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Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
Features of Power System and Issues on International Connection
in JapanRyuichi YOKOYAMA
横山 隆一
Waseda University早稲田大学
1
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 2
Features of Power System in Japan
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 3
Features of Power System in Japan
Energy savingEnergy security
Diversification of power sources Cost benefit
Energy Resources(Scarce)Self-sufficiency rate : 4%
Light & compact
High reliabilityHigh efficiency
Environmental issueEnvironmental countermeasures
Ambient temperature : -20~40℃Earthquake intensity : 8.2Instantaneous wind speed : 70m/s
- Underground S/S, - Underground Cable, - Insulated Wire
( Renewable energy, LNG, Coal, Hydro, Oil, Nuclear )
Natural Condition(Harsh) Population density : -Tokyo area: 5875 people/km2- Metropolitan area:1132 people/km2
Social Environment(Narrow, Crowded)
Reference: Development and Future of Japanese Power System, Takeshi Taneichi , Sept. 28,2009, CPTJ Symposium in Waseda University
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 4
Ten Electric Power Companies andInterconnected NetworkTen Electric Power Companies andInterconnected Network
50Hz60Hz
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 5
Available Transfer Capacity of Interconnection Lines
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 6
6
Reinforcement of Interconnection lines between 50Hz and 60Hz AreasReinforcement of Interconnection lines between 50Hz and 60Hz Areas
Higashi-Shimizu
60Hz Area
Sakuma
50Hz AreaShin-Shinano
EtsumiTrunk Line
Constriction Plan of 900MW HVDC Line toward Nagano
Reference: Proposal on reinforcements of Tokyo-Chubu interconnection, ESCJ, 2013
Current Situation of East-West Interconnection FacilitiesFrequency Converter Station■ Sakuma (J-Power EPCO) : 300 MW■ Shin-Shinano (Tokyo EPCO ) : 600 MW■Higashi-Shimizu (Chubu EPCO) : 300 MW■Total Capacity: : 1,200 MW
■ Reinforcement of interconnection between 50Hz and 60Hz areas by HVDC line■ Capacity of East-West interconnection will be increased from 1,200MW to 2,10MW (2,50MW in the future)■ The project is undergoing aiming at operation commencement in 2020
■ By the constriction of 900MW HVDC Line toward Nagano, the transfer capacity increases to 2,100 MW in 2020.
■ The Expert Committee on the Electricity Power Systems Reform requested further increase of capacity up to 3,000 MW under political support by the government in June 2016.
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 77
Generation Mix and Total Capacity of EPCOs in 2015 and 2020
Generation Mix in 2010 Generation Mix in 2013
Nuclear
CoalHydro
LNGOthers
Renewable
Before Disaster
2010 Oil
Nuclear
Oil
CoalHydro
LNG
Others
Renewable
After Disaster
20132011
Transmission Line (500kV)Transmission Line(154kV~275kV)DC Transmission LineSwitching Station or SubstationFrequency Converter Facility(F.C.)AC-DC Converter Facility
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 8
Reinforcements of Facilities for Large Scale Wind GenerationReinforcements of Facilities for Large Scale Wind Generation- Construction Unit Cost:
300,000 Yen/KW Estimated- Construction Period:
April 2014 to March 2019- Operational Capacity:
0.6GW (in 2014)0.3GW (in 2019) ExtensionTotal Capacity: 0.9GW
Hokuto Substation
ImabetsuSubstation
SeikanTunne
lNew Route
Existing Route
Nanae SubstationOhno
SubstationHokuto-ImabetsuTrunk Line
Nihisenndai
Minami-Soma Jyoubann Line
Soma-Futaba Line
Tokyo Area
TohokuArea ● Total Construction Cost :159 billion Yen
● Construction Period:7 years to 11 years
●Operational Capacity:5.7 GW (in 2021 Fiscal year)5.5 GW (Expansion)Total Capacity: 11.2GW
Large Scale Wind Generation Area
High Electricity Demand Density Area
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 9
Reinforcement Plans of Interconnection between 50/60 Hz AreasReinforcement Plans of Interconnection between 50/60 Hz AreasAreas
to be InterconnectedProjectName Voltage
Construction Commencement In Operation
Hokkaido-Tohoku Hokuto-ImabetsuDC Trunk Line HVDC 250 kV April 2014 March 2019
Tokyo-Chubu Tokyo-Chubu DC Trunk Line HVDC±200 kV 2017 Fiscal Year 2020 Fiscal Year
Chubu-Kansai Sekigahara-kitaoumi Line 500 kV Undecided Undecided
Reference: https://www.occto.or.jp/en/occto/about_occto/images/figureforOCCTO.pngReference: OCCTO, Summary of electricity supply plan in2015, June 2015
Construction rules: According to the recommendation by OCCTO, a related electric power utility are obliged to construct or expand the interconnecting line and subsequently the construction or expansion cost is collected by the wheeling charge from all users and customers.
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 10
Unit: 10 MWHokkaido
EPCO
ChugokuEPCO
KansaiEPCO
ChubuEPCO
HokurikuEPCO
TohokuEPCO
TokyoEPCO
ShikokuEPCO
KyushuEPCO
Undecided (120)Undecided (250)
90 (2019 In Operation)90 (2019 In Operation)
210 (2020 In Operation)300 (Recommended)500KV Line Planned but Undecided
Transfer Capacity after Reinforcement of Interconnection in 2024Transfer Capacity after Reinforcement of Interconnection in 2024
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 11
Deployment of Super Grid into Asian CountriesDeployment of Super Grid into Asian CountriesSuper Grid in Japan - Necessity of feasibility studies for international interconnection toward the targeted year, 2020 or 2030
- In the future, expansion to multi-national Super Grid including the North East Asian countries (ASEAN) and Australia- Creation of a platform for effective use of renewable energy such as solar and wind- As electric power companies in Japan have been protected by monopoly and regulation, even domestic transfer between areas was not sufficient because of poor tie line capacity.
Expansion of domestic tie lines
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
Reinforcement of Tie linesfor Cross-Reginal Operation
Toward Super Grid in Japan)
36
Reinforcements of Tie lines
between areas
Increase of Cross-regional electricity transfer
- To avoid blackout occurred by natural disasters by transferring electric power between areas
- To mitigate output fluctuation of large scale renewable energy installation by enhancement of nationwide demand and supply balancing capability
- Establishment of OCCTO: Organization for Cross–regional Coordination of Transmission Operators, Japan Reference: OCCTO, Summary of electricity supply plan in2015, June 2015
Import of Electricity2GW ~ 5GW
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 13
Issues on International Connectionin Japan
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 14
Disaster by Tohoku/Pacific Coast Tsunami
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 15
Current Situation of Nuclear PlantsAfter Disaster in Japan
:Decommissioning:Frozen/Suspended:Emergency Stop:In Maintenance
: In Operation: Under Const.: Planned
Capacity
In Operation In Operation
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 1616
Paradigm Shift toward Best Energy Mix from Nuclear-Centered Generation Mix
Best Energy Mix based on Distributed Generation and NetworkGeneration with Fossil Energy- LNG Thermal Plant (1GW)- Gas Combined Cycle (0.3GW)- Gas Engine (10KW – 1MW)- IGCC (Clean Coal Generation)- Fuel Cell
GEGEGeneration with Sustainable Energy
Battery Energy Storage
EDLC
Lead Battery Ni-MH Battery負 極負 極 正 極正 極
水 素 吸 蔵 合 金 オ キ シ 水 酸 化 ニ ッ ケ ル
放 電
N iO O H
N i(O H ) 2O H -
H 2O
O H -
H 2Oe -↓
水 素 H +
↑
e -
e - → e - →
← e -
e - →
負 極負 極
正 極正 極
炭素材料 (黒鉛層間化合物) 遷移金属酸化物
Li+
空のLi+サイト
放 電
電子 e- →Li-Ion Battery
TransmissionNetwork
Distribution Substation
ResidenceFactory
Distribution Network
Storage
Thermal Plant
PV GenerationStorageNuclear Plant
Hydro PlantGeneration Mix based on Large Scale Plants
WindGeneration
Energy Saving Local Generation
Tsunami2011
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
○ By large scale installation of sustainable energy such as PV generation, new problems in power grids ;Excess energy, Voltage increase and Shortage of frequency control capacity occur.
○ Necessity of power stabilization control to keep their own functionality of power networks
107V
95V
Voltage
Distance from Substation transformerNo Reverse
Power
Reverse powerPermissible Range(1016V)
LoadLoad
Reverse Power Reverse power : PV generated power flows into grids
DistributionSubstation ~ - ~ -LoadLoad Load ~ -
VoltageDisconnection
100/200V6600V
Voltage Increase and Reverse Power in Distribution Networks
MEGA Solar
Issues in Power System Operation by Large Scale Instillation of Sustainable Energy
Output Deviation of PV Generation in Summer
Ratio
(
Gener
ationC
apacity
)
(%)
(Time)Cloudy
Fine Day
Rainy010
203040506070
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Dema
nd Ch
ange
(Co
mpone
nts un
der 20
minute
s devia
rtion)
太陽
光
増加
LFC : Load Frequency
Control
Sum of demand and PV output fluctuations
±1~2 %of Total demand
Shortage of Frequency Control Capacity
One hour
Sum of demand and wind output deviations
Demand deviation
Excess of control limit
17
SmartMeter
HEMS
BatteryElectric Vehicle
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 18
Autonomous Micro Gridfor Effective Use of Sustainable EnergyIntelligent
Control System
Wind Generator
PV generation
Fuel Cells
Electricity/Heat Supply
Large Customers
Domestic Customers
Loop Network
GEGE
Gas Engine, CGS
Utility Grid
ICT-based Monitoring, Communication and Control
Battery Energy Storage System
Back Up
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 19
Changes of Power System Structureby Introducing Smart Technology
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 20
Toward Future Power Delivery NetworksStable Power Supply Low Carbon SocietyReasonable Price
Future Social Infrastructure
Super Grid
Anti-Disaster Network Power Transfer crossing the BorderLocal Government DrivenAutonomous Network Inter-regional Connection
Cluster-Oriented Distribution Network
Large Scale Power SystemRemote GenerationLong TransmissionVulnerability to Natural DisasterMicro Grid Smart Grid
Parasite Cost/Benefit
Smart & Eco Life
Smart CommunityEco City, Compact Town
Electricity, Heat,Transportation
20
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
Conclusion of MOU concerning Smart Community Projects 6 Demonstration Projects ; 4 in Implementation stage and 2 in
Construction stage
Java Island(Indonesia)
21
Oversea Smart Community Developments by NEDO
Reference : New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 22
USALos Angels, HawaiiBoulder, Miami, Los Alamos, Albuquerque
KoreaCheju
EnglandOrkney,Glasgow
EU CountriesMiddle East North Africa DERRTEC IndiaDahej, Changodar,
Maharashtra, Haryana
SingaporeJurong, PulauUbin
GermanyBoden, Berlin, Aachen
HollandAmsterdam
UAEMasdar
JapanYokohama, Toyota, Kitakyusyu, Keihanna
ChinaTianjin, Sohiden, Bechuan, Turpan, Dezhou, Dalian, Hainan
Eco City Development in China
Chinese Government
Chinese and Singapore governments attained the agreement to corporate thedevelopment of Tianjin Eco City in 2007. Budgets are supplied by both sides by50% and development corporation was established. Singapore side utilized the government fund. Design has been undertaken by Singapore Government-own Corporation
International Deployment in the Future
1
Eco CityPVGeneration
Regional Air Conditioning Electricity SavingWater and Waste Treatment
Singapore Government
Eco City Project in Tianjin
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
Configuration of Single Cluster
Configuration and Components of Cluster–Oriented Smart Distribution GridEffective Use of Sustainable Local Energy
BatteryCVCF/PQ Control
Main Inverter GEGEInterconnection
InverterCluster for
Power SupplyUtility Grid(Power System)
Facilities
Biomass
Gas Engine
PV GenerationWind Generation
Micro Hydro
Wave Generation
Biogas
CustomersRapid
Charging of EV
23
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 24
Interconnection and Expansion of Cluster–Oriented Smart Distribution Grid
Main Inverter(CVCF-Mode)
ClusterA
GEGE
Power System
(Utility Grid)
GEGE
One Point Connectionto the Grid
ClusterB
ClusterC
Main Inverter(CVCF-Mode)
Main Inverter(CVCF-Mode)
Battery Energy Storage System
Battery Energy Storage System
InterconnectionInverter
(PQ-Mode)
InterconnectionInverter
(PQ-Mode)
InterconnectionInverter
EMS
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 25
欧州における北海スーパ-グリッド構想欧州における北海スーパ-グリッド構想The North Sea Countries’ Offshore Grid Initiative by EWEAThe North Sea Countries’ Offshore Grid
Initiative by EWEA
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 26
European Super GridDESERTEC Industrial Initiative
European Super GridDESERTEC Industrial Initiative
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 27
ASEAN Power Grid (APG) Initiative・ ASEAN Power Grid Connection for
Effective use of Energy Resources ・ Reconciliation of Neighboring
Countries through Power Transfer ・ Revitalization of these Regions
Reference:Jack CasazzaForgotten Roots: Electric Power, Profits, Democracy and a Profession
Philippine
Myanmar
Malesia
Vietnam
Burnie
Singapore
Indonesia
CambodiaThailand
Laos
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 28
Asian Super Grid
JapanKorea
Russia
HVDC Transmission lines
India
China
MongoliaThe Gobi Desert
Asian Super GridInternational Energy Interconnection
HVDC Cable
Substation
Transmission LinesWind Farm in Mongolia
The Gobi Desert
Solar Thermal Farm
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 29
Benefit of Asian Super GridDifference of Electricity Prices in Countries
WakkanaiTamari
Fukuoka
Mihama
KashiwazakiKariha
Total Transmission Length:3,800KmElectricity Price
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 30
Mandatory Conditions for realizing Super GridMandatory Conditions for realizing Super Grid
30
□ In the DESERTECH Project of European countries including the Middle East and the North Africa,- Solar Thermal energy in deserts of
the North Africa and the Middle East- Wind power energy in the coast of
the North-West Africa, the North and West Europe
- PV generation in strong solar radiation, such as Spain
- Hydro energy in mountain areas of the Alpsmountains, Pyrenees, Atlas Mountains
- Biomass energy in the middle of Europe, such as, Germany and France□ International interconnections between Africa, the Middle East and Europe by low
loss, long distance HVDC- Countries must be stable politically, Economically and Socially- Interconnecting countries have cordial relations each other- Diversification of energy resources in different areas
Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 31
Thank you for your attention
Ryuichi YOKOYAMA横山 隆一
Waseda University早稲田大学