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Protected lands Protected lands Protected land: Hong KongProtected land: Hong Kong Nature reserves in ChinaNature reserves in China Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity
Topic 10: Protected Topic 10: Protected LandsLands
PROTECTED AREA: LandPROTECTED AREA: Land
The term The term protected areaprotected area describes a describes a wide array of land and water wide array of land and water designations, of which some of the best designations, of which some of the best known are national park, nature reserve, known are national park, nature reserve, wilderness area, wildlife management wilderness area, wildlife management area and landscape protected area. This area and landscape protected area. This approaches can also describe as approaches can also describe as community conservedcommunity conserved areas areas
Protected landProtected landintroductionintroduction
Principles of policy and planning for Principles of policy and planning for protected landsprotected lands
Components of the regulatory system for Components of the regulatory system for protected landsprotected lands
Historical development of NZ protected areasHistorical development of NZ protected areas Contemporary (Trend) directions and Contemporary (Trend) directions and
planning frameworksplanning frameworks Challenges of policy developmentChallenges of policy development
Three key features of tourism management Three key features of tourism management in protected areas:in protected areas: LegislationLegislation —— foundation which is sound ( foundation which is sound (
) and binding ( ) ) and binding ( ) Management (Planning)Management (Planning) — addresses — addresses
potentialpotential, , actualactual and and cumulativecumulative visitor visitor impactsimpacts
Action Action — activities and management — activities and management responses to issuesresponses to issues
Linkages between these three key features Linkages between these three key features are importantare important
Principles of planning Principles of planning and and policy for protected areaspolicy for protected areas
Components of the Components of the regulatory systemregulatory system
Land use planningLand use planning
Land use planning encompasses the Land use planning encompasses the following disciplines:following disciplines:
ArchitectureArchitecture GeographyGeography Environmental planningEnvironmental planning Landscape architectureLandscape architecture Regional PlanningRegional Planning Spatial planningSpatial planning
Land use planningLand use planning
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development Transportation PlanningTransportation Planning Urban design Urban design Urban planning Urban planning Urban Renaissance Urban Renaissance Urban renewal Urban renewal
National Parks Act 1952, 1980National Parks Act 1952, 1980 Dept of Conservation administers:Dept of Conservation administers:
14 national parks (2 million) 14 national parks (2 million) 5 million ha of other protected lands including ‘stewardship 5 million ha of other protected lands including ‘stewardship
areas’ and reserves for various purposesareas’ and reserves for various purposes World Heritage SitesWorld Heritage Sites High country pastoral leasesHigh country pastoral leases
Tourism in protected areas has long history in NZTourism in protected areas has long history in NZ Utilitarian conservation 1870s Utilitarian conservation 1870s –– 1940s 1940s Creation of national parks system 1950s – 1960sCreation of national parks system 1950s – 1960s Wilderness preservation 1970s – 1980sWilderness preservation 1970s – 1980s New economic conservation 1987 – presentNew economic conservation 1987 – present
Historical development of Historical development of protected lands in New protected lands in New ZealandZealand
Hierarchy of management Hierarchy of management instrumentsinstruments
LegislationLegislation Robust legal frameworkRobust legal framework Biocentric (natural) vs. anthropocentric Biocentric (natural) vs. anthropocentric
(recreational ) values (recreational ) values PoliciesPolicies
Provide guidanceProvide guidance
Components of the Components of the regulatory systemregulatory system
Components of the Components of the regulatory systemregulatory system
Management strategies and plansManagement strategies and plans Models include Models include Visitor Experience and Visitor Experience and
Resource Protection FrameworkResource Protection Framework ( (VERP; VERP; USDA1997USDA1997), ), Recreational Opportunity Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)Spectrum (ROS) , LAC , LAC
Management actionsManagement actions Site/visitor managementSite/visitor management Direct/indirect managementDirect/indirect management
DofC takes responsibility for tourism in 3 ways:DofC takes responsibility for tourism in 3 ways: Provision of government funded infrastructureProvision of government funded infrastructure Visitor information and servicesVisitor information and services Concession system for managing private sector tourism activities in Concession system for managing private sector tourism activities in
protected landsprotected lands
Dept of Conservation policies and strategies include:Dept of Conservation policies and strategies include: General Policy for National ParksGeneral Policy for National Parks Conservation General PolicyConservation General Policy Visitor Strategy 1996Visitor Strategy 1996
National tourism strategy 2010 recognises DofC role National tourism strategy 2010 recognises DofC role in tourismin tourism
Contemporary directions Contemporary directions and planning frameworksand planning frameworks
Challenges of policy Challenges of policy development for protected development for protected landslands Commercial development of nature — Commercial development of nature —
ecotourismecotourism Qualmark systemQualmark system
Green Globe 21Green Globe 21 government-private sector partnership government-private sector partnership
certifies high quality visitor experiencescertifies high quality visitor experiences Star grading of accommodationStar grading of accommodation Debate over effectiveness of environmental Debate over effectiveness of environmental
certification programscertification programs
Land Use in HONG KONGLand Use in HONG KONG
Urban Urban residential-industrial or residential-residential-industrial or residential-
transport land use conflicts transport land use conflicts Suburban Suburban Rural Rural
Land Use in HONG KONGLand Use in HONG KONG
Possible methods to ease, avoid or Possible methods to ease, avoid or eradicate land use conflicts. eradicate land use conflicts. RedevelopingRedeveloping old urban areas by planning old urban areas by planning
the land uses carefully so that land is used the land uses carefully so that land is used in a better way than before. This will improve in a better way than before. This will improve thet quality of the environment of that area. thet quality of the environment of that area. For example, in Hong Kong is redeveloped For example, in Hong Kong is redeveloped by the Urban Renewal Authority.by the Urban Renewal Authority.
Land Use in HONG KONGLand Use in HONG KONG
RestrictionRestriction of land use of land use Sometimes, unauthorised changes in the Sometimes, unauthorised changes in the
land use of a particular area would be land use of a particular area would be outlawed. In other words, the land use of a outlawed. In other words, the land use of a particular area must remain the one set by particular area must remain the one set by the government. Again using Hong Kong as the government. Again using Hong Kong as an example, flats may not be used for an example, flats may not be used for commercial, industrial or other purposes. commercial, industrial or other purposes.
Land Use in HONG KONGLand Use in HONG KONG
Development of New townsDevelopment of New towns
New towns are towns in which the urban planning is New towns are towns in which the urban planning is better than that of old urban areas.better than that of old urban areas.
In these towns, all factories are grouped into a In these towns, all factories are grouped into a certain place which is away from the residential certain place which is away from the residential blocks, often with green belts, so the pollution has a blocks, often with green belts, so the pollution has a smaller chance of affecting the residents. smaller chance of affecting the residents. Consequently, people would have both a good living Consequently, people would have both a good living environment and an ideal working environment. environment and an ideal working environment. Again using Hong Kong as an example, only 1% of Again using Hong Kong as an example, only 1% of the land use in Sha Tin is mixed.the land use in Sha Tin is mixed.
Land Use in HONG KONGLand Use in HONG KONG
Land Reclamation helps solve helps solve land use conflicts indirectly by land use conflicts indirectly by easing the demand for land and easing the demand for land and lowering the land pricelowering the land price
SummarySummary
Institutional arrangements determine how Institutional arrangements determine how tourism in protected lands is managedtourism in protected lands is managed
Three key dimension are necessary for Three key dimension are necessary for management:management: Sound and binding legislative framework is Sound and binding legislative framework is
essentialessential A planning and management system with clear A planning and management system with clear
goals and objectivesgoals and objectives Actions that are directed towards achieving the Actions that are directed towards achieving the
above goalsabove goals
Conservation in Hong Conservation in Hong KongKong
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) manages the parks and is Department (AFCD) manages the parks and is responsible for tree planting, litter collection, responsible for tree planting, litter collection, fire fighting, development control and provision fire fighting, development control and provision of recreation and education facilities. of recreation and education facilities.
About 12 million visitors were recorded in 2004 About 12 million visitors were recorded in 2004 and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, fitness exercises, hiking, barbecuing, family fitness exercises, hiking, barbecuing, family picnics and camping. picnics and camping.
Conservation in Hong Conservation in Hong KongKong
The parks include The parks include Tai Mo Shan, Pat Sin Leng mountain range, Ma On Shan, Sai Kung Peninsula,
Nature Reserves in ChinaNature Reserves in China The development of nature reserves in China The development of nature reserves in China
started from 1956 when the first nature reserve, started from 1956 when the first nature reserve, Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong was Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong was set up. Nature reserves are under the set up. Nature reserves are under the administrations of different governmental administrations of different governmental agencies, including the bureaus of forestry, agencies, including the bureaus of forestry, agriculture, fishery, and environmental agriculture, fishery, and environmental protection.protection.
Nature reserves are also divided into three Nature reserves are also divided into three levels: national, provincial, and county level. levels: national, provincial, and county level.
Nature Reserves in ChinaNature Reserves in China In 1978, there were only 34 nature reserves in China, In 1978, there were only 34 nature reserves in China,
accounting for 0.13% of the country’s area.accounting for 0.13% of the country’s area. In 2001, the number nature reserves in China increased In 2001, the number nature reserves in China increased
to 1551, with a total area of 145 million hectares, 14.4% to 1551, with a total area of 145 million hectares, 14.4% of the country’s area. Among them, 171 were national of the country’s area. Among them, 171 were national level nature reserves.level nature reserves.
According to the nation’s master plan for nature According to the nation’s master plan for nature reserves, by 2010, the number of nature reserves in reserves, by 2010, the number of nature reserves in China will reach 1800, with a total area of 155 million China will reach 1800, with a total area of 155 million hectare, 16.14% of the country’s area. The number of hectare, 16.14% of the country’s area. The number of national level nature reserves will increase to 220. national level nature reserves will increase to 220.
Nature Reserves in ChinaNature Reserves in China Spatially, nature reserves are divided into core, Spatially, nature reserves are divided into core,
buffer, and experimental zones. buffer, and experimental zones. People are allowed to enter the core zones solely for People are allowed to enter the core zones solely for
scientific research and with approval of relevant scientific research and with approval of relevant authorities. Buffer zones can only be used for authorities. Buffer zones can only be used for scientific research activities. Tourism activities are scientific research activities. Tourism activities are allowed in experimental zone in a controlled allowed in experimental zone in a controlled manner.manner.
Developing tourism in nature reserves can help Developing tourism in nature reserves can help raise fund for protection of the nature reserves; raise fund for protection of the nature reserves; however, uncontrolled tourism can also damage however, uncontrolled tourism can also damage nature reserves.nature reserves.
Function Zones of A Function Zones of A Nature ReserveNature Reserve
Carrying capacityCarrying capacity
What is carrying capacity?What is carrying capacity? How to measure carry capacityHow to measure carry capacity Capacity standardsCapacity standards
DefinitionDefinition
Carrying capacity is the maximum Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can use a site number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable adverse impact without an unacceptable adverse impact on the visitor experience as well as the on the visitor experience as well as the environment, society, economy, and environment, society, economy, and culture of the tourism area.culture of the tourism area.
It establishes upper limits on It establishes upper limits on development development
Criteria to determine Criteria to determine optimum capacity levelsoptimum capacity levels
Indigenous physical and socioeconomic Indigenous physical and socioeconomic environmentenvironment
Tourism image and tourist productTourism image and tourist product
Criteria on indigenous Criteria on indigenous environmentenvironment
PhysicalPhysical Visual impact and congestionVisual impact and congestion Ecological system maintenance pointEcological system maintenance point Wildlife and natural vegetation conservationWildlife and natural vegetation conservation Acceptable level of air, water and noise pollutionAcceptable level of air, water and noise pollution
EconomicEconomic Optimum overall economic benefitsOptimum overall economic benefits Tourism employment levelTourism employment level
Criteria on indigenous Criteria on indigenous environmentenvironment
SocioculturalSociocultural Not detrimental to sociocultural life styles and community Not detrimental to sociocultural life styles and community
activitiesactivities Help maintain cultural monuments, arts, crafts, belief Help maintain cultural monuments, arts, crafts, belief
systems, customs, and traditionssystems, customs, and traditions
InfrastructureInfrastructure transportation facilities and servicestransportation facilities and services Water supply, electric power, sewage, solid waster Water supply, electric power, sewage, solid waster
disposal, telecommunicationdisposal, telecommunication Other community services such as health and public Other community services such as health and public
safetysafety
Criteria on tourism image Criteria on tourism image and visit satisfactionand visit satisfaction
PhysicalPhysical Overall cleanliness and lack of pollutionOverall cleanliness and lack of pollution Lack of undue congestionLack of undue congestion Attractiveness of landscape or townscapeAttractiveness of landscape or townscape Maintenance of ecological system: flora and Maintenance of ecological system: flora and
faunafauna
EconomicEconomic Cost of holidayCost of holiday Value for moneyValue for money
Criteria on tourism image Criteria on tourism image and visit satisfactionand visit satisfaction
SocioculturalSociocultural Intrinsic interest of the indigenous community Intrinsic interest of the indigenous community
and cultureand culture Quality of local arts, handicrafts, cuisine, and Quality of local arts, handicrafts, cuisine, and
cultural performancecultural performance Friendliness of residentsFriendliness of residents
InfrastructureInfrastructure Acceptable standards of transportation facilities Acceptable standards of transportation facilities
and servicesand services Acceptable standards of utility servicesAcceptable standards of utility services
Other factors to considerOther factors to consider
SeasonalitySeasonality Tolerance levels of crowding and Tolerance levels of crowding and
congestion of different marketscongestion of different markets
Capacity standardsCapacity standards
WTO (1983) standards in Inskeep (1991) WTO (1983) standards in Inskeep (1991) (Unit: visitors per day per hectare)(Unit: visitors per day per hectare) Forest park: up to 15Forest park: up to 15 Suburban nature park: 15-70Suburban nature park: 15-70 High-density picnicking: 300-600High-density picnicking: 300-600 Low-density picnicking: 60-200Low-density picnicking: 60-200 Sports/team games: 100-200Sports/team games: 100-200 Golf: 10-15Golf: 10-15