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◦ Nouns – words used to refer to person, place, thing, or idea ◦ Verbs – words used to refer to various kinds of actions and states involving people and things in events ◦ Adjectives – words used, typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to ◦ Adverbs – words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events; some adverbs (really, very etc.) used with adjectives to modify information about things Chapter 6 - Words and word formation3
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◦ Process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences
Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar 1
Phonemes Morphemes Words Phrases Sentences Discourse
Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar 2
◦ Nouns – words used to refer to person, place, thing, or idea
◦ Verbs – words used to refer to various kinds of actions and states involving people and things in events
◦ Adjectives – words used, typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to
◦ Adverbs – words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events; some adverbs (really, very etc.) used with adjectives to modify information about things
Chapter 6 - Words and word formation 3
• Articles (a, an, the) – words used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those “things”
• Prepositions – words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place, and other connections involving actions and things
• Pronouns – words used in place of noun phrases typically referring to people and things already known
• Conjunctions – words used to make connections and indicate relationships between events
Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar 4
Number Person Tense Voice Gender
Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar 5
Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar 6
Prescriptive approach – view of grammar as set of rules for the “proper” use of English – traditional analysis
Descriptive approach – view of grammar as how language is used - structural analysis, immediate constituent analysis
Structure and ordering of components within a sentence
Chapter 9 - Syntax 7
Generative grammar is a set of explicit rules for well-formed sentences.
Generative grammar defines the syntactic structures of a language.
Chapter 9 - Syntax 8
Subject
Predicate
Objects
Complements
9Chapter 9 - Syntax
Noun phrase (NP) Verb phrase (VP) Prepositional phrase (PP) Sentence (S) Adjective phrase (AP) Determiner (Det) Adjective (Adj) Noun (N) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv) Auxiliary verb (Aux)
10Chapter 9 - Syntax
Phrasal categories – NP & VP
Lexical categories – Noun & verb
Functional categories – Det, Aux, & Comp
11Chapter 9 - Syntax
Deep structures – basic structures of sentences which are specified by the phrase structure rules. Variants on those basic sentences structures are derived via transformations.
Surface structures – structures resulting from the application of transformational rules.
12Chapter 9 - Syntax
Two distinct underlying interpretations Example – Annie whacked a man with an
umbrella.
Chapter 9 - Syntax 13
Show relationships among elements in sentence.
One kind of relationship is between head and complements (other members of phrase).
14Chapter 9 - Syntax
Phrase structure rules – state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order; generate structures
Lexical rules – specify which words can be used when constituents are rewritten
Chapter 9 - Syntax 15
An element that turns a sentence into a complement, i.e., if, whether, that.
16Chapter 9 - Syntax
A syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of a sentence (either deep structure or an intermediate structure already affected by a transformation) and derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements, e.g.,the transformation rules of wh movement and do insertion relate the deep structure sentence John saw who to the surface structure Who did John see.
17Chapter 9 - Syntax
Active to passive voice Statement to question Yes to No Changing verb tenses – using auxiliary
verbs
Chapter 9 - Syntax 18