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los 1"CITE.

PSYCHE.CAMBRIDGE, MASS., MAR.-APR. 1882.

Communications, exchanges and editors’ coiOiesshould be addressed to EmTORS PSYCHE, Cam-

bridge, A/ass. Communications jbr ublicationPSYCHE nUSt be roerl authenticated, and anony.

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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.CAN1BRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.

Continued/tom p. z79.)9 DEc. I88I.- 8oth meeting (couliuued).

Mr. S: H. Scudder exhibited a Florissant(tertiary) insect which showed certain char-acteristics both of bsocidae and jbsyllidae.On the whole it seemed an aberrant psocid.I)r. Hagen did not agree with Mr. Scudderin believing the venation comparable withthat of psocids.Mr. Scuddev exhibated a carboniferous spec-

imen of what he believed to be a hairy’myria-pod, and compared it with the group bearingbranched spines. The feet not showing, thespecimens were believed to be myriapodsfrom their general resemblance to other un-doubted fossil myriapods. Others havinghairy luffs were mentioned. The generalresemblance of these supposed myriapodsto certain marine worms (AbkrodHe) etc.,was pointed out by Dr. E:L. Mark,

Mr. Scudder also showed a carboniferousspecimen, apparently Palaeocamba alkrax,bearing legs which reminded one of Peri-yhatus; also a carboniferous specimen sentto him as an insect, but which was moreprobably a bryozoan.Dr. E L. Mark exhibited under the micro-

scope stained Corethra larvae, showing theirvalue for demonstrating histological featuresas well as general structure. The peripheral,aggregated nnclei of the muscles, the imag-

inal disks, and certain muscular organs appar-ently of aid in the dilatation of the dorsalvessel, were especially well shown.A list of coleoptera and lepidoptera offered

fbr sale by Philip Laurent, of Philadelphia,Pa., was exhibited as a literary curiosity.Mr. S: It. Scudder also read an interesting

letter from Mrs. H P. Nichols, concerning a

pet gaessa a/ioa, mentioning its feigningdeath when handled, refusing to eat in cloudyweather, and its intoxication when allowed tot?ed on fermented grapes. She also men-tioned the rustling noise it sometimes makeswith its wings.Dr. H. A. ttagen spoke briefly on th.e

changing colors of certain butterfly wings.The changing spots were found to bleachfirst, in bleaching fluids. No difference inthe striation of the different kinds of scaleswas to be noticed. The influence of homo-geneous light on the colors of butterfliesfrom larvae subjected to experiments wasdiscussed.

13 JaN. 882.8ist meeting. The followingpersons were elected officers for the currentyear: Pres/dent, S: Hubbard Scudder; Sec-retary ad Treasurer, W: Trelease; Libra-rian, Clifford Chase Eaton; Execut/ve Com-mHtee, The President, Secretary and Treas-urer, ex o2’ciis, E Payson Austin, E: Bur-gessand E Laurens Mark; EdHorB: Pickman Mann.A vote of thanks was passed to My. B:

Pickman Mann tbr his long and faithful ser-vices as secretary and treasurer of the Club.

(To be co/inued.)

ALI"IRNATI2 (ENERAT1ON IN CYNIPIDAE.Under the title of La gdndration alternan-

te chez les cynipides, par le Dr. It. Adler, deSchleswig; traduit et ap.not par J. Lichten-stein" [Rec., 683], M. Lichtenstein, of Mont-pellier, has lately published the first andintroductory part of his proposed work on the

c.)m@idae. American entomologists are al-

ready familiar with the importance of Dr.Adler’s work, and the translator in his "Intro-duction" has stated its value in very forcibleterms. Indeed this introduction is far from

PS2"CHE. 329

being the least interesting part of the volume,as it contains a concise history of the studyof the family from the days of Malpighi,--who figured many galls as early as 686--down to the time of ftartig, Giraud and Mayr.America may justly claim the credit for the

discovery of this most interest’ing fact of al-ternation of generations among cynipids.Riley, in the interjected remarks in his articleon Controlling sex in butterflies" (Amer.nat., Sept. 873, v. 7, P. 59), was the first

actually to establish the fact beyond all per-adventure, as M. Lichtenstein points out;yet Bassett, tbur months previously (Can. en-tom., May t873, v. 5, P. 93), had stated inthe following words the theory which Ad-ler has so fully verified:"From all theabove facts infer that all our species thatare tbund only in the female sex are rep-resented in another generation by both sexes,and that the two broods are, owing to seas.on-al differences, produced from galls that are

entirely distinct from each other."In thisarticle Bassett has just missed the actual proofin two instances. With Cy@s q. Oeratorhe had observed the females of the vernalbrood ovipositing in acorn cups and produ-cing the gall q. @eratola of Riley’s MS. buthe failed to real- the flies from these galls andso missed the complete proof. In the case ofC. q. balalus Bass., he had bred the sex-ual forms tom leaf galls, and the agamicfemales from twig galls; but had not actuallyobserved the females of the former in the actof ovipositing in the twigs, thus again mis-sing the proo/; Riley, however, as he tells us

in his published note, succeeded in breedingthe agamic females of q. @erator from theacorn galls, thus, in connection with Bassett’sobservation of the oviposition, completelyestablishing the fact of ilternation. So thecredit should be joint. It is, in fact, muchlike the well-knmvn case of Sirecloz and Am-blysloma, in which the credit is divided be-tween Baird and Dumfiril. Dr. Adler veryexcusably overlooked this note of Riley’s.Walsh in his earlier articles came no nearerthe actual state of the case than to prove that

two females, tbrlnerly described as distinct

.pecies, may belong to the same male.M. Lichtenstein also reiterates at some

length, in this introduction, his views withregard to the true position of the agamousfemales of the aididae; that, as steps onlyin the true cycle of the life history of thespecies, they have no right to higher rankthan larval tbrms. This theory he extendsto the cyu@idae, and it certainly has muchtbrce in the matter of classification and willnecessitate an entire revision of methods inthese groups for, from the nature of the case,one can no more compare in the same systemthe agamous tmales with those of the bisex-ual generations than you could, tbr instance,indiscriminately pl.ace in the same table thelarvae and imagines of lepidoptera.

It has been generally overlooked, believe,that in the closing chapters of his work, Dr.Adler has established the fact of parthenogen-esis among the chalcididae as thoroughly as

Von Siebold proved it for the bees and saw-

flies. It will be remembered that with thebees the offspring of the non-fertilized fe-males were all or nearly all males, while withthe lenlkrediniclae, on the contrary, thefemales largely predominated. With thechalcids Dr. Adler’s experiments have dem-onstrated that the former is the case. Theactual results of his experiments are that of

35 individuals of Pleromalus pubarum,reared under such conditions as rendered itabsolutely impossible that their parents couldhave been fertilized, 3o6 were males and only9 females.

In conclusion, the translator has given us alist of the described cyui)bid(te of the world,adapted from Mayr’s Genera dcr gallenbe-wohnenden Cynipiden" (88i), arranging theagamous and sexual forms in such a way thatat a glance one can see the work which Adlerhas done, and that which still venains to be(tone in es.tablishing relationships.The beautiful plates from the Zeitschrift

ftir wiss. Zoologic, vol. 35, are reproduced inthis volume, and the work as a whole is asfull of interest to the entomologist as (to usethe homely old expression) an egg is full ofmeat." It is greatly to be regretted that sosmall an edition (5o copies) was issued.

L. O. Howard.

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