Ch.2 유기물의 생산

광합성 (photosynthesis) H2O + CO2 (h )n (CH2O) + O2

▪ 686 kcal/mole needed for glucose synthesis▪ 114 kcal/mole for CO2 fix

▪ 1017 kcal stored annually▪ 1010 tons C stored

chlorophyll carotenoids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O2, and fixes CO2 into sugar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Chloroplast ultrastructure: 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope) 4. stroma (aqueous fluid) 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum (stack of thylakoids) 8. thylakoid (lamella) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation

화학합성 (chemosynthesis) Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis

12H2S + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S 97 kcal/mole for glucose synthesis 16kcal/mole for CO2 fix

Chlorobrium Thiosprillum

http://genome.jgi-psf.org/chlpb/chlpb.home.html

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAMQjxw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mokkka.hu%2Fdrupal%2Fen%2Fnode%2F2855&ei=pa8TVePzMeK2mAWL-ICgAQ&bvm=bv.89217033,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNEG-LDqFFe1QA8-HK9Nh9NYl2SUUg&ust=1427439842149408&cad=rjt

Productivity

Rain forest: 1-2 kg C/m2 yr Tundra forest: 0.1 kg C/m2 yr Ocean: 1.5 – 7.0 * 1010 metric ton/yr Land: 1.4 -7.8 * 1010 metric ton/yr (more

Corg is stored than in ocean, but the produc-tivity is about the same)

Total biomass Corg = 30 – 300 1010 tons

Figure 6. Global biogeochemical cycle of carbon as carbon dioxide. Rates or fluxes (denoted by arrows) between land, ocean, and atmosphere reservoirs are in millions of metric tons of carbon (MTC) per year. The reservoir size of carbon dioxide is in millions of tons of carbon. The “Missing” is the amount of global CO2 emissions taken up by the ocean and terrestrial realms. The relative amount of “Missing” uptake by ocean and terrestrial realm, split evenly in this representation, is still debated although it appears now that the terrestrial realm is a slightly bigger sink for the excess CO2.

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Chapter2C.html

Photic zone

soluble organic matter 89% Particulate 9% phytoplankton 2% zooplankton, fish 0.002%

phytoplanktons: diatoms, cocolithophores, dinoflagellates, botryococcus, etc.

zooplanktons: coral pods, radiolarias, foraminifera, etc.

http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/5697/5834441/ebook/htm/0cc6e.htm?34.06

Fig.A4 Change of light intensity and tropical carbonate production with water depth.

http://lib.znate.ru/docs/index-35098.html

Plots of typical water properties in the open ocean. The thermocline is where the temperature changes rapidly, the halocline is where the salinity changes rapidly and the pycnocline is where the density changes rapidly. UCAR – Windows to the Universe.

http://www.hurricanescience.org/science/basic/water/

https://scripps.ucsd.edu/expeditions/mist/2014/01/18/casting-about/

Comparison of OM

Aquatic (Marine & Lacustrine)

Terrestrial

1. Lipids Important (≤20%) Minor (seeds, fruits, pollen, spores, cuticles

on leaves)

2. Lignin Absent Major (>5-30%)

3. Cellulose Absent Major (50-60%)

4. Protein Major (<50%) ≤10%

5. Carbohydrates Important (variable) Variable

6. H/C 1.7 – 1.9 1.3 - 1.5 (land plants)

7. d13C 5‰ heavier

Chemical Composition of Biomass

n-Alkanes Carbon preference index (CPI)

Land plant: mainly odd, C23-C33

Trophic dependenceEutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic

nC17 nC17, nC24-31 nC27-C31

CPI=2-4 CPI=2-5,6 CPI=5±

** Composition of OM in sediments deter-mined by ** Influx of allochthonous OM Autochthonous produdction Diagenesis (thermal, biological influence) Preservation (some shows selectivity)

http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1026-87742012000300015&script=sci_arttext

** Pristane/phytane ratio ** biomarker parameter for the assessment of

redox conditions during sediment accumu-lation

http://www.igiltd.com/ig.NET%20Sample%20Pages/264.html

The ratios of phytanic acid to phytol (plus dihydrophytol) in Dead Sea sediments were 4.7 and 5.5 in two oxidizing environments and 1.1 and 3.4 in two reducing environments (Nissenbaum, A. , Baedecker, M. J. , and Kaplan, I. R. , Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36, 709 (1972).

Fatty acids R-COOH R: higher plant > C20, bacteria, plankton C12-

22

http://courses.washington.edu/conj/membrane/fattyacids.htm

Common name Chemical structure Δx C:D n−x

Myristoleic acid CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH cis-Δ9 14:1 n−5

Palmitoleic acid CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH cis-Δ9 16:1 n−7

Sapienic acid CH3(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)4COOH cis-Δ6 16:1 n−10

Oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH cis-Δ9 18:1 n−9

Elaidic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH trans-Δ9 18:1 n−9

Vaccenic acid CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)9COOH trans-Δ11 18:1 n−7

Linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH cis,cis-Δ9,Δ12 18:2 n−6

Linoelaidic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH trans,trans-Δ9,Δ12 18:2 n−6

α-Linolenic acid CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH cis,cis,cis-Δ9,Δ12,Δ15 18:3 n−3

Arachidonic acidCH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOHNIST cis,cis,cis,cis-Δ5Δ8,Δ11,Δ14 20:4 n−6

Eicosapentaenoic acidCH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

cis,cis,cis,cis,cis-Δ5,Δ8,Δ11,Δ14,Δ17 20:5 n−3

Erucic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH cis-Δ13 22:1 n−9

Docosahexaenoic acidCH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)2COOH

cis,cis,cis,cis,cis,cis-Δ4,Δ7,Δ10,Δ13,Δ16,Δ19 22:6 n−3

Examples of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Common name Chemical structure C:D

Caprylic acid CH3(CH2)6COOH 8:0

Capric acid CH3(CH2)8COOH 10:0

Lauric acid CH3(CH2)10COOH 12:0

Myristic acid CH3(CH2)12COOH 14:0

Palmitic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH 16:0

Stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH 18:0

Arachidic acid CH3(CH2)18COOH 20:0

Behenic acid CH3(CH2)20COOH 22:0

Lignoceric acid CH3(CH2)22COOH 24:0

Cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH 26

Examples of Saturated Fatty Acids

Sterane Land plants: C28, C29 dominant

Phyto-, zooplankton: C29 dominant Sterols sterane (by reduction)

http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1794-61902014000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/95/7/1257.figures-only

Problems: thermal effect, gradual boundary

A ternary diagram illustrating compositional variations and affinities of all twenty solvent extract samples using the relative abundance of C27-C28-C29 regular steranes from the m/z 218 mass fragmentogram data (Fig. 6 , Table 2 ). The three oil families are identified using the ⇑ ⇑symbols following Figure 2 . The empirically drawn dividing line ⇑between marine and non-marine sourced crude oils follows previous work (Peters and Moldown, 1993).

http://bcpg.geoscienceworld.org/content/55/4/285/F7.expansion.html

Sterane Land plants: C28, C29 dominant

Phyto-, zooplankton: C29 dominant Sterols sterane (by reduction)

http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1794-61902014000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/95/7/1257.figures-only

Problems: thermal effect, gradual boundary