@{Jc ZJr@{Jr _JZJd@ \r@ ]uJ F_JoJZJdJc oJZJdJr _JZJd@ \r@ KJrJ ]uJ I{uJr \Jr #$ @RJ~O-1= {JIdt+

Ka|J Iju Iju gJj` dX{~ IecX~ C\ R SJs#c ~XuXZ xId A SJs#cR iJ\ ZJo {Xu xJu/ cX` cJ~ tJ~J d{ gJaJ aX\ iJ ix| iJ\ ZJo {Xu xJu

KJ~ A SJs#c R xRj jJiJ\ aJX\ cRj cJ~ tEb|d{If jJiJ\ aX\ xJu CÀ SJs#c RX~ jJgF {X \Jr#`. x \Jr#` tX `JRJ~O s~OXo MXrR ~XuXZ/_@~O \Jr#` ZJzJ jJgJ_ \JXgr {X`jJ. Kjv {JIdt s~OXo CXtXZ/

MJ~b KJsJFcJj@ _JIZg@j KJrJ \Jr#X` `JIj KJdJgJ oJ F_J _J\J~JrJ{JRJjJZJ ]uJ F_J SJoJrJ ]uJZ ]uJZJ$KJr-{JIdt/ @RJ~O s~Oo+

`jO KJdXg~ Ka|J gJj@Xq~ \Jr#X`~ MiX~ sucJj tJ]uJ~ {Xu $\Jr#ÌfX\ _JXr gJZ _zJXjJ~ gc _IzXu+ KJXZ xRj gJj@q KJrJ{#~ _X\~ $A \Jr#X`+ \X~sucJj IegI~ RXu iXz xJu $cJ~ \Jr#` _JSc {u/ tX tX KJrJ{#~ KJ~s]_JSc {u/ cJ~ jJgJX_ gJ]rJ~ tJXa IddJ~ {Xu xJu+ KJ~ xRj A \Jr#X`KJrJ{#~ _X\~ aJX\ jJ/ xRj gJj@q SJXor {u/ sucJj cJX\ ]uJZ]uJZJ$\gbJ+ IdXu jJX{~ \JX_ Ir \X~ du $jJgJX_ gXj jJjJ \I[J eJ`jJlI\Xu jJgJ_OX\ KJrJ{~ IddJ~ aX\ gJ{g \X~ ~JXR+. `rJ `Jrv \Jr#`F{X KJrJ{# iJX\~ KJ~s {JIdt s~OXo Kjv KJXZ

MJ~b Z@IurJ KJj# ~JtEIrrJI{ $tJ+ KJFjJ `JFcJrJI{ JrJ ~JtEr@rJI{$tJ+ Io\r@I`j g@!IgIjj$KJr-{JIdt+

~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-\ is \~J {XuIZr KJrJ{#~ `JzO \JaJu7 Ka|J IcIj \JaJuaJX\j7 IcIj M~ IdXrj/ gJIgXj~ \Jr#X`~ IecX~ $KJrJ{#~ `JzO+. C gXg|

KJrJ{# iJ\] o~gJXuXZj

MJ~b]uJIo-KJjoIZ\g KJoJrJ c IZj $KJr-\J~KJj/ tE~J _JI~uJ >6+Ka|J KJIg cJgJ~ KJjoJXt~ IecX~ KJIZ $ItjJ~ gXkv+ \j cIg KJgJX\

dRjJ7. dX{~ IecX~ KJjoJZ cJ I`~Jf Jj/ KJrJ{# In\ \JaJu KJXZj/ \KJijJX\ I[jJXu IdX`7 KJrJ{# iJ\ \JaJu KJXZj dX{~ IecX~ tIn\ \X~ x_XjXZ \ ] I~uJ_Jc \X~ cJ~ Ij\f aX\F tcv _JjXc {X` C Jj IxIj

IjXd|s \X~ IdXc iJX~j cJX\F iO~ `J gJXs|d `rJ {u IxIj/ gJ @Xd~ tIn\

=>iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr ==

=< iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr =2


18/37

tJj \JaJu IgXr/ xId] IcIj gJj@Xq~ ec~ aJX\j IdXc iJX~j cJX\F iO~`Xr iO~ `J ]Jd ZJzJ CfJ I\Z@XcF t` ju {JIdt s~OXo Kjv KJXZ

MJ~b Ir\Ir sJFIuj IZ\JrJcj ]uJ IZ\JrJcr r@I` I_\rJ{#$KJr-{JIdt+Ka|J iIcIf I_Ijt iI~J~ \~J~ ~c KJXZ/ \Jr#` iI~J~ \~J~ ~c {X

KJrJ{#~ _X\~. {JIdt s~Oo jXc t{_ t~r I\ KJev~Ob gJ{J SeO~eJX` I[J \~Xr dRJ xJX` x/ CIf R@`F C\If \Inj \J_

C\If rJ{Ju gI~[J k~Xr cJ~ _ iI~J~ \~J~ _jv C\If ~Xc~ iXuJ_jk@QqJ IdXrF _ ZJo {u I\ C\If \~JXc _ `J gI~[J k~Xr \_Xj cJiI~J~ \X~ \~JcfJX\ kJ~Jr \~Xc iJX~7 \~JXc~ gI~[J iI~J~ \X~ cJX\kJ~Jr \~Xc {Xr tJ_Jt@I_ ~Xc cJ t` {X`jJ IX\Jb IÌs ~c rJSX` C`

cJ C\_j IgO~ Ij\f aX\ [JrjJ IsRXc {X` \Jr#Ìf I\ Cc t{_ C\IfoJrc rJ{J~ gc {Xu Sr jJI\ xJ~ IecX~ u gJ]rJ iJ\ K`Jj \~XZjIX\Jb IÌs ~c xgj ]JXd~ Ij\f aX\ IsJ jJ \X~ [JrjJ \~Xr \~JXc~dJc j {Xu xJu Ka|J NIc or rJe {ujJ A ~\g KJrJ{#~ I_I\~ IdXu \Jr#`ZJo \~J IsJ jJ \X~ xj cj I_I\~ \~Xr \Jr#` caJ KJrJ{#~ KJ~s _JSc{ujJ jJgJX_] IddJ~ {ujJ Cgj I\ ]JXd~ Ij\f aX\ Mg Xi IsJ I`kJjjJ \X~ xj cj \X~ _X\~ \~Xr gJj@q iJSr] {Xu xXc iJX~ eJr I_IjteJreJX` iI~[JrjJ \~Xc jJ _JjXr cJ~ Iì~Oc or A eJr~ Kj@iJXc gX~IdX\] A ~\g g {Xc iJX~ C gXg|F C\_j {JjO RJIf iOX~~ Ij\f aX\

\Jr#X`~ gI~[J iI~J~ \~J~ \JudJ \Jj@j Mg Xi IsJ \~J C\J iXuJ_jiXz C_jvF KJrJ{# iJ\ `Xrj/ $]uJJIÌu+ Ka|J tF gJj@qX\ i@RJj@i@Xi Kj@t~b \~/ gJjv \~ KJrJ{#~ \gIf I\ Rr cJgJsJ {r jJI\ x gJj@Xq~\JXZ xJ`J~ iXuJ_j {r jJ C gXg|KJ~] `Xrj

\-j@-gJKJt#tJIdI\j$tE~J cJ]`J 66;+Ka|J cJg~J C\_j tJId\ rJX\~ tX rXS aJ\.

C\If g{J têJXSv~ t`Jd

KJrJ{#~ tJIjXkv~ \JgjJ \ jJ \X~ IcIj cJF `JJX\ C\If i~g têJXSv~

R`~ _JIjXuXZj

MJ~b ]uJ jJ{j@ KJ\~J`@ FrJFI{ Igj {JÌrr ]uJI~d $tE~J \Jo 63+Ka|J KJIg `JJ~ g ~@~ [Xu] Ij\Xf KJIZ. g ~@{X gJaJ~ Ij

Id\ {Xc {vJ~ ix| x gdIf ISXuXZ cJ~ IecX~~ gJfJ ~SIfX\ g ~@`rJ {u \aJIf R@`F eJ``J~ Cc \JXZ tF g{Jj RJdJ cJuJrJ K`Jj \X~j cJX\\j k~J xJu jJ/ CgjI\ KXjX\ \aJIf Kj@kJ`j \~J~ iXuJ_j] gXj \X~ jJ

{JsX~~ Idj x x iI~gJb JjO/ cJX\ cJ~ Jj Kj@xJuO is \~J {X` I`Jj`vIX\/ KJXrgX\/ gJoJX~X\/ g@oIcX\ xId is \~J {u/ KJIg cJgJ~ g~@~ [Xu] cJgJ~ Ij\Xf K`Jj \~rJg cIg C\aJIf ùJj \X~ jJXr gJj@-qX\ I\ IjX_ \j Cc Ij\Xf~ RJdJX\ \j k~J xJu jJ/ C\If _JjXj]uJrJgJj@Xq~ \JXZ ISXu \j KJgJ~ RJ_ \~XrjJ KJIg I\ CF KJuJcIf `dJjJI_r \~rJg7

\u_j g@t@Ir C R`~ _Xj jJgJ_ iXz

\J~KJj {JIdt s~OXo~ ` _JuSJu \Jr#X`~ \aJ MXrR \~J {XuXZ C`\Jr#X`~ _@~O jJ {Xr xX{c jJgJ_F {X jJ tXX \Jr#Ìf tX KaJ\J gJXj C`Jdc tX caJ KJrJ{# tXF K aJ\J \J~b \Jr#`F {X {JIdts~Oo Kj@xJuO KJrJ{#~ KJ~s/ xgj {JIdt s~OXo~ `JbOXc M KJXZ/

\r@I`r g@IgIjjJ KJ~rJ{Ka|J g@IgXj~ dr KJrJ{#~ KJ~s {u.

gJj` d{If C\If I`~Jf ~J_v KJXSF `rJ {XuXZ CXc ` tRv\ IÌej

=< iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr =2



19/37

k~Xj~ _Ifr K icv ~XuXZ \Jr#Ìf I\ otoXt KJXZ jJI\ dIiX KJXZ7jJI\ I\mjOXc KJXZ jJ gJaJ~ gSX_ KJXZ C` cJ~ ~F `J I\7 C~ \uIf g@RKJXZ7 \Jj# g@XR I\ \aJ `Xr/ C~ IecX~ \cXrJ R `J Ks KJXZ C` \JjKXs u gJ @d I\ KJ\JX~ $\d~c+ `J I\eJX` K`Jj \~XZj7 I\eJX` CIf _JSc {Xu KJrJ{#~ `JbO Kj@xJuO sJIgr {u C` KJrJ{#~ IddJ~ rJXe~ xJSv {u/x _JXj cJ~ Ij\f aX\ jJ _JjXr iJ]uJ~ tIn\ R`~ \J~ Ij\f aX\ iJ]uJ

xJX`7\Jr#X`~ tI C\If iI~[u duJ Sr

{JIdt s~OXo M KJXZ dX{~ IecX~ C\R SJsc KJXZ/ cJ~ jJgF \Jr#`gJj@Xq~ `Jg Xj~ jOX[ JgIdX\ C\f tX~ C\If SJsc R KJXZ CfJF \Jr#`C~ d@fJ g@R/ MiX~ jOX[ ~XuXZ d@If ~Xu~ tgJX`Xs C~ KJtr ~ {XuXZC~ IecX~ ~XuXZ \Xu\If ciEb|MiJdJj

IjuF dX{~ IecX~ C\ f\X~J SJsc ~XuXZ/ KJ~ A f\X~JIf~ IecX~

~XuXZ \Jr#`/ \Jr#X`~ IecX~ ~XuXZ t~/ tX~~ IecX~ jE~/ KJ~ C jE~ `J _vJIc~ IecX~ u gJ]rJ I`~J_gJj KJXZj

\Jr#Ìf CcF I`~Jf C` Cc I` Gc C` CXc Cc _JuSJ ~XuXZ x/ gJj@Xq~kJ~bJu KJtJ Kt` C\If MdJ{~b IdXr iI~J~ {X`

tgS d@IjuJfJX\ iI~J~ \X~ tgcr eIg \X~ cJ~ C\ \JXb xId C\If tI~qJdJjJ ~JRJ xJu/ cX` A dJjJ d@IjuJ~ \cf\ _JuSJ _@Xz aJ\X`7 CX\`JX~F KIcjSbv _JuSJ _@XzF K`Jj \~X` gJj@Xq~ \Jr#ÌfX\ xId C\If SJfJ d@IjuJ~tgJj gXj \~J {u/ cX` cJ~ C\ \JXb/ KJrJ{#~ KJ~s/ \~ZO/ KJfIf `X{sc/tJcIf dJ_R/ r^{/ \rg FcvJId t` IgXr C\X tI~qJ dJjJ~ gc iXz aJ\X`\Jr#X`~ `J\O t` _JuSJu RJIr iXz aJ\X` tJ_J \aJu {JIdt s~Oo Kj@xJuOFcJ @UJ xJu gJgXj~ \Jr#` KJrJ{#~ KJ~s KJrJ{# cJ KJ~Xs~ [Xu] KXj\`z \JX_F \Jr#`fJ Kc `z jJ {Xr \gj \X~ KJrJ{# ]Xc nJF jX`j \aJfJXj KXjX\F KXj\ ~\g gXj \~Xc iJX~j/ I\ \Jr#`fJ x Cc z/ gJj` dX{Cc I`sJr _JuSJ KJXZ x@I ZXz IdXu C\aJ i~OJ \X~ \JjIdj dXRXZj I\7\Jr#`fJ tIcvF KJrJ{#~ KJ~s I\jJ/ CF {JIdt s~OofJ \JjIdj C\fRJIj i~OJ\X~ dXR cJ~i~ g`v \X~XZj I\7 t` \aJ x@IXc k~J izX`jJ t` _JXrt` ~\Xg~ gJZ k~J iXzjJ gJfJ JXj k@i@IaSc I`dvJu tJkjJr Jj k~J

iXzjJ \c \c tcv KJXZ xJ \aJu/ x@IXc `J JXj gJXfF k~J izX` jJ/KIecJu k~J izX` i FId}u r Jj IjcJ tOgJ` tJXi jJ dsj \~XrtJXi~ \JgXz~ I`Xq~ _JrJ `JUJ xJX`jJ CgjI\ `vJ gXu gJj@q it` `vaJ`JXU jJ x I_Ijt xgj \X~ @XU KJtXc [Ju cgj \X~F @UXc {X` tJXi~I`Xq~ _JrJ tIn\eJX` MirI \~Xc {Xr \Jgz jJ RXr I\Z@XcF @UJ xJX` jJKXj\ KXj\ tcv KJXZ xJ tIcvF tcv I\ k@IjX_~ KIecJ IdXu @UJ xJX`

x@I `J i@IaSc I`dvJu k~J izX`jJ cJF \I`~ eJqJutcv/ tcv I[~ tcv/ tcv t t`|dJ`JUJ`J~ jX{/ gJ @IU`J~ \aJ

C X iOX~~ d~\J~\Jr#`fJ x Cc `z g{J I`sJr/ xJ~ KJucj gJj@Xq~ kJ~bJcOc cJ @UXc {Xr

x@I \X~ `JUJ xJX` jJ IjX_~ @IXc IjX_~ I`X`\ I`X`[jJu/ i@IaSc I`dvJIdXu \cJX`~ CXrg IdXu/ jJ{@/ Z~o/ `JrJSJc/ oJZJ{Jc/ gJjXc\/ oJrJtJoJKJMIzXu I[~_O`j {JIdt s~OXo~ CF g{J`JbO/ \Jr#` KJrJ{#~ KJ~s xcf\ @UJ

SXZ/ CRj t` ZXz g@R| tX_ C\_j [cj iOX~~ \JXZ ISXu/ xJ~ _JX{~`JXcj CXrg KJXZ/ I\Z@Idj [ ` \X~ \Jr#X`~ IdX\ cJ~ IjXd|s gc cJI\XudR@j I\ dRJ xJu/ t` \aJu rRJ~ gc ju/ `rJ~ gc] ju KJiIj KJX~J `z{j KJ~] iIc {j/ KJrJ{#~ tX KJ~] tJIjkv tGI {J\ CfJF I\ \Jj Kt @I {r7 cJF g{JJ~J `XrXZj/ xJ KJXZ cJF IjXu x t aJX\ t \JjIdjKJ~ `z {Xc iJ~X`jJ tvJ~ MFIruJg _gt C\If gErv`Jj \aJ `XrXZj/ iIcIfgJj@q cJ~ gcJ xJSvcJ C` iI~X`s iI~`c|j jJ \X~ xJ t {Xc iJ~XcJ cJ~gJ KXk|\ t {Xu KJXZ CF gcJu CF sIXcF xId t [J \X~ t `c|g-JXj~ [Xu Ib {Xc iJX~ x oJXxr iJs \X~ `Xt KJXZ t \JXgr iJs \~XciJX~ t KJ~] [J \~Xr I` {Xc iJX~ iXuJ_j k@x@I ZXz IdXu \aJ\JfJ\JIf ZXz IdXu C\Ij {Xu \J_ \~J/ tJkjJ `J I~uJ_c \~J

KJgJ~ \aJ i~R \X~ dR@j/ CF `F ZXz MXn xJj C\fJ Ij~JrJ _JuSJu`t@j CF `FXu~ sXq KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~J~ t`\ duJ KJXZ cJ I\Z@IdjC\IjeJX` KevJt \j k@ \J~KJj s~Oo aX\ \Xu\If \aJ C` dds~Oo xJXc \J~F \Jj gcXed jF/ C IdXuF C t`\ cI~ {XuXZ dRX`jKJiIj I\ @XUj KJiIjF f~ iJX`j cX` CfJ I\eJX` \~Xc {X` cJ C\_jgJj@Xq~ Ij\f aX\/ IxIj CfJ KevJt \X~XZj/ eJr eJX` _Xj Ijj xj cj\X~ \~Xr KJgJX\ dJuO \~Xc iJ~X`j jJ cJ~i~ I\Z@IdXj~ ecX~F f~


=4 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr =;


20/37

iJX`j FjsJKJrJ{#/ \Jr#`fJ Cc `z \gj \X~ {r C` CXc KJrJ{~ K`Jj\gj \X~ t` C` cRjF k@C {JIdt s~Oo/ \Jr#` {X KJrJ{#~ KJ~s/ gjiJb IdXu MirI \~Xc iJ~X`j C` iX~ tcvcJ MirI \X~ \Jr#X` _@~O\~Xc iJ~J xJX` FjsJrJ{#

C\fJ gJ~J\ er

gJ_{JX` gJ_{JX` nrJXnIr/ gcJgXc~ irJXiIr/ c\| I`cX\|~ `rJ`rOCXrJXc m` IdXu ` gErv`Jj _O`j ] têJSv j {Xu xJX dOQ|Idj xJ`c \I\ \~r/ \ I\ \~r jJ/ C IjXu gJaJ RJfJXc RJfJXc gJaJfJ x CX\`JX~F RJIr{Xu Sr tX tX KJgr] Kcv oJr#c {Xu Sr C\aJ cIrXu dRJ~ KXjX\~RuJr {u jJ

QfjJfJ CF ~\g [J[J~ IZr 6> I`QJ _Ig eJIc_J~] IZr cJF d@_Xj~ _Ig~ gJURJXj C\fJ KJr IZr d@_Xj KJr IjXu nrJXnIr \~Xc \~Xc XgXg A _Ig IÌ \X~ gJgrJ \X~ Idr K`XsXq nrJXnIr~ Ks f\F `J\O

~Fr MeXu [@Xi [@Xi SJ{\ In\ \~r A \I\c Ksf\ IÌ \~J~ _jv\J~b/ gJgrJ \~Xc \~Xc QX~ cJ KJ~ iutJ \Iz I\Z@F jF QfjJ Xg MeuiX~ SJ{\ C\F IdXj C\F tgXu [J[J eJIc_Jt{ tF \I\c _IgXc ISXu{JI_~ {XuXZ SJ{X\~ \JXZ SJij \aJ Sr oJt {Xu cJ~J [Xr Sr MeuX\Ic~J~ \X~ KjJ{J~I\/ gJgrJi@ [J[J eJIc_J d@_Xj KJXr~ d@iJXs dJIzXuaJ\XrJ RJIj\b/ iX~ {nJ MeXu {JM gJM \X~ \JdXc rJSr/ Jj SrSXSJr {Xu [J[J ] eJIc_JX\ _IzXu kX~ I[\J~ IdXu `Xr/ eJF I\ {r t`x Sr7 C\fJ KJk {Jc iJs KJXr~ _jv KJ_ >< I`QJ tI gJ IZr t`FSr/ IeRJ~O {Xu SrJg

FtrJXg~ IÌej j{JXuc ZJf RJXfJ `vJiJ~ IjXu [J[J eJIc_J~ gc c\|I`c\|C` nrJXnIr \X~ KJtr FtrJg ~c IrXu xJX KJrJ{# aX\ gJj@qX\iX~JeJX` tI~Xu juJ {X sXq g~Xj~ KJXS KJrJ{#{Oj _O`j IjXu K\J~\`X~ xJ`J~ tgu [J[JX\ eJF mX\ KJX`Jr cJX`Jr {Xu \`X~ xXc {X`

iO~ k~J KJ~ jJ k~J IjXu \cF jJ nrJXnIr iO~ iO~ `Xr Cc `{JXZ~ d~\J~I\7 KJrJ{#X\ iJ]uJ Sr I\jJ/ cJ~ tJIjkv {JXZr {r I\jJ/ jJgJX_ _@~O \Jr#`{r I\jJ IddJ~ {r I\jJ7 KJrJ{# cJ~ ]uJdJgc mJX\~ _`J` dj$oJ_ \Ij KJ_\\g+$KJr-\J~KJj+ I\jJ CF jJ KJtr \aJ IZr xcb iO~ k~J jJ k~J IjXu

`{JZ \~ ccb C\XsJ`J~ tJ`{JjJrJ{# `r/ C\s {J_J~ j\O KJgXr _gJ {X`

\Jj I\cJ` jJ gJXjj k@ \J~KJj s~Oo gJXjj C\fJ rJX\~ \JXZ ISXuKJrJ{#X\ I[jJ~ ia QJf Ijug \Jj@j _Xj Ijj CF jJ \J~KJj s~OXo~] IjXd|sIZr CfJ IiZXj ~Fr iO~ IjXu `{JZfJF $I`c\|+ `z {Xu dRJ Idr KJrJ{#X\\cf\ iJ]uJ Sr cJF IjXu eJ`jJ I[J C` KJoXtJt/ `{JXZ~ [Xu \JIf

\JIf b ciEb| `vJiJ~ ju I\7 xJ~J KJrJ{#X\ eJr`JXt cJ~ KJXs\/ cJ~iJSr {`J~ KJtXrF xJXd~ gXj~ KJsJ/ cJXd~ _O`Xj~ FIc{Jt QXf dRJ SXZcJ~J i~X{_SJ~O~ ~JJ R@X_XZ `Xj `Xj \JrJIc-iJc \X~XZ KJrJ{#~ iJSr{Xu _O`Xj~ _JrJu eXSXZ dOQ| Idj iO~ gJXs|Xd~ cJX`dJ~O \X~XZ \Inj cvJSIcIcJ O\J~ \X~ cJ~J g_{J` IjXu gJaJ QJgJuIj \ {JjJoO/ \ gJXr\O/\ tJoO/ \ {JrO/ \ KJ{Xr {JdOt/ \uJg \X~ \/ jJ \X~ \/ _Ir _X\~\X~ \/ RIo \X~ \/ eJr \/ g Ct` isF cJXd~ IZr jJ cJ~J _JjXcJ\J~KJj s~OXo xJ KJXZ cJF \~Xc {X` {JdOt s~OXo xJ KJXZ cJ~ [@riI~gJb `vIcg \~J xJX` jJ \J~KJj s~OXo tJId\ gJj@Xq~ tO {]uJ gJXj

KJrJ{#]uJrJ \JXgr gJj@Xq~ tO {Xc `rJ {XuXZ/ cJF {Xc {X` KJrJ{#X\I[j#Xc {Xr KJrJ{#]uJrJ rJ\X\ gkv `J gJkvg k~Xc {X` cJF kX~XZ C`C\fJ KJrJ{#]uJrJ \JXgr rJX\~ IiZXj IiZXj Q@~Xc {X`/ cJF Q@X~XZ KxaJis \X~Ij/ \J~KJj s~OXo~ CF RJrJ C` tJ_J \Xg~ gXkv

\M `Xr Kg@X\ xId iO~ kX~ aJX\ KJIg] k~X`J/ Kg@X\~ \J_ I\7 \J~KJjs~OXo~ KJXdXs~ [Xu/ \J~KJj s~OXo~ t~JtI~ \Xg~ [Xu Kg@\ `z `z{Xu Sr jJI\7 Ct` \aJ k@ J\ [JcXx|~ \J~Xb jJjJI`k jJotJjOuXc~ \J~XbF`rJ {Xu aJX\

=4 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr =;


21/37

iO~ ZJzJ \{ KJrJ{#X\ I[j#Xc iJX~Ij

KJrJ{#]uJrJXd~ FIc{Jt QXf dRJ SXZ xc `z iIc {J\ jJ \j iO~ZJzJ \{F KJrJ{#X\ I[j#Xc iJX~jIj MdJ{~b i I\Z@tRv\ KJrJ{#]uJrJ\JXgr gJj@Xq~ jJg IjX Mc \~J {r xJ~J t\XrF iO~ k~J rJ\ IZXrj

6 {x~c _Jo~ ZJXd\ $~+> . {JtJj `t~O $~+= . gJXr\ dOjJ~ $~+ . KJg~ F`Xj MtgJj gO $~+6= . KJ @r {JtJj j@~O `JSdJdO $~+68 . {Jg_J RJ~JgJjO $~+>6 . RJ_J {JdJu\J gJ~ KJrO $~+>> . sR KJ @r \JXsg ~SJjO $~+>= . tJFXuvd KJ`d@r \JXd~ I_rJjO $~+

>2 . jJ_g@Ij \`~J $~+

>3 . s{J`Ij tJ{~J]uJdO|$~+>1 . sJgZ@Ij gJ Ic`I~_O $~+>4 . Jcr FtrJg {x~c FgJg SJx#xJrO $~+>; . `J`J sR oI~dMIj gJtMd SX s\~ $~+=8 . RJ_J \c`MIj `RIcuJ~ \J\O $~+=6 . \J_O {JIgd@Oj jJ~O $~+

=> . RJ_J S~OX` j]uJ_ gNj@Oj {JtJj I[sIc KJ_Ig~O $~+== . RJ_J KJIr KJ{d ZJX`~ \JIruJ~O $~+=


22/37

2; {x~c J~O F }J{Og $~+38 . \cX` KJrg {x~c gJ]rJjJ tud gJ CZ{J\ $~+36 . gJ] sJ{ KJ @`\~ ItI\O $~+3> . gJ] sJ{ jZJ~ MIj $~+3= . gJ] tJFXuvd tJFj `JRJ~O $~+3


23/37

aJ\Xr C\ `ZX~~ jor ~J_J ] jor jJgJX_~ [Xu Ìs C`JdXc Sbv {X`.KJ~] MXrR KJXZ-

gJj _J~J KJIrgJj oJ\J KJjJgJ _J-~JIj-]uJgJj ZJ oJ{J KJIrgJj oJ\J

KJjJgJ-ZJ-oJ{JjO$KJr-{JIdt+

x C\_j {JjO KJXrgX\ dRr/ t xj KJIg u jÒX\ dRr C` xcJ~ tX g@tJoJ \~r/ t xj KJgJ~ tXF g@tJoJ \~r. {JjO KJXrg \JX\`Xr _JjJ C\J d~\J~ xJX{~ `JXcj d@!-i\J~ CXrg xJXd~ KJXZ cJ~JF {JjOKJXrg \jjJ jÒ \I~g $tJ+-~ CF d@!i\JX~~ CXrgF IZr IicJ~ x RJIftJj t iI\ tI~ J`~ KJ`~ tI Meu i\J~ KXs~ ]uJI~s {uk@KJ`~ tI iJu J`~ tI iJujJ C~J iEb|tJj ju xgj {JFcJ ZXr\JX\ `Xr7 \Jj gI{rJ I`Xu~ i~ iag JgO~ QX~ C\fJ ZXr {r iX~ JgO

FX\Jr \~r/ CF gI{rJIf A tJjt{ Kjv I`Xu `tr/ CRj sXq~ JgOX\KJXS~ tJj IicJF `rX` CF ZXrX\ {JFcJ ZXr `rJ {u jÒ~ xJ~J RJIf]uJI~s {X` cJ~J jÒ~ xJX{~ `JXcj Meu i\J~ tI~ gJIr\ {X` CF i\J~KJXrgX\F jÒ~ KJtr ]uJI~s `rJ {u k@ xJX{~J CXrg j/ Z~o/ o\J/I\uJt FcvJId xJX{~J sI~uc CXrg aJ\Xr C` cJZJ]Xo~ Ka|J gJX~oXc~CXrg jJ aJ\Xr cJXd~ K`J/ \c\fJ A {JFcJ ZXr~ gc/ tJj `Xf I\ iEb|tJj ju KJFj_OÒXd~ gXc $Croo }ge+ iEb| tJj jX{ oJ~JXuX_] cJXd~KXs `vIcg KJXZ FgJg gJXr\ $~{+ `XrXZj-

gJj cJoJJ{J ]uJ rJg FuJcJZJ]KoJ oJJd cJoJZZJJ ]uJ gJjcJZJ]oJKrJg FuJcJoJ\J{J oJJd cJ_JjdJJ ]uJ gJj _JgJKJ `JFjJgJ oJJdcJ{J\\J\JKa|J x `vI CrXg sI~uc {JXtr \X~XZ C` CrXg gJX~oc {JXtr

\X~Ij t oJXtI\ $oJXtX\~ IiZXj jJgJ_ tI{ gXc d@~ {ujJ+/ KJ~ x `vI

k@gJX~oXc~ I`dvJ K_|j \X~XZ I\ sI~uXc~ CXrg jF/ t {X I_I\$\JXo~+ KJ~ x `vI CF Meu i\J~ I`dvJ `J CXrg K_|j \X~XZ/ tF {X{JjO KJXrg `J jÒ~ RJIf ]uJI~s. C k~Xj~ {JjO KJXrgSbF iO~ `JXgJXs|Xd~ Mix @ C` CXd~ gc i~X{_SJ~ KJXrg dRXr xj t` ds|j {uC\If \aJ iIbkJjXxJSv tEb|\J~KJj s~Oo I`sJt \~J o~_/ \J~KJj s~OXoo~_/ ]uJX_`/ t@jc C` jor ] g@X`~ KJuJc ~XuXZ tEb|\J~KJj s~Oo

I`sJt \~J o~_ xId {u/ cX` joXr~ KJuJc I`sJt \~J] cJ C\ o~_ xId\M `Xr X\J~KJj s~OXo KJXZ

`@\~JcJ] ]uJ KJIZrJ$KJr-\J~KJj tE~J KJ{xJ` +t\Jr tvJu I_I\~ \~J. CfJ joXr~ KJuJc gJXj I_I\~ \~J jor

F`JdJc \J~KJj s~OXo~ CF KJuJc KJIg gJIj jJ cX` t tX tX \JXo~{X` C_jv JjO xJ~J cJ~J \J~KJj s~OXo~ KJuJXc~ Icr iI~gJb KgJjv \X~jjJ \J~KJj s~OXo~ xJ KJXZ xgj KJXZ t`F cgj \X~ gJjv \X~j KJ~ xJ~J`Xr CfJ jor/ ]fJ g@`/ ]fJ \~Xr Z]uJ` KJXZ/ jJ \~Xr jJ{# jF/ CfJ jJgJjXr Ic jF/ ]fJ gJjXr jI\ {u/ jJ gJjXr I\Z@{ujJ cJ~J KJtXr jJgJ_iXz I\ \J~KJj s~Oo I`sJt \X~jJ `rX`j I`sJt jJ \~Xr jJgJ_ iXz\gj \X~7 {J \aJfJ tcv cX` CfJ] tcv x \J~KJj s~OXo~ \Jj \aJX\ cJ~J`dJ gXj \X~ CXc KJrJ{# x/ `JX_ ivJ[Jr iXzXZj $jJ]_@I`rJ{+ CfJ cJ~JcJXd~ \J_ J~J igJb \X~F cJ dRJu jFXr o_X~~ jJgJ_ o~_ CfJ iXz/tXS tXS jJgJX_~ i~i~F x/

I`rd@I ]uJr KJZJr$KJr-\J~KJj tE~J ~Jd 62+Ka|J t\Jr tvJu _X\~ \~. C KJXdsfJ \j KgJjv \X~ X KJrJ{#~

\Xg~ MiX~ IjX_~ @IfJF RJIfXu Sr \J~KJj s~OXo~ \gX\ `dJivJ[Jr gXj \~XrJ Ka|J t\Jr tvJ _X\~ jJ \~Xr RJgXRuJrO \X~ _X\~\~Xc \g \~Xrj $jJ]_@I`rJ{+ / k@ g@J{JX`F x o~_ KJfI\Xu ~JXRC\aJ] cJ eJ``J~ IZr iJXu~ KJIr ]_@~ tgu RrJr \~J g@J{J` RrJrjJ \~Xr C\If KJXr~ I[iJ _JuSJu xId C\f \XjJ aJX\ cX` ]_@`JIcr{X` C` o~_ jJgJ_If `JIcr {Xu xJX`


24/37

KJ~ C\If eJ``J~ \aJxJ~J {_ \X~XZj cJXd~ Ij\f aX\ _JjJ xJu/ {_ \~J~ aX\ sq ix|

C\If \J_ jJ \~Xr cJ~ {_ \~J I\Z@XcF t` {X` jJ I\eJX {_ \~Xc {X`/I\eJX` C{~Jg `JkXc {X`/ KJrJ{#~ Q~ \JaJu/ tRJXj ISXu cJ]uJXo I\ dJuJizXc {u/ {_X~ KJt]uJd \JaJu/ KJ~JoJ~ gudJXj I\ I\ \c|`v/ gJ_dJXroJuI\ \X~ \cXrJ \\~ tS{ \~Xc {X`/ ] M_J~Ju ISXu IgjJ aX\ I\eJX`

\J~`JjO \~Xc {X`/ _JgJ~JXu MJ/ KJ\J`J/ MrJ C IcjIf vJiJ~ I\/ ZJoJ gJ~]uJIo~Xc {u I\eJX`/ ~gr \JX\ `Xr FcvJId {X_~ I\cJX` i@Jj@i@Xi IrRJKJXZ/ ZI ] duJ KJXZ I\ {X_~ C\If I\cJ` iXz C d@IjuJu \ \X` In\ gc{_ \~Xc iX~XZ C\_j gJuJIrg jJ kX~7 CF gJuJIrg xgj t ia QJf dJuJ\JrJg/ KX[jJX\ I[IjXu dj/ In\ cgIj {JjO iOX~ KJrJ{#~ ia QJf _X\~oX\~ IsIRXu C\_j gJj@qX\/ t xc `z I Jj {J\ jJ \j/ KJrJ{#~ \JXZ IjXui^XZ dj \J~KJj s~OXo rRJ KJXZ mJ\ IdXr KJrJ{# Xjj I\ t`JF mJ\XrIcIj \j Xjj jJ/ Ka|J I\eJX` mJ\Xc {u t {\gc jJ _JjJ aJ\Xr IcIjI\Z@XcF _ J` IdX`j jJ $K`sv FJ \~Xr IcIj CgIjF _`J` IdXc iJX~j+ KJIgKJgJ~ gJXs|d \`rJ KJrJ{#~ \c` _jJ` tud gJ{Jd CZ{J\ $~{+ \ C\Idj

KJ~_ \X~ `rrJg/ _@~ Cc r r rJX\ KJrJ{#X\ mJX\ KJrJ{#XcJ _`J` djjJ \J~b I\7 IcIj M~ IdXrj mJX\~ \JudJ _JjXc {u xId _Jj cJX\ mX\ tJzJiXc `sO Idj tgu rJSX` jJ/ KJIg xJ `Ir cJ \~ 1 Idj cJXc \J~KJj s~OXo~\aJ tcv jJ iJ] >6 Idj \~/ cJXc tcv jJ iJ] +

Ka|J d@IjuJu x K\JX~ aX\ Sr KJXR~JXc] t K\JX~F aJ\X` C`CfJF SJg~J{O~ ia. \J~KJj s~OXo KJrJ{# iJ\ o~gJj/ mJ\ IdXr _`J`dF. $oJ_\jO KJ_ \\g! tE~J `J\J~J 62>+cJX\ mX\ _`J` jJ iJ]uJSXr K\JX~F aJ\J {r Cgj t~JtI~ C` iI~J~ eJqJu \J~KJj s~OXo

\aJfJ `rJ {XuXZ _Xj] xJ~J KJrJ{#X\ mJ\J~ \JudJ _Xj cJX\ mX\ cJ~tX C\If kJ~bJ jJ \X~ K\JX~ aX\ Sr/ cJ~JFXcJ \J~KJj s~OXo~gXc SJg~J{O~ iXa ~Xu Sr/ xId] cJ~J g `z g@t@Ir {J\ `J I`~Jf iIc`vI {J\ C KJuJc \JXo~ g@sX~\ g@trgJj t`JFX\ cJ s|\X~/ cJ xIdjJ \~X` cX` \J~KJj s~OXo C ~\g \j `rJ {r7

FuJ KJFuEv{JrJI_jJ KJ-gJj@d R@r@IoZIZrIg \J-ooJ{ $tE~J `J\J~J >84+

{ NgJjdJ~Sb/ $g@t@IrSb+ i@X~Ji@~O g@trgJj {]. NgJjdJ~ KJ`J~ g@trgJj{u \gj \X~/ Ka|J \J~KJj s~OoX\ i@Jj@i@Xi Kj@t~b \~ C\IfrJX\~ \JXZ ISXu \J~KJj s~Oo i@X~Ji@I~ gJjJ sXRJ C gXg|F gJj` \Xr~t`JFX\ mX\ KJrJ{#iJ\ `XrXZj

KJoJc/ Igj@jJ I``JIdr I\cJI` ]uJ cJ\ojJ I``Jd $tE~J `J\J~J 42+Ka|J cJg~J I\ KJgJ~ \J~KJj s~OXo~ I\Z@KXs~ MiX~ NgJj KJj/ KJ~


25/37

I\Z@ KsX\ KI`sJt \~ $Ka`J I`sJt \~Xr] eJr \X~ \~jJ/ IjX_~ @IRJfJ]+. iO~ k~J~ iXuJ_j aJ\ `J jJ aJ\ \J~KJj s~Oo eJr \X~ gJjXc {Xr\JMX\ iO~ `J gkv k~XcF {X C _jv \c `z `z @_@S|rJ\ iO~ kX~XZj

FgJXg KJxg {x~c KJ @{JIjoJ $~{+ dOQ|KJnJ~If Z~ {x~c {JJXd $~{+-C~Isqvc \X~XZj cJ~ iJuÒ \X~ o\J{# C` CrXg gJ!X~oXc \JgJIruJc {JXZr

\X~XZj IcIj KJ~] KXj\ ]JXd~ Ij\f aX\ _JX{~O ] `JXcjO Crg# {JXZr\X~j IcIj {x~c FgJg `JX\~ $~{+-C~ Isqvc S{b \X~ dOQ|Idj xJ` CrXggJ!X~oXc~ cJIrg jj C` IcIj `Xrj-

rJ]rJ tJjJcJj@rJ{JrJ\J j@gJjKa|J xId KJIg FgJg `JX\~ $~{+-C~ tJIjXkv d@!`Z~ gJ!X~oc {JXtr jJ

\~cJg cX` KJIg {JrJ\ {Xu xcJg. IcIj [J~ g_{JX`~ t`X[Xu `z FgJg{Xu] IjX_~ CXrXg~ MiX~ tEb|eJX` Ije|~ jJ \X~ {x~c _Jo~ ZJXd\ $~{+-C~ {X `JFuJc S{b \X~IZXrj cdi FgJg KJ{d F`Xj {Jr $~{+ {x~cI`sX~ {JoO $~{+-C~ Ij\Xf JFuJc S{b \X~IZXrj CeJX` KjvJjv FgJgSb]iOX~~ Ij\Xf `JFuJc {Xu KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~J~ `JXcjO CXrg IsJ \X~IZXrjCc `z `z FgJg {Xu] C~J Cgj I\ CXrXg~ KeJ` gXj \~Xrj7 xJ~ _jv cJ~JC\If gJj@Xq~ IiZXj Cc d^zJXdÎz \~Xrj \J~KJj s~OXo C` {JIdt s~OogXc g@I~d `J `JuJc {]uJ~ KjvJjv dIrr \J~KJj s~OXo~ >3 iJ~J~ tE~JoJcJ{#-C~ gXkv KJrJ{#iJ\ C~sJd \X~XZj

FjJrJI_jJ FM`JIuMjJ\J FjJgJ FM`JMjJrJ{J FuJd@rJI{ oJ]J KJFIdI{g$tE~J oJcJ{# 68+

IjuF xJ{J~J KJijJ~ {JXc {Jc IdXu JuJc {X/ cJ~J IjuF KJrJ{#~ {JXc{Jc IdXu `JuJc S{b \~XZ \jjJ KJrJ{#~ {Jc cJXd~ {JXc~ MiX~ KJXZ.dJuIùJ~ tI~ iJJXr C KJuJc s~Oo jJI_r {u KXjX\ gXj \~Xc iJX~CfJ tI~ KJXS tJgIu\ \J~Xb `JuJc {]uJ @UJu `z iO~ {x~c KJ \JXd~I_rJjO $~{+ cJ~ IjuJcJXrÒj I\cJX` IrXRXZj/ \J~KJj s~OXo~ C\IfKJuJXc~ 6< sc Ka| KJXZ gJj@q C\If KJuJXc~ \uIf gJXj gcr` _JXj7t@kO iJn\ GX~ Ij\f KJgJ~ C\If is aJ\r MiX~J KJuJcIf xId

tgXu~ iI~XiIXc {Xu aJX\/ cX` IjXJ Z{O{# {JdOtIf \Jj tgXu~ _jv IZr7

{x~c M`JdJ I`j ZJXgc $~J+ `Xrj/ C\Idj C\dr tJ{JÒ ~JtEr@rJ{ $tJ+\ IQX~ ÌtuJIZXrj CgcJ`Ju IcIj KJgJIdSX\ ÌrXrj $C t\r \aJ~MiX~+ cJg~J KJgJ~ {JXc ùJc! \~ 6+ cJg~J KJrJ{#~ tI{c \Jj I\Z@X\]sI~\ \I~X` jJ >+ [@I~ \I~X` jJ/ I_jJ \I~X` jJ/ IjX_Xd~ tJjIdSX\ `k\I~X` jJ/ \J{J~] iIc IgavJ Ki`Jd IdX`jJ C` \Jj gJo `J s~Ouc tcI`qXu K`Jkv {FX` jJ x `vI C t\r KO\J~ iEb|\I~X`/ cJ{J~ _jv KJrJ{#~j\ i@~J~ ~I{uJXZ Ki~ iX x `vI C t\r Ki~JXk~ \Jj C\If \I~X`C` C _jv d@IjuJXc cJ{J~ $KJFj tSc+ sJI {FuJ xJFX` cJ{Xr tKi~JXk~ \JooJ~J {FuJ xJX` $C _jv KJXR~JXc cJ{J~ \Jj tJ_J {FX` jJ+KJ~ x `vI C t\Xr~ gXkv \Jj C\fJ Ki~Jk \I~uJXZj Ka[ KJrJcJuJrJM{J lJI\uJ ~JIRuJXZj $xJ{JXc cJ{J~ sJI {FXc iJX~ jJF+ cJ{J {FXr M{JKJrJ{#~ gI_|~ Mi~ Ije|~ \X~/ IcIj FJ \I~Xr cJ{J~ Ki~Jk gJo] \I~uJ IdXciJX~j KJ~ FJ \I~Xr C _jv cJ{JX\ sJI] IdXc iJX~j ${x~c ]`JdJ $~J+`Xrj+ KJg~J C t\r \aJ~ Mi~ cJ{J~ {JXc `JuJc \I~rJg

`JuJc! sX~ tJkJ~b Ka|Iù \~J s~OuXc F{J~ iJI~eJIq\ Ka|\J{JX~J

28 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 26


26/37

KJj@SXcv~ KO\J~ \~J/ \J{JX~J \aJ iJrj \I~`J~ _jv [@I` {]uJ iO~SbKJij g@I~dSXb~ Ij\f {FXc x `JuJc! S{b \X~j cJ{J] Ki~Jk jJ \~J ]eJr \J_ \~J~F [@I I`Xsq $gs\Jc s~Oo+

xJ~J KJ~Ò I`qXu Jj ~JXRj/ cJ~J K`svF @UXc iJX~j K {JIdt s~OXo KJgX~~ IZSJ $KJXds tE[\+ Ka|J KJgJ~ \JXZ cJg~J

`JuJc S{b \~/ CRJXj KJg~If ]_@X`~ _jv CXtXZ x\J~Xb~ _jv _@~ $tJ+ `XrIZXrj/ cJ~ `vJRvJu `JRJ~O s~OXo CXtXZ FtrJg

iE`| x@XS KJIdg ` |~ KJ~``JtOXd~ gXkv R@j RJ~JÒ/ {cvJ/~J{J_JjO/ [@I~/ `vJIe[J~ FcvJId \-KevJt I`dvgJj IZr cJ~J gXu tJj{]uJX\ KigJj gXj \~c CgjI\ \Jj Ij~ IicJ Ou \jvJ tJjX\ _OI`cJ`JuF gJIf [JiJ IdXu Idc \M \M KJ`J~ KIk\ R~X[ iXz KeJ`S{]uJ~ KJs\Ju ZXr gXu Meu Is tJj gX~ orc C t\r KgJj@Iq\Ij~cJ ] ` |~cJ~ gEXr FtrJg \nJ~JQJc {XjXZ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ A i

\tJ~gEr\ IuJ\rJi {Xc I`~c aJ\J~ KO\J~ caJ `JuJc! S{b \X~XZj$`vJRvJ `JRJ~O/ I\cJ @r NgJj+ CX{j ` |X~JI[c \Jx|\rJi/ `c|gJj tgJX_KJ_] I`dvgJj KJXZ R`X~~ \JS_ R@rXrF iaXgF ZJXR iXz JgO-OX\ {cvJ\X~XZ/ IicJ i@X\ R@j \X~XZ9 Ki~JXk __|I~c KJgJXd~ tgJ_

iÎr\cJ/ I_jJ/ {cvJ/ [@I~/ mJ\JIc xcIdj ix| C d@IjuJXc I ~J_gJj aJ\X`ccIdj ix| CF KJgX~~ IZSJ Ka|J KJgJ~ Ij\f `JuJc {].F{J~ Mi~ KJgr \~J] ]uJI_` {X` k@ ]uJI_`F jJ o~_tgcrv/ \J~b s~OuXc~ dGIXc {J~Jg \J_Ir iI~cvJS \X~/ teJX` _O`jxJij \~J C` FtrJXg~ KJXds ] IjXqk Kj@xJuO [rJ o~_ KcC`/ s~uOKJXdsXrJX\ gJjv \~J C` IjXqkIrX\ jJ gJjJ~ iIcs}Ic] o~_ KJ~ tFKO\J~ C` iIcs}Ic~ jJgF `JuJc! is aJ\Xc iJX~ _@~ $t+ C~K`c|gJXj CRj F{J~ \g I\7 Kjv C\ {JIdt s~OXo CXtXZ-

FjJrMrJgJM ]uJ~JZJcr KJIuJ$KJr-{JdOt @RJ~O ] g@tIrg+Iju ${JjO KJXrgSb+ KJXrgSb jÒ~ ]uJI~s./ KcC` KJXrgSb xId

jÒ~ iIcIjIk {Xu aJX\/ cX` jÒ $tJ+-C~ K`c|gJXj cJXd~ {JXc {Jc IdXu`JuJc {]uJ \c|`v \{ {uXcJ `rXc iJX~j MiX~J {JdOt s~OXo _@~ $tJ+C~ \aJ ]uJI_` ju KJIg `r` F{J ]uJI_` C` o~_]IjXJ {JdOt s~Oo cJ{J~ dIrr

{x~c KJ @ ~Ju~J $~J+ `Xrj/ C\dJ ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ KJgJIdSX\ eJqbdJj\I~Xrj C` ÌrXrj { gJj` grO/ KJrJ{# cJuJrJ cJgJXd~ Mi~ {_ o~_\I~uJXZj t@c~J cJg~J {_ \I~X` cRj C\ vI I_JtJ \I~r/ FuJ ~JtEr-JrJ{# $tJ+ F{J I\ iXcv\ `tX~7 _@~ $tJ+ [@i ~I{Xrj Cgj I\ t $ArJ\If+ Icj`J~ I_JtJ \I~Xrj cRj _@~ $tJ+ ÌrXrj/ xId KJIg {vJÌrcJg cX` o~_ {FuJ xJFc $iIc `t~ {_ \~J+ I\ cRj cJgJXd~ KJdJu\~J~ tJkv {Fc jJ/ sq ix| $g@tIrg+ xId {vJ ÌrcJg o~_ {FuJ xJFc-F{JXc @UJ xJu x/ \Jj I`quX\ o~_ `J ]uJI_` FcvJId \~J~ KIk\J~KJrJ{# ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-\ IduJIZXrj t@c~J \J~KJj s~Oo `vIcc] s~OuctX\|cJ{J~ IjXd|s x/ s~OuXc~ C\If Mt C` iJrjOu cJ{JXc \Jj tX{aJI\XcXZ jJ $g@tIrg s~Oo+

MiX~J {JdOt s~Oo J~J @UJ xJu _@~ $tJ+-C~ MiX~ iIc `t~F {_ \~JjJ \~J Ije|~ \X~ KJ~ xRJXj _@~ $tJ+ t~JtI~ \g \X~XZj/ tRJXj cJ~\g \j o~_ `Xr Sbv {X` jJ7 KJ~ C {JdOt s~Oo cJ gJjZ@R] ju/ KcC`F{J~ Mi~ KJgr \~J] ]uJI_` t@c~J iIcIf rJX\~ iIc \c|`v {JjO KIrXu\JXgr/ iO~ gJsJXuR xJ{J~J KJXZj cJ{JXd~ {JXc {Jc IdXu CZrJX{ s~uO C``JXcXj~ _jv `JuJc! {]uJ MIrr KJg~ `vI~ {JXc {Jc IdXu I`Xsq j\ \J_\~J~ _jv iIcs}Ic` {]uJ xX{c ` ~ u I`Xu~ X I`XcJ gErv rJe\I~uJ cJX\ M{J Ki|b \I~uJ aJX\j CF X] i~\JXr _JjJc ] ZJ]uJ`rJXe~ KJsJu \JXrgJXu sJ{JdJX\ _O`Xj iJIuc \~J~ C` M{J~ dJÒ ] j\

2>iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 2=


27/37

\J_ tgE{ iJrj \~J~ iIcs}Ic IduJ i\J~JX~ IjX_X\ KJrJ{#~ Ij\f jÒ `JcJ~ iIcIjIk~ gJkvXg Iù \~J {u c|gJj x@XS] iO~ gJsJXuRXd~ gXkv Ci`JuJc \~J~ Z{O{ IZrIZrJ i[Irc KJXZ $gs\Jc 4 iJ~Ju C~sJd {X-

Ka|J { ~JtEr $t+ g@trgJj ~gjOSb KJijJ~ Ij\f `JuJc! S{b \~`J~

_jv KJSgj \~X` cRj cJXd~X\ KO\J~J` \X~ jX`j x/ KJrJ{#~ tXcJ~J \Jj KsOdJ~ Jij \~X` jJ [@I~ \~X`jJ/ _jJ \~X` jJ C` {cvJ\~X` jJ cJXd~ tJj tIcX\ KJ~ IjX_Xd~ { id J~J {J~Jg tJj kJ~b\X~ JgO~ MiX~ IgavJ Ki`JXd~ eJ~ [JIiXu dX` jJ cJ~J KJ~] KO\J~J`{X` x/ KJ_ {Xc cJ~J \Jj Idj KJijJ~ KJXdXs~ K`gJjjJ \~X` jJ/ x\Jj t \JX_~ \g cJ~J gJaJ iXc S{b \~X` MiX~J \Jx|J`rO~ _jvxRj cJ~J KO\J~J {Xu KJijJ~ \JXZ `JuJc S{b \~Xc F\ {X` KJiIjcRj cJXd~X\ `JFuJc \X~ jX`j C` KJrJ{#~ \JXZ cJXd~ jJ{ gJXo~ _jv dJuJ \~X`j IjuF KJrJ{#cJXd~ gJ \X~ dX`j/ \jjJ IcIjFXcJC\gJ gJsOr C` duJ~ KJkJ~. $tE~J-g@gcJ{Jj+

cJotOX~ tJFjO~ IecX~ gJuJrJg {Xc Ìb|c KJXZ/ ZJ{J`J \~JgSb `JFuJc{`J~ tgu {x~Xc~ { gJ`J~\ kX~ `JFuJc S{b \~Xcj \J~KJj s~OXo~KJuJctgEX{~ I`XsqXb {x~c KJXusJ ItI\J $~J+ {Xc {JIdt s~Oo Ìb|cKJXZ/ O rJX\~J JFuJc \~`J~ tgu cJ~J iJ eX~ iJIj IjXu KJtc C` IjX_Xd~ {Jc mI`Xu ~JRc M iJIj~ IecX~ {x~c $tJ+ {Jc mI`Xu gXuXd~ {JcjJ kX~ `JFuJc \X~ IdXcj

sJ{# ]uJrOMrJ{ gJ{JXt d{rÒ $~{+ cJ~ I\cJ` \J]r@r _JIgXr] jJ~O-Xd~ `JFuJc tX IrXRXZj/ gI{rJSb \JiXz~ Ki~ iJX kX~ `JFuJc {X`/{x~c {J_O CgdJd@rJ{# gJ{JX_X~ gO $~{+ ] C ~\g gI{rJXd~ IjXd|sIdXuXZj \M gXj \~Xc iJX~ gXuXd~ sJXj M KJuJXc `JFuJXc~ \aJjJI_r {XuXZ I\ KXj\ KXj\ \aJF jJ~O i@q MeXu~F _jvF tgJjeJX` \gCXtXZ xgj ]_@/ SJtr/ jJgJ_/ ~J_J FcvJId jJ~O i@q MeXu~ _jv`JFuJXc~ KJuJc iXxJ_v CRJXj jJ~O~J \gj \X~ `JFuJc {X` cJ~ kJ~JIfI`XsqeJX` `b|jJ \~J {XuXZ

{J_O CgdJd@rJ{ $~{+ cJ~ I_uJMr \r@` I\cJX` gI{rJXd~] `JFuJc {]uJ~iXuJ_j tX\| IrXRXZj/ Cgj I\ iO~ k~J iXcvX\~ _jv IcIj ]uJI_` `XrMXrR \X~XZj

I`dvJ_|j \~J FtrJXg o~_ \~J {XuXZ/ {JIdt s~OXo] M KJXZ

cJrJ`@r FrIg oJI~dJcj KJrJ\Ir g@ZIrIgM Kg@ZIrgJIcj$gs\Jc s~Oo/ @RJ~O s~Oo+iIcIf j~ jJ~O~ _jv I`dvJ K_|j \~J o~_. I`dvJ K_|Xj~ KJtr MXsv

I\7 [@I~ mJ\JIc \~J~ MXXsv xId gJd}JtJ~ gJ]rJjJ tJX{X`~ \JXZ iXz cX` CizJIf I\ o~_ {X` KJtr \aJ {X MXsv tg i\J~ I`dvJ K_|Xj~ KJtrg\t@d `J MXsvF {X KJrJ{#X\ [jJ s~OuXc~ gJtKJrJ gJtJXur/ jJgJX_~KJ{\Jg KJ~\Jj ] ]uJI_` t@jc/ ~J_J/ \J~`JjO FcvJId s~OuXc~ I`dvJ IsJ~_jv C\_j ]JXd~ \JXZ xXc {u/ gJd}JtJu izXc {u/ I\cJ` tS{ \~Xc{u x I`dvJ `J I_Ijq o~_ cJ~ Mi\~b] o~_/ xId] icv o~X_ Sbv ju/xgj I`dvJ K_|j xId o~_ {u I\cJ` \jJ~ _jv `J_JX~ xJ]uJ] o~_ {u]JdX\ _@~ `rJ] o~_ {u _@gKJ~ jJgJ_ o~_

jdO~ ]iJX~ gtI_d/ jdOXc [cjv gJIU RuJ IdXu Xt KJXZ CRj CF [cjvgJIU~ j^\Ju [zJfJ/ FgJg tJX{X`~ _jv _@gKJ~ jJgJ_ izJ~ KJXSF o~_ {XÌ\jJ xId] icv o~_ ju gJXj [cjv~ j^\Ju [Xz jdO iJ~ {] C \aJ\J~KJj s~OXo jF k@ jJgJ_ izXc xJ]uJ~ _jv xId [cjv gJIU~ \JXZxXc {u/ cJ{Xr _@~O \Jr#` ZJzJ jJgJ_ \JXgr {ujJ/ CF \Jr#X`~ _@~O \gj

2< iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 22


28/37

\X~ \~Xc {u cJ _JjJ jJgJ_ izJ~ KJXS C\_j ]JXd~ \JXZ xJ]uJ o~_ IZrI\jJ/ \J~b ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+-C~ gXcrJ-tJrJcJ FrJI` _@I~\Jr#`/ xId {u cX`\Jr#` I[jJ~ I`dvJ C` \Jr#Ìf I\eJX` _@~O \~Xc {u t `JXcjO I`dvJIf _JjJC` C I`dvJ x _JXj/ cJ~ \JXZ xJ]uJ \j o~_ {X`jJ KJrJ{#X\ I[jJ xIdo~_ {u/ xJ~ \JXZ SXr cJX\ [jJ xJu/ cJ~ \JXZ xJ]uJ] o~_ {X` s~OuIcI`dvJ~ _jv xId C\_j ]JXd~ \JXZ xJ]uJ o~_ {u/ cX` gJ!X~oXc~ I`dvJ K_|Xj~ _jv iO~ k~J \j o~_ {X`jJ7

C gXg|`z iO~ tJX{` $~{+ It~r KJt~J~ I\cJX` IrXRXZj C\_j iOX~~Ij\f xXu `JXcjO CZrJ{ \~J o~_ 4 iG d}`v

iO~ k~J~ KjvJjv dIrr6 cotOX~ r ùJXj tJXdI\j \aJ~ gJXj/ iO~ k~J IrXRXZ> cJotOX~ {JJjOXc KIZrJ \aJ~ gJXj/ t\r j\ \J_F KJrJ{#~ j\fv

rJXe~ ]IZrJ \J~KJj gI_d ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ C` @_S|JXjdOj Ka|JgJXs|dF KJrJ{#~ j\fv rJXe~ KIZrJ

= cJotOX~ r ùJXj 6g RX 238 iG `b|jJu cI~\J~ iO~ @_S|X\ KIZrJ`rJ {XuXZ

iG Ìb|c KJXZ _OI`c] gGc IjI |XsXq/ KJIuJ/ KJ]IruJ~/ s{Od ] ItI\OjXd~ KIZrJ \X~ dJuJ\~J _JXu_ KJXZ

2 cJotOX~ r uJXj 6g RX 238 iGJu `b|jJu cI~\J~ iO~ @_@S|X\ KIZrJ`rJ {XuXZ

3 cJotOX~ r ùJXj ]IZrJ~ `b|jJu iO~X\ @UJXjJ {XuXZ

gg|\aJJjO rJX\~J `XrXZj/JjO xJ~J @XU cJ~Jk@FsJ~JugER|X\ @UJFXc iJX~\ \X` \JaJu7

iO~ k~J~ c tX C ix| xJ `b|jJ \~J {r/ I[JsOr C` KJrJ{#~ iJSrgJj@Xq~ _jv Cf\F xXa

C\ t~ [JMr {JIzXc IdXu/ iJIj IdXu C\ QJ _Jr IdXr t` [JMr oXf eJc{Xu xJX` I\ A {JIzXc xId C\If iJaX~~ f\X~J aJX\ ds `Z~ kX~ _JrIdXr] tfJ j~g {Xu eJc {X` jJ

gJj@Xq~ `rJu In\ cgIj xJ~J KJrJ{#X\ I[jXc [Jj/ KJrJ{#~ iJSr {Xc [JjcJ~J tXXiF @UXc iJX~j/ C\_j KJrJ{#]uJrJ rJX\~ \JXZ jJ SXrKJrJ{#X\ iJ]uJ xJu jJ KJ~ xJXd~ KJrJ{# tX [cjJ jF KJrJ{#~ KJXs\{]uJu G{J jF/ cJ~J iJaX~~ gc/ sc x@I sc I\cJX`~ `~Jc IdXr] cJ~J\Jj IdjF KJrJ{#]uJrJXd~ Ij\f xJcJuJXc~ iXuJ_j gXj \~X` jJ Is\Xz~gc s {Xu aJ\X` C` x@IXc mX` aJ\X` KXj\ KXj\ I\cJ` izJ {r/KXj\ JjF K_|j \~J {r- I\ KJrJ{#X\ cJ iJ]uJ {rjJ \JIf \JIf I\cJìXz] C\If rJ\ jJdJj aJ\Xc iJX~ xId cJ~ gXkv iJaX~~ eJ` aJX\ cJF`rJ {u/ iJa~ I[~\Jr iJIjXc mX` aJX\ I\ iJaX~ \Jj Idj iJIj kX~jJgJIf~ IlrJX\ iJIjXc C\`J~ [@I`Xu MnJXr t SrXc \X~ du

\gj gJj@qX\ iO~ k~Xc {XìOX~ iOX~ `JrJXdXs~ ds SJg iJI`c {Xu SXZ/ I\Z@jc qc c FcvJId

g@R \X~ \aJ~ J\#-[Jcx|v _JjXrF iO~ {]uJ xJu jJ/ `J `sJj@Xg kJ~J`JI{\-eJX` I`jJ RJfIjXcF iO~ {]uJ xJu jJ iO~X\ IeJ `JIq|\ IdXrF t` F`JdJcsq {Xu xJu7 \M`J lJr \~cJr t@~ tOc IdXu gJ~oIc SJXj~ cJr `JI_XuF`s~J iO~ {Xu g@I~d [Xq RJu g@I~d `z KJsJ \X~ iOX~~ \JXZ xJu KJrJ{#~cJrJXs g@I~ tJXj iO~ cJX\ I\ sRJu C \Iou iO~X\ C\Idj IdXc {X`KJrJ{~ d~`JX~ g@I~d IjXu \Inj RJfIj jJ RJfXr/ cJ~ iJXs iJXs aX\ cJX\_JSc jJ \X~ IdXr k@C\f o oJXc \Jj Idj] g@I~d gJj@q {u jJ xId cJ-F{c cX` ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+ dOQ|>=If `Z~ cJ~ g@I~d Ka|J tJ{J`JXd~ tX tXZJuJtJaO {Xu MnXc `tXc [rXc Io~Xc iXa gJXn cJXd~ iZXj Cc RJfIj RXf\j cJXd~X\ gJj@q \X~ crXrj C\ C\ _jX\ C\fJ o@IdXu IdXrF cJ {cKJrJ{#~ tX tJIjkv {Xc Ìs Idj tgu rJXS jJ I\ I\ `Xr cJX\ mJ\Xc {ucJ-F _JjXc _O`j xJu Ka|J _O`Xj ` RJ_JXRJI_ \X~ cX` C\_j g@\JXrgJXs|d iJ]uJ xJu C` cJ~ Ij\f aX\ KJrJ{#X\ mJ\J~ \JudJ IsRJ xJu

gJ!X~oXc~ sJX IrXRXZ iO~ d@!i\JX~~ \JXgr C` gJ\JXr \JXgr{Xj IcIj/ IxIj IjX_ \JXgr I\ g@I~d cJ~ IiZXj IiZXj Q@X~ \JXgr {u jJKa|J CF iOX~~ [cjJ sI \g IcOu i\JX~~ iO~ {X gJ\JXr iO~/ IxIj



29/37

IjX_ \JXgr/ cJ~ \JXZ xId \Jj rJ\ g@I~d {u IcIj cJX\ \JaJu IdXu I\eJX`x KJrJ{#~ \JXZ IjXu xJj/ g@I~d cJ f~] \~Xc iJX~ jJ gJ!~oXc~ sJXFIrXRXZ C~\g gJ\JXr `J [cj iOX~~ tRvJ tgJX_ R@`F \g Cgj I\ \Jj\Jj _gJjJ~ gXkv KIc K tRv\ ]Ir gJ\JXr {u iOX~~ \Jj gcJ jFxJ KJXZ t`F KJrJ{#~ KJrJ{#~ duJu iOX~~ KIZrJu gJj@q KJrJ{#X\ rJe \~XciJX~

{JjO iOX~~ KJrJgc6 CrXg s~Ouc ] CrXg gJX~oXc~ iXuJ_jOu Jj aJ\Xc {X` C` cdj@xJuO

iI~iEb|t@jXc~ iJ` aJ\Xc {X` Cgj I\ C\fJ gJJ{JX`~] RrJo FJ\X~/ \~X` jJ

> KXj\ KJXrg cJ~ g@I~d aJ\X` \jjJ KJXrg~JF RJIf iO~ [jJ~ \I iJa~= iO~X\ i~X{_SJ~ C` d@IjuJ~ rJe rJrtJ{Oj {Xc {X` C` \Jj @_@S|]

\JXgr iOX~~ KkOXj dOQ| Idj RdgXc aX\ tjdiJ {Xc {X`


30/37

t`\ \~J~ IjugeJr MiJdj iXc {Xr eJr eJX` _Ig [Jq \X~ IjXc {u/ g~Xb~ RuJr {X

KJrJ{#~ `J` Jj $X~fm|kmfo+ `J gJ!~oc K_|Xj~ _jv _Ig [Jqcrv {JIdts~OXo KJXZ/ KJI\IZ_ I_\#~J {JdJg@r rJJc.-cJg~J KIk\ iI~gJXb JdI`j\J~O gGcvX\ ~b \~ KJ~] KJXZ/ {x~c KJXusJ ItI\J $~J+ aX\Ìb|c/ x `vJI IdXj I`s `J~ g~bX\ ~b \X~/ cJ~ s{OXd~ [Xu] `sO j\O{u $ @RJ~O s~Oo+

t`\ KJ~ \~J~ iEX | iag Idj d@!~J\JuJc sJ\~JjJ jJgJ_ KJdJu \X~KJrJ{#~ d~`JX~ xJ`cOu jJ{ gJo [Xu dJ!uJ \~X`j gJ @d CF SJrJgX\KJiIj \ @r \X~ Ijj/ CF cI~\J~ tg juJgc C SJrJXg~ jIZ` \jgJS#I~X`~ o~_ t@jc jJgJ_ KJdJu \~J~ i~/ Zu ~J\JuJc KJMuJI`Xj~ jJgJ_KJdJu \X~ cJ~i~ sJ\~JjJ jJgJ_ izX`j sJ\~JjJ jJgJX_~ iX~ iJ[`J~dd s~Oo iXz gJjJ_Jc \~X`j cJ~i~ C\fJ Ij~JrJ JXj [ ` \X~ gjI~ \X~ `tX`j `Xt IjIrIRc \JudJu g~Xb~ RuJr \~X`j

[ ` \X~ \iJr aX\ jJ\ `~J`~ dGI ~JR@j CRj gj R@` I~ \X~ gGcv~eJ`jJ eJ @j gjX\ is \j/ gj cIg g~X` I\ jJ7 gj M~ IdX`/ g~ÌcOu`J~ is \j/ gX~ cIg xJX` \JaJu7 cJgJX\ I\ QX~ ~JRX`/ jJ \`X~7gj M~ dX`/ \`X~ ccOu is \j/ \`X~ cJgJ~ \ `J` {X`7 gj M~

dX`/ KJrJ{# `JXd \{ `J` jF CF \ufJ is C` M~ R@` IjI`zeJX` duIdXu Kj@e` \~Xc {X` C~i~ C\fJ rJ\ g~b aX\ \`X~ xJ]uJ ix| xJ xJQXf IjX_~ MiX~ RuJXr RuJXr QIfXu jX`j R@` IjI`zeJX` RuJr \~X`j/KJIg CRj gX~ SrJg KJgJX\ [J~_j rJ\ k~JkI~ \X~ d@uJX~ CXj ~JXR CRjKJgJX\ SJtr du RuJXr~ j_X~ dRX`j/ SJtXr~ iJIj d@uJX~~ Mi~ IdXuSIzXu xJu/ KJijJ~ K @U tJXj~J tF iJIjXc RrJ \X~ KJijJ~ IÌ` KJijJ~[{J~J~ IdX\ cJI\Xu KJXZ ovJr ovJr \X~/ [JXR~ iJIjXc t @\ IeI_XuIdX KJijJX\ CIin ]Iin \X~ SJtr duJ {X C`J~ KJijJ~ _jv \JoXj~\Jiz CXj iJXs ~JRJ {r CRj KJijJX\ \Joj d]uJ {X CRj \JoXj

t`\\db Ob}}ge

J J J JiI J J J J J J I R R J J I JI J



31/37

gJzJXjJ KJiIj d@uJX~ Kt{JueJX` Xu KJXZj KJtgJXj~ IdX\ g@R \X~ CRjKJijJ~ I`k`J IÌ` KJijJ~ IdX\ [Xu KXUJX~ \JXd R@` IjI`zeJX` rv \X~dRX`j/ KJijJ~ I`k`J IÌ`X\ {JXc~ [@IzI`{Oj K`Ju dRXr \gj dRJ xJuCt` \jJ \~Xr dRX`j dr $gj+ j~g {X`

t`X\ `tJ~ \JudJ[J~_Jj@{Xu `Xt `Jg iJXu~ I\IguJt ~SX\ mJj iJXu~ GJ ] ctrS KJ@r

IdXu R@` [Xi k~X`j `Jg iJXu {Jf~ jOX[~ IdX\ x gJfJ ~SfJ KJXZ/ cJX\I\IguJt ~S `Xr CF ~S IdXu sucJj [rJXo~J \X~/ QJXz~ jOX[ SJr {JXzKJs}u ju CF ~SfJ _JX~ [Xi `tXr sucJjO RuJr dE~ {u CF ~SfJ [Xi`tXr _X\X~ cJzJcJIz cJIZ~ {u gXuXrJ\ jJgJX_~ KJtXj `Xt I_I\~\~X`j

iag t`\cJ~i~ x \Jj dd s~Oo iJ[`J~ izX`j CF tgu RuJr \~X`j/

~JtEr@rJ{#~ $tJ+ ~]_J gJ`J~X\~ iJXs dJIzXu cJ~ Mi~ dd iIz xId iJX~jIjXJ dd s~Oo izX`j

KJrJJ tJXr KJrJ tJFXuvXdjJ ]uJ jJI`XujJ ]uJ sJIoXujJ ]uJ {JIÌ-`jJ ]uJ gJ]rJjJ g@{Jd tJrJrJ KJ!rJFI{ ]uJKJrJ KJIrI{ ]uJ KJt{JIÌ{]uJ `JI~\ ]uJ tJIrg.

dd s~Oo iJ[`J~ izJ~ i~ KJtcJSIorJ{! CSJ~ `J~ izX`j xId iJX~jIjXJ KJtcJSIorJ{ izX`j RuJr \~X`j/ KJIg xJ`cOu bJ{# {Xc KJrJ{#~Ij\f gJ [JF

KJtcJSIorJ {JrJI_ rJ FrJ{J FrJ uJr {JFu@vr \JFu@g ]uJ KJc`@FrJFX{ rJ {J]rJ ]uJrJ \uJcJ FrJ I`rJI{r#KJIrIuvr KJI_g.

C~i~ {JXc C\fJ ctI`{# IjXu izX`jtJ`#{JjKJrJ{#- 688 $C\sc `J~+KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{- 688 $C\sc `J~+KJrJ KJ\`J~- 688 $C\sc `J~+

CF tgu RuJr \~X`j/ KJrJ{# KJgJ~ IdX\ [Xu KJXZj/ KJIg KJrJ{#~ IdX\[Xu KJIZ KJIg KJrJ{#X\ dXR mJI\/ KJrJ{# KJgJ~ mJX\~ _`J` IdXu `Xrj/

`JJ KJgJX~ @rJ] \vJ `J mJ\ \j7 {JdOt s~OXo KJXZ/ `JJ C\`J~ KJrJ{#X\mJ\ IdXr/ IcIj ds`J~ _`J` dj CF Icj ctI`{# izJ~ tgu ro_ gJXj RuJrjJ \X~ iIc`J~F RuJr \~X`j/ KJrJ{# mJX\~ _`J` IdXu `Xrj/ `JJ KJgJX~ @rJ] \j `J \j mJ\7 C` iIc`J~F \JXj KJrJ{#~ A _`J` jXc [J\~X`j C\Idj Fj-sJ-KJrJ{# dXr~ \JXj jXc iJX`j/ KJrJ{# \gj \X~M~ dj

cJ~i~ rJ-FrJ{J FrJrJ{#! 288 $iJ[sc `J~+dXr dXr gJXj `J Ka| RuJr \~X`j/ KJrJ{# `JXd \{ gJ!`@d jJF.

KJrJ{#~ KIc ] tJIjkv rJXe~ t`\tgE{

rJ. s `rJ~ tgu gRRJjJ mJjIdX\ QI~Xu mJj \JXk~ Mi~ jX`j mJj \JXk~ IcOu t`\

3>iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 3=


32/37

rJ. s `rJ~ tgu g@RRJjJ mJjIdX\ Q@I~Xu mJj \JXk~ Mi~ jX`j/ mJj \JXk~Mi~ {Xc rJ! s MnJX`j/ FrJ{J `rXc `rXc gJaJfJ RJzJ ~XR `Jg IdX\Q@I~Xu KJjX`j/ jJ\fJ xRj `Jg d@Xk~ `JfJ `~J`~ KJtX`/ `Jg d@Xk~ d@F KJ@rIjX[ KJrJ{#~ Q~ \r` aJX\/ cRj RJzJ gJaJX\ FrJrJ{#! `Xr tX_JX~ \rXÌjXi \~X`j xj/ FrJrJ{#! SrJu jJ Xk \r#X`~ IecX~ lX\ xJu FrJrJ{#`rJ~ tgu jJ\fJ \r#` ix| jJgJXc [J \~X`j/ @\fJ J\J \X~ IjX[~ IdX\jJgJX`j rv ~JRX`j/ FrJrJ{#! xj SrJu ac#IrXu KJfI\Xu jJ xJu gJaJ R@`Qj Qj KJZJz-IiZJz \~X`j jJ k@MnJjJgJ \~JX`j gJXU gJXU g@{JJd@~ ~JtEr-@rJ{# $tJ+! rX`j KJ~ xId t`X\ C rXS xJu/ cX` CX\`JX~ sXq \Xu\`J~`rX`j iX~ iJ[ `J~ dd s~OoiXz gJjJ_Jc dX`j gJSI~` Jd Zu ~J\JcKJMuJI`j jJgJ_ KJdJu \X~ CF t`\ \~X`j/ jJ iJ~Xr CsJ `Jd/ jJ iJ~XrsJ`J~ KJXS \Jj tgu ]_@ZJzJ] \~Xc iJ~X`j/ o_~ Jd KJX~\`J~ CF t`\\X~ `rJ MnXr Zu ~J\JuJc Cs~JX\~ jJgJ_ KJdJu \~X`j {JfXc/ [rXc/ctÒ{# ZJzJ/ ]_@ZJzJ/ KJJX_- Kj@gJXj] C t`\ KJdJu \~Xc iJ~X`j

CF t`X\~ IjgJXj~ cJIZ~ $^b}ro|+ CF {X` x/ dr iI~`c|j {Xu xJX` Ka`J[JXR iJIj U~X`/ rJX\~ tX KxaJ KJrJi \~Xc FX \~X` jJ/ bJX{#~ \JX_gj xXc [JFX` jJ iOX~~ _jv g{c GI iJX`/ cJX\ dRXc FX \~X` cJ~\aJ jXc eJr rJSX` KJ~ KJXR~JXc~ I[J gXj lX\ xJX` i@Xq~J s \X~C` OXrJX\~J Ij X~/ IjX_ \JXj Xj CeJX` _X\~ \~Xc {X`

iag iag CF t`\ \~Xc SXr M_Jj nrXc {X`/ rJX\ tgJXrJ[jJ \~XÌ\ tIdX\ RuJr duJ Ij}XuJ_j/ \J~b CX\~ \`X~ KXjv xJX` jJ t`X\~tgXu \-RuJr Ka`J t`X\ cJIZ~ jJ {Xr/ `JgIdX\ rJ-{J]rJ ]uJrJ \uJcJFrJ I`rJI{r# KJIrIuvr KJI_g! iXz a@a@\X~ s \~Xc {X` $a@a@orJ~ d~\J~

jF+ t`X\ cJIZ~ jJ {Xr Ka`J t`\ \~Xc gXj xId jJ ru/ cX` _J~ \X~gJJ `JIzXu t`\ KJdJu \~Xc {X` _J~ \X~ IgI RJ]uJXr I\ g@XR IgnJ rJXSjJ7 _J~ \X~ ]q@k RXr I\ I`gJI~ eJr {u jJ7 KJrJ{#~ jJg xJXc g@XR jJ MXn/cJ~ _jv sucJj Kj`~c iZXj cJ rXSF KJXZ/ C\aJ xj gXj aJX\

jIo CZ`Jc `J `J~ ct#I`~ t`\CF t`X\ `Xt iaXg [ ` \X~ \iJr aX\ jJ\ `~J`~ dGI ~XR iag

t`X\~ gc g~Xb~ RuJr \~X`j C` gjX\ @IUXu `rX`j x/ \c gJj@q \`X~Sr/ cJgJX\] \`X~ xXc {X`& g~Xb~ iX~ Kj\JXr~ _O`Xj xJ~ tXaJ\Xc {X`/ d@IjuJu X[ aJ\Xc cJ~ tX eJr`JtJ \X~ jJ SXr/ K\J~ \`X~I\ eOqb K`J~ tGI {X`& CFeJX` MgXi g~Xb~ RuJr \X~ izX`j

dd s~Oo- 2 $iJ[ `J~+KJtcJSIorJ{- 66 $CSJ~ `J~+

tJ`{JjKJrJ{#- 688 $C\sc `J~+KJr{Jgd@IrrJ{#- 688 $C\sc `J~+

KJrJ KJ\`J~- 688 $C\sc `J~+CF Icj ctI`{# izJ~ tgu iXcv\`J~F RuJr \~X`j/ KJIg KJrJ{#~ IdX\

X[Xu KJIZ/ KJrJ{# KJgJ~ IdX\ X[Xu KJXZj KJIg KJrJ{#X\ dXR mJ I\/ KJrJ{#mJX\~ _`J` IduJ \u $`Xrj+/ `JJ KJgJX~ @rJ] \vJ `J mJ\ \j. xId \Jjtgu iEb| C\XsJ `J~ jJ] `rXc iJX~j/ cX` t@`{JjKJrJ{#! cIs/KJr#{Jgd@IrrJ{#! cIs/ KJrJ KJ\`J~! [Îs `J~ `rX`j I\ {Jr\JXuI_I\X~~ Idj iEb|C\sc `J~ \X~ `rXc {X`

rJ-FrJ{J FrJrJ{- >88 $d@Fsc `J~+dXr dXr gJXj `J Ka|RuJr \~X`j-KJrJ{#`JXd \{ gJ!`@d jJFKa`J xId \{ iJX~j/ cX` IjXJ RuJr \~Xc iJX~j

rJ gJ\Z@dJ FrJrJ{#-rJ gJcr@`J FrJrJ{#-rJ gJ{ @`J FrJrJ{#-rJ gJ\J FrJrJ{#!Ka`J CFeJX` RuJr \~Xc iJX~j/ xRj rJ. s `rX`j cRj RuJr tJcc`\ KJtgJXj~ MiX~ IjXu dRX`j/ \JaJ] KJrJ{# jF tX tX A RuJr _IgXj~ IdX\ KJjX`j C` {J_J~ {J_J~ gJFr _Igj t` Q@X~ KJtX`j C`RuJXr~ dGIXc dRX`j _IgXj] KJrJ{# jF Ka`J CFeJX` RuJr \~Xc iJX~jrJ. s xRj rX`j/ tX tX RuJr \~X`j/ _Igj jF/ KJtgJj jF/ KJgJ~s~O~] jF/ I\Z@F jF/ k@KJrJ{#F KJXZj. CRj KJrJ{# \JaJu KJXZj/ {JIdts~OXo~ gXc \r#` {r KJrJ{#~ KJ~s t@c~J CRj RuJr \r#X`~ IdX\ jX`jC` CI\Xj~ [ J~J \r#X`~ IdX\ j_~ \~Xr dRX`j/ KJgJ~ \r#X` KJrJ{#F

IcOu t`\

KJXZj Ka`J Kjv ~\g RuJr] \~Xc iJX~j X`X{sc dJ_R KJ~s \~ZO ccOu t`\3< iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 32


33/37

KJXZj Ka`J Kjv ~\g RuJr] \~Xc iJX~j X`X{s#c dJ_R KJ~s \~ZOr]{# \rg tJc c`\ KJtgJj _IgXj \JaJ] KJrJ{# jF/ I\ CI\Xj~ [ IdXu\r#X`~ MiX~ j_~ \X~ dRX`j/ KJrJ{# KJgJ~ \r#X`F KJXZj iagIsJaO|Xd~ _jv CF tg RuJr jJ \~J eJr cJ~J rJ-FrJ{J FrJrJ{~. Ka|RuJr \~X`j/ KJrJ{# `JXd \{ gJ! @d jJF. iag t`X\~ Ijug Kj@xJuOrJ-FrJ{J FrJrJ{ `rX`j cJ~i~-

FrJrJ{#- KJrJ{#~ jJg j]uJ~ _jv gXj MdJtOj eJ` KJXt= t@jXc~ cJX`dJ~O \~Xc gXj FJ \X~88 $d@Fsc `J~+KJrJ{# KJrJ{#- =88 $Icjsc `J~+

cJ~i~ t`\ ` \X~ IdXu/ [@i \X~ `Xt R@` RuJr \X~ C\fJ rJ\ g~baX\ \`X~ IjXu gJIf IdXu KJtJ ix| xJ xJ QXf IjX_~ MiX~ R@` RuJXrRuJXr I[J \~Xc aJ\X`j iag t`X\ g~Xb~ x RuJr \~J {XuXZ/ tFtg RuJr \X~ R@` SeO~eJX` gjX\ @UJX`j x/ gj CRj I[J \X~ dR/ cIg`JzO~ MnJXj jXg M~ Isu~ {Xu KJZ/ CRj cJgJX\ SJtr duJ {u/ \ \SJtr du RuJr \~X`j/ CRj cJgJX\ \Joj iI~Xu _JjJ_J IdXu d@uJX~ FXu~JRJ {XuXZ/ cJgJ~ I`I` CRj tJdJ \Jiz iX~ I`k`J `Xs jJX\~ tJjJ/ {JXc~[@Iz R@Xr cJgJ~ kJX~ dJIzXu \JXd KJ~ `Xr/ KJgJu cIg I\ IdXu SXr7 CRjRuJr \X~j/ KJijJX\ \`X~~ IdX\ IjXu xJu/ KJijJ~ XZXrXgXu~J iZXjd^zJu KJ~ KJJ KJJ! `Xr \JXd C~i~ RuJr \~X`j/ KJijJ~ g~Xb~ RJfIjXu \`X~~ C\ iJXs ~JRJ {r CRj KJijJX\ \`X~ jJgJXjJ {r CRj KJijJ~tJj KJijJX\ \`X~ ~XR rJIoXu \`X~~ MiX~ Mnr I\cJX` KJXZ/ tJj xRjIicJ-gJcJX\ \`X~ ~XR MXn KJtXc [Ju/ cRj A IicJgJcJ~ {# tJXj~ iJXu_IzXu kX~ \JXd KJ~ `Xr/ `J`J KJgJX\ C\rJ oXr x]jJ CRj KJijJ~ \`X~~MiX~ gJIf oXr [JiJ duJ {r/ t`JF I`dJu {Xu Sr CRj g@j#\J~ jJ\O~ d@!_jeOqb ds|j oX~s#cJ \`X~ {JI_~ {r/ cJXd~ {JXc | ~JtEr@rJ{# $tJ+o~gJXuXZj/ tJ~J d@IjuJ~ _Oj C` gJj@q C\X [J \~Xr] C\If @|X\

C\f] jzJXc iJ~X` jJ CRj oX~scJ d@!_j | MInXu KJijJX\ `ItXu

ccOu t`\

KJijJ~ mJj C` `Jg \JXk~ IdX\ dJIzXu KJijJX\ t]uJr \~Xc Mdvc {r CxJxc IdrJg CF t`\ \~Xc \~Xc xId \JX~J [JXR iJIj KJXt C` Idr



34/37

KJijJ~ mJj C` `Jg \JXk~ IdX\ dJIzXu KJijJX\ t]uJr \~Xc Mdvc {r/KJiIj CRj RuJr \~X`j x/ cJXd~ t]uJXr~ _`J` IdXc jJ iJ~Xr/ CF K\J~\`X~ X|~ KJQJXc [Eb|-I`[Eb|{Xu xJ` KJiIj CRj gjX\ @UJX`j/ gj& CFeOqb K\J~ \`X~ CRj cJgJ~ \ KJXZ/ I[J \~& CRj cJgJ~ KJrJ{ I`Xj\Jj `J` jF/ CF RuJXr KJiIj CRj ctI`{# {JXc IjXu C\dXg xc`J~ iJX~jKJrJ{#X\ Kcv KJ\reJX` mJ\X`j C` dg ` \X~ Qj Qj \X~ `rX`j

KJrJ{#KJrJ{#KJrJ{#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%KJrJ{# - >6 dXg >6 $C\s+ `J~`rX`j`rXc `rXc dRX`j C\ dXg \c`J~ KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `rXc iJX~j IcOu dXgiag dXg~ [Xu KJ~] I\Z@KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `JIzXu `rJ~ [J \~X`j CFeJX`>6fJ dXg KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `rX`j/ `rXc `rXc s ` {Xu xJX`/ c @`rJ aJg-JX`j jJ C\ dXg KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! xc `sO gJJu rXc iJ~X`j/ t`X\ cc `sOcJIZ~ iJX`j IdXj ~JXc dXg dXg KJrJ{# KJrJ{#!~ gJJ `JIzXu `rXc aJ\X`jC` C\ dXg KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `rXc `rXc CF \J_If sq \~Xc iJI~ I\jJ/ `JCF SJZ aX\ A SJZ ix| C\ dXg KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `Xr {Xf xXc iJI~ I\ jJ/RuJr \~X`j t`X\~ tgu CgjeJX` KJrJ{# `rX`j/ xj g@j\J~ jJ\O~ KJijJX\is \~J~ tgu jJ iJu C` KJrJ{# KJrJ{#! `rJ xj g@{Xc|~ _jv ` jJ {u/

KJrJ{#X\ mJ\Xc mJ\Xc xj I\uJgc _J~O {Xu xJuM t`X\~ cJIZ~ $^b}ro|+ _X\~ \~Xc \~Xc \Jj tgu dRX`j/ Q@g {Xc _JSc {Xr] KJijJ~ I_

J KJijJ~ KIjJ tX] C\J C\J jzJ[zJ \X~ KJrJ{#~ I_I\X~ ~c KJXZ RuJr \~Xr KJrJ{#~ t\r tG ` aX\ KJrJ{# I_I\~ jXc iJX`j

IÌ`X\ RJZ id|J \X~ C` t@jIc r`Jt IjXu CF I_I\~ `sO gJJu \~Xr/dX{~ ZIs \JIf isXg~ SJzJ IdXu KJrJ{#~ I_I\~ `~ {Xc aJ\X`/KJXR~Jc C` \`X~~ K\JX~~ \aJ iJXb tdJ _JSc aJ\X` CF t`X\

ecX~~ {JrJc \Jj \Jj tgu C~\g {X`/ dRX`j/ jJeO {Xc dX{~MiX~~ Ks \JIf \JIf gJFr M|XdXs MXn ISXuXZ jJeO~ IjX[~ Ksf\_IgXj iXz KJXZ KJ~] KjvJjv {Jrc {X`/ xXrJ `b|jJ \~J IjXqk

C t`\XrJ~ iX~ KJ~]tXc~If t`\~XuXZ xXrJ \~Xr gJj@Xq~ I\ x{Jrc {u C` KJrJ{#~ tX x I\ ~\g SeO~ t JIic {u/ cJ `F i@X\IrXR gJXfF i\Js \~J xJX` jJ

I` d} t`X\~ KkvJXu x t`\ IrRJ {XuXZ/ cJ aX\ iag t`\ \~J~

CxJxc IdrJg CF t`\ \~Xc \~Xc xId \JX~J [JXR iJIj KJXt C` IdriI~`c|j {u/ cJ{Xr C SJrJXg~ S~O`JrXu xJSJXxJS \X~ CrXg gJ!~oXc~MiX~~ juJgXc~ t`\ jX`j

gJIj\S d~ J~ s~OXo iIc `JrJ gJXt~ sq G{Ic`J~ gJIt\ gJ{#IorKj@Ic {u ] Cr#Xg gJ!X~oXc~ IsJ duJ {u

`ZX~ d@!`J~ CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ FtrJgO g{JtXrj Kj@Ic {u 2/ 3/ 1KS{Jub ] 68/ 66/ 6>F oJ@j $iXuJ_Xj cJI~R iI~`c|j \~J {u+

iIc FX~_O gJXt~ = ] < cJI~XR ItI\OuJ M~ `JhJ RJj#\J s~OXoFtrJgO gJIt\ gJ{#Ior Kj@Ic {u

\c`-Mr-KJ\cJ` KkvJi\ $K`+ KJr{J {x~c gJ]rJjJg@{Jd KJx#{Jr FtrJg ItI\O tJX{` $~{+C~ `z tJX{`_JdJ ] ikJj RIroJ {x~c gJ]rJjJm% g@{Jd gj#x@r FtrJg ItI\OiO~ tJX{`/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~Oo

IiIiJr/ _JIg!KJ-KJ~JIùJ ItI\OuJ dJr Mr@g gJd}JtJ[uJ~gvJj/ ItI\OuJ oJMXsj `JrJXds

gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OXo xJ]uJ~ ~JJ

lJ\J KJI~[J ~JXm gJIj\S `Jt vJX jXg I~\sJu ItI\ jS~oJj 8326 - 36= 1==>$M~ `JhJ~ gFj ~JXm~ iJXs|{JXtj gJX\|f aX\ `JXg JkOjcJ ~bO~JXm~ gJUJgJIU Misg {JtiJcJXr~ Iì~OXc+

d@!If \aJ

34 iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr 3;


35/37

`JrJXds$Nfeaoflb}d+

ItI\OuJ oJMXsj `JrJXds

ikJj \Jx|JruItI\ jS~/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OooJj 8326-36=1==>

_JIg!KJ KJ~ JI`uJ ItI\ OuJ dJr Mr@g gJd}JtJ

ItI\ jS~/ gJIj\S d~`J~ s~OooJj 8326-36=-486


36/37

rRX\~ StgE{

g{JeJ`jJ$@GDF SFNEF+ $b|id\ iJ+ C g{JI\cJX` tgS I`Xs CF iag g{Jj KJrJ{#iJX\~ KIc tX\| I`s

[vXr $\db Qg~ol Mdfoobeab+\~J {XuXZ/ xJ I`Xs~ jJI\~Xd~ gJaJ Ij[@\X~ IdX \J~KJj s~Oo/ {JIdt s~Oo ] I`JXj~ KJXrJX\ KJrJ{#iJX\~I`sJrcJ tX\| JjSe| KJXrJ[jJ \~J {XuXZ C` x@I IdXu dRJXjJ{XuXZ/ x `vI KJrJ{#iJX\~ C`Jdc \X~ jJ Xt Ij\ iJbO~ [Xu] Kkgx@SXs} I`Jj IeI\ kg|Ou C g{JI\cJX` g{JtGI tX\|IcIj _vJIcsJ$F}|~geg`{+/ ds|b $Xdkog}gxd{+/ d{I`Jj $Xd{}kgoga{+/ idJa|I`dvJ$Xd{}km}+/ ~tJuj $Mdb`k}|~{+/ SIbc $@f|db`f|km}+/ FcvJId~ KJXrJX\KJXrJ[jJ \X~XZj CXc Jj IiiJt@gJj@Xq~ JXj~ tJj ~XuXZ

g{Ji$@GDF ]DFXEF+_@~iJ\ $tJ+ C~ i~ aX\ iJu 62sc `Z~ i~ cJ~ C\If tI{ {JIdts~OXo~ tIn\ `JIj\ igJXj~ gJkvXg 6;43 tJXr jcj C\If Ia]~O$@feqkoo dfsb ebsb~ nbbe sfek}dkea fel geb `fe lksklbl ke|g mg~b gc mg~b} f|g`-

`be fc|b~ lbf|d fel |db{ mfe ok}|be fel qf|md qk|d oksb cbbokea}+KJI`J~\X~XZj xJ I`JXj~ gck~JX\ iI~ |cj \~X` gGc@v~ i~ I{@~J i@IzXu/g@trgJj ] RGJj~J gJIfXc SIrXu IdXr] I\eJX` \ij `vI~ @X\ tJXi\JgzJu cJ~ igJb \~J {XuXZ

_O`j ~{tv ] d{c$JKNGE ^FDF]DF G LBDF \F\\F+ _O`-I`JXj~ dGIX\Jb aX\ ] ds|Xj~ x@I IdXu dIRXuXZj g{Jj

KJrJ{#iJ\ gJj` dX{~ IecX~~ jJjJ _Ifr \Jx| I\eJX` Kj`~c tgJkJj\~XZj C` d{fJX\ JI[Xu ~XRXZj gIm\vJr tJFX~ I_ $Ijx|Jt+ `~\X~ \J~KJj s~OXo~ KJXrJX\ C I\cJ`RJIj rRJ {XuXZ gJj` dX{~\JaJu KJrJ{#iJ\ aJX\j cJ~ tIn\ igJb \~J {XuXZ KXj\ jJI\ CI\cJ` iXz KJrJ{#iJX\~ iIc I`sJt Jij \~Xc `Jkv {XuXZ

K\FO[ $FfJrO+^f}dkl Mg``rekmf|kge}SKF Agk|g/ 1'f/ 3 Ngogaef

K|fo{/ \bo: 826->1=8>6

Mf~|g Oks~b~kfSKF - Of- @f~`g~f - 63

8842 ^g`f

K\FO[/ \bo: 83- iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr


37/37

I`JXj~ dGIXc id|J$NKAAFEB^ L^K]\K\F[ XF^LF+ ìd|J jJ~O~ JgO~ I\ x t |jJs {u C` t I\eJX` x KIctc~ i@q-

c{Oj {Xu iXz cJ I`Jj C` mJJ~O sJX~ dGIX\Jb aX\ I`sdeJX`KJXrJ[jJ \~J {XuXZ C I\cJ` iXz KtRv j~-jJ~O ìd|J ] I`qJ _O`jaX\ IoX~ CXt id|J~ gJkvXg sJIgu FtrJgO _O`j `XZ IjXuXZj CgjI\

KXj\ I{@] RGJj gI{rJ~J ix| `J~RJ iX~ id|J \~J \X~XZj

kEg IiiJtJ t`|jJsJ$LDR@ XKXF]F ]DF^NFEF]DF+kEgiJj \~Xr I\ t |jJs {u/ mJJ~O sJX cJ dRJXjJ {XuXZ kEgiJj \~Xrx Ic {u/ cJ j \~J~ \JudJ dRJXjJ {XuXZ C` I\ MiJXu kEgiJj \~Xr

Ic {u jJ C` kEgiJj I\eJX` cvJS \~J xJu/ cJ~ C\If K`va|MiJu IrXRduJ {XuXZ CfJ ` i~OIc

iO~ k~J~ K\Jfv dIrr$XBB^ LDF^F^ FIF\\F LFOKO+

KXjX\ `Xr/ iO~ k~J~ d~\J~ jF Ct` \aJ~ td@~ \~!KJj s~Oo aX\K\Jfv dIrr IdXu igJb \~J {XuXZ x/ iO~ jJ k~Xr gJj@q KJrJ{#X\ I[jXciJ~X` jJ C` gJ!X~oXc~ Jj rJe \~Xc iJ~X` jJ/ K`sv KJrJ{# iJ\ FX

\~Xr t`F iJX~j iGIaÒ~ x@SXs} tg KJrJ{#~ ]rOSb t`JF x iO~ kX~Fg{JgjOqO {XuXZj/ t tX\|tIn\ KJXrJ[jJ \~J {XuXZ

cJ~JjJXu _JjJc$\F^FEF- F- JFEEF\+ I`Xd `djJc~ {Xu U\c/ \JI`v\ ~Xt Jc/ ZX~ dvJcjJu KJi@c KIc

M ix|JXu~ KJkvJI\ S_Xr~ I\cJ` xJ tJXr\X\ KJrJ{#iJX\~ R@` Ij\Xfi^ZJu gJ!X~oc iOXd~ _jv CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ MJX~ c CF `FIfXcS_r KJ\JX~ tIjXÌsc \~J {XuXZ

gJ!X~oXc~ edc$@F^BCF\B^ SBL\F\\F+gJ!X~ociOXd~ _jv CrXg gJ!X~oXc~ MJX~ ctIrc ] I[sIcuJ

tJXÌ~uJ cI~\J~ t`\tgE{ C` tJ_~JjJgJ tIrc I\cJ` CIf tJXr\Xd~iJnv `F

1>iO~ k~J~ K\J v dIrr

Documents

পীর ধরার অকাট্য দলিল (PEER DHARAR AKATTA DALIL)