- S & T Indicators: an overview of Croatia Emira Bečić Gordana Prutki - Pečnik Ministry of Science and Technology of Croatia

- S & T Indicators: an overview of Croatia

Emira Bečić

Gordana Prutki - Pečnik

Ministry of Science and Technology of Croatia

CURRENT SITUATION ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL

Legal bases for the research:

• Act on Statistics is the legal and methodological bases for the determination of the statistics and statistical research, surveys, data collection, data processing and data publishing.

• Statistical Surveys are provided on the bases of the relevant national Act on Statistics and Annual Programs of Statistical Surveys.

• The data are collected by statistical questionnaire from all national sources.

• Scientific and research activity is defined by the Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education, and levels of education according to the National Standard Classification of Education (NSCE).

• Relevant international standards for the R&D survey are: ISCED 97, UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1,

Frascati Manual

Data sources:

• Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), www.dzs.hr• Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia (MoST), www.mzt.hr• Ministry of finance of Croatia (MoF), www.mfin.hr• Croatian Patent office, www.dziv.hr• Croatian Employment Service, www.hzz.hr

Sources for further information:

• Statistical Yearbook, annual yearbook• Research and Development, annual reports• First release, monthly reports

http://www.dzs.hr/

http://www.mzt.hr/

http://www.mfin.hr/

http://www.hzz.hr/

General notes of the data quality:

• Major institution responsible for methodology and technical notes, collection, processing, publishing and revision the data related to the R & D and S &T is Central Bureau of Statistics of Croatia (CBS): Department for Education, Research and Development, Culture and Social Welfare.

• Since 1970 CBS provides data on High education. Database on HE includes all types of university students based on NSCE classification (harmonized with ISCED -97), institutions and staff.

• CBS in Croatia has not established yet the database on the Financing of Education. Up-to-date data for financing of education are based on report by the funding ministry (e.g. Fiscal database MoF established by IMF GFS Methodology)

• Since 1998 Croatia provides data on Education statistics by UNESCO –UIS Questionnaire (UIS/A,/B,/C)

• Since 1972 CBS provides data on R&D.

• Since 1996 Frascati Manual has been used for the official data collection. The CBS provides comparative data available from the period 1997 to 2002.

• Data on R&D are collected annually by separate questionnaire forms from:

Business enterprise sector - data coverage is limited to enterprise/trade companies (including public enterprises) with more than 100 employees, officially registered by Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (according to the National Classification of Economic Activities). Therefore not all business organizations performing R&D are included in official statistics

Government sector (public institutes, R&D departments of health care institutions, etc.),

Higher education sector – faculties/universities and all other institutions of higher education.

The data on Patents are collected in the frame of official R&D Questionnaire, and continually up-dated by Croatian Patent Office

Survey of R&D includes the data of the Human Resources in R&D: number of researchers; R&D personnel (FTE); R & D Expenditure; Number of scientific publications and number of publications by UDC; Number of Patents.

• Today CBS in Croatia has established database on:

- Human Resources in R & D- R & D Expenditure - Scientific Publications by scientific fields, according to the UDC

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS: AN OVERVIEW OF CROATIA 1. R & D INVESTMENT

1.1. Total investment

• The share of R & D as a % of GDP (GERD) has been increasing last few years. It expresses increasing country’s relative efforts to create new knowledge. Continuously increasing R & D expenditure on national level represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in knowledge based economy. (See Table 1, and figure 1.1.)

• In terms of R & D intensity (figure 1.1. and 1.2.) Croatia, like the candidate countries is under than the level of the EU 1, 9%. The level of Croatia of 1, 2% is lower than Slovenia (1, 5%). Comparing to the other candidate countries Croatia has higher level of R&D expenditure in relation to GDP. High levels and strong dynamics of R&D intensity have given positive support to the future growth dynamics of Croatia.

• The share of R & D financed by the business sector (45,1%) – which reflects profit- oriented R&D activities – is lower than the EU average of 56,3%, and lower than in Slovenia (56,9%);Czech Republic (52,6%); Romania(50,2%) and Slovak Republic (49,9%), comparing to the data for latest available year. (See figure 1.3. BERD as a % of GERD)

Two indicators:

• Indicator: Total R&D expenditure in relation to GDP (GERD as a % of GDP)• Indicator: Research and development expenditure financed by business sector (BERD as a

% of GERD)

Table 1. Total expenditure on R&D in Croatia

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Expenditure on R&D in Croatia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

BERD Expenditure on R&D in the Business Enterprise Sector

% of GDP 0,25% 0,25% 0,43% 0,55% 0,45%

GOVERD Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D

% of GDP 0,26% 0,19% 0,21% 0,26% 0,25%

HERD Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector

% of GDP 0,26% 0,27% 0,34% 0,41% 0,39%

GERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D

% of GDP 0,77% 0,71% 0,98% 1,23% 1,09%

GDP at market prices (current)

US$ mln 21.109,00 21.628,00 19.906,00 18.427,00 19.536,00

GDP/per capita US$ 4.398 4.805 4.371 4.153 4.402

32

34

33

35

27

38

44

21

35

45

22

33

41

23

36

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

share in %

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 year

Figure 1. Sectors performing R&D as % of GERD in Croatia

HERD

GOVERD

BERD

Source:CBS of Croatia

Figure 1.1. R&D intensity (GERD as %GDP) in Candidate countries - comparing Croatia, (1)

0,25

0,40

0,41

0,57

0,60

0,63

0,66

0,69

0,75

0,75

1,23

1,24

1,51

1,93

0 1 2 3

Cyprus

Latvia

Romania

Bulgaria

Lithuania 1

Turkey

Slovak Rep.

Hungary

Estonia

Poland

Croatia

Czech Rep

Slovenia

EU -15

Source data: Eurostat Notes: 1) EU-15: estimate, LT and CRO:2000; All other countries 1999.

Figure 1.2. R&D intensity (GERD as % of GDP) 1999 (1)

0,68

0,76

0,94

1,04

1,21

1,80

1,86

1,93

1,96

2,02

2,06

2,15

2,48

2,69

2,98

3,37

3,78

0 1 2 3 4

Greece (1)

Portugal

Spain

Italy (1)

Ireland (1)

Austria

UK

EU-15

Belgium (1)

Netherlands (1)

Denmark (1)

France

Germany

US

Japan

Finland

Sweden (1)

Source data: Eurostat, OECDNotes: (1)EL,IRL,I,B,NL,DK,S:1999All other countries and EU:2000

1.2 Private investment• Indicator: Research and development expenditure financed by business sector

(BERD as a % of GERD)

Figure 1.3. BERD as % of GERD in Candidate countries - comparing Croatia, 1999

15,7

17,4

22,8

25,2

38,1

38,5

43,3

45,1

49,9

50,2

52,6

56,9

56,3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Latvia

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Estonia

Poland

Hungary

Turkey

Croatia (1)

Slovak Rep.

Romania

Czech Rep.

Slovenia

EU - 15 (1)

Source data: Eurostat, CBS of CroatiaNotes: (1) EU-15,CRO:2000 and estimate;All other countries 1999

Figures 1.4. BERD as % of GERD in EU, Japan and US, 2000 or latest available year (1)

22,7

28,5

45,1

49,3

54,3

56,4

63,4

63,6

64,0

65,5

65,6

70,9

71,0

71,4

71,6

72,9

75,1

75,3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Portugal

Greece

Croatia

Italy

Spain

Netherlands

Denmark

Austria

France

EU-15 (2)

UK

Finland

Japan

Germany

Belgium

Ireland

Sweden

US

Source data: Eurostat; OECD MSTI

Notes:A:1998,B,DK,EL, IRL,I,NL,P.S:1999;D,E:2001;

The Structure funding of the GERD in Croatia 1997 – 2000 is folows:

• The business sector is financed cca 90 % of its R&D activity through its own resources in 1997, and 73 % in 2000. The amount of BERD doubled in the same period, with internal business sector financial sources being replaced by financing from other private and public enterprises and by foreign investors.

• The government sector financed 80 % by central and local government funds with a constant source of financing derived from its desire to provide R&D as a social and economic service.

• Higher education R&D is also financed mostly by government (70

%)

Table 2. Financing R&D in Croatia, by sources and sector performing R&D

Sources of funds for R&D

Sectors performing R&DAll sectors

totalGERD

BusinessBERD

Government GOVERDHigher education

HERD

1997 total, HRK 000 311.182 326.218 320.951 958.351

Own resources 89,6 % 14,6 % 20,7 % 41,0 %

Central and local government 1,6 % 71,0 % 65,7 % 46,7 %

Private and public enterprises 6,9 % 2,2 % 9,6 % 6,2 %

Other domestic resources 0,8 % 1,3 % 1,9 % 1,3 %

Foreign investors 1,1 % 10,9 % 2,2 % 4,8 %

1998 total, HRK 000 343.540 260.683 376.992 981.215

Own resources 88,1 % 13,1 % 20,5 % 42,2 %





1999 total, HRK 000 609.337 298.602 489.822 1.397.761

Own resources 83,1 % 14,6 % 20,0 % 46,4 %





2000 total, HRK 000 847.874 405.382 628.583 1.881.839

Own resources 72,6 % 15,8 % 15,2 % 41,2 %





2. HUMAN RESOURCES IN S & T2.1 Researchers

• The total number of researchers in R&D increased continuously in the last few years. (Figure 2, and figure 3. See also ANNEX II: Table 3; 3.2.)

• The rate of increase in total number of researchers is in correlations with increasing the total spending on R&D. The distribution of researchers by sector is as follows: the government 30, 3%, business 17, 3% and High education sector 52, 4%.

• In Croatia like in other candidate countries the role of researchers in the higher education sector is quite significant.

• In Croatia like in all candidate countries the share of the business sector is much lower than in the EU (50%).

Table 3.1. R& D Investment in human resources in S & T in Candidate countries-comparing Croatia, 1999

R&DPersonnel

FTE per 000

labour force

Total R&D personnel

FTE 1

Researchers by sector

Total

FTE 1

Government

sector

%

Business sector %

Higher education

sector %

Bulgaria : 16.087 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9

Cyprus : 681 278 29,7 23,1 42,7

Czech Rep. 4,7 4 24.106 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0

Estonia : 4.545 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3

Hungary 5,7 21.329 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9

Latvia : 4.301 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1

Lithuania . : 11.791 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4

Poland 3,3 3 82.368 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5

Romania 2,9 3 44.091 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9

Slovak Rep. 5,8 3 14.849 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2

Slovenia 8,9 3 8.495 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5

Turkey 1,0 24.267 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9

EU -15 2 9,9 1.689.490 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3

Croatia (5) 3,2 8.827 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4

Source data: Eurostat, OECD MSTI (5) CBS of Croatia

Notes: 1) All values for Lithuania from year 2000; 2) FTE = full- time equivalent; 3) values for year 1998; 4) Czech Rep. 2000;

Indicator: Number of researchers in relation to the labour force

Figure 2. Total number of researchers (FTE) in Croatia

6385

47365523

6772

10043

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001.

Source: CBS of Croatia

Figures 3. Total researchers (FTE) per 000 labour force - comparing Croatia, 2000

1,0

2,9

3,2

3,3

4,1

5,7

5,8

8,9

9,9

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0

Turkey

Romania

Croatia (1)

Poland

Czech Rep.

Hungary

Slovak Rep.

Slovenia

EU -15

Source data: Eurostat, (1)CBS of Croatia

2.2. Investment in tertiary education

Figures 5. Public expenditure on tertiary education: % of GDP 1999

0,5

0,8

0,8

0,8

0,9

0,9

1,1

1,1

1,1

1,2

2,1

2,1

2,4

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

Japan

Czech Rep.

Poland

Slovak Rep.

Hungary

Croatia (1)

Turkey

Greece

EU-15 (1)

Ireland

Finland

Sw eden

Denmark

Source: (1) OECD, CBS of Croatia

Figure 4. Total researchers (FTE) per 000 labour force and R&D intensity, 1999

1,24

0,69

0,75

0,40

0,66

1,51

0,63

1,93

1,23

4,7

3,3

2,9

5,8

8,9

1,0

9,9

3,2

5,7

0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00

Czech Rep.

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Slovak Rep.

Slovenia

Turkey

EU -15

Croatia (2)

R&D personnelFTE per thousandlabour f orce (2)GERD/GDP % (1)

Source data Eurostat; CBS of Croatia

Notes: FTE=f ull - time equiv alent; (1) 1999; (2) 2000

3. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY• Indicator: Number of scientific publications per capita• Indicator: Number of patents per capita

Figure 6. Number of Publications (2) per million population - comparing Croatia, 1999

69

70

127

143

170

185

221

293

330

352

365

370

577

755

0 200 400 600 800

Turkey

Romania

Lithuania

Latvia

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Poland

Slovak Rep.

Estonia

Czech Rep.

Croatia (1)

Hungary

Slovenia

EU-15

Source data: Eurostat; (1) CBS of CroatiaNotes: (2) Publications from 11fields

Figures 7. Number of patents per 10000 population, average 1996 -1998

0,1

0,4

0,6

0,6

0,7

2,6

4,7

5,7

7,7

0 2 4 6 8 10

Croatia (1)

Slovak Rep.

Poland

Czech Rep.

Hungary

EU

USA

OECD

Japan

Sources data: OECD MSTI, (1) Croatian Patent off ice

Problems and disadvantages of current R & D methodology

• The annual report on R&D is submitted by all legal entities dealing with R&D activities during the last calendar year. The coverage is one of the main problems with this statistics in our country, especially concerning the coverage of R&D activities in the business sector (enterprises / trade companies).

• Explanation of the low share of the BERD as % of GDP in Croatia in the period from 1997 to 2000 can be found in the sample of business entities covered in the data collection questionnaire. The small number of business entities comprised in CBS coverage indicates the lack of information bases according to which the larger number of smaller entities would be also identified as performing R&D activities.

• The methodology used by the Central Bureau of Statistics in expressing sources of funds for R&D in Croatia does not exactly match with the categories of financing sources used by OECD statistics. Example: it is not possible to identify exactly separately public and private financing of R&D.

• Croatia has not full established database on R&D, S&T.

Perspectives

• establish Croatian R&D Indicators database

• establish Croatian S&T Indicators database

• establish Croatian database on Financing of Education

• establish Croatian Education Indicators database

• Completely harmonize National Methodology of R&D with EUROSTAT Methodology

• Launch Survey Questionnaire for GBOARD next year.

• Introduce in CBS formal organizations Units for R&D and S&T indicators

• Add education Statistic in the CBS of Croatia and other relevant institutions in Croatia about R&D and S&T statistics.

• In cooperation with the other CEES countries launch Countries Survey on S&T policy, and

define relevant indicators.

Annex I: Table 3. R & D investment and human resources in S & T in candidate countries – comparisons Croatia, 1999

GERD /

GDPBERD / GDP GERD R&D

personnelFTE per

thousand labour force

Total R&D

personnel FTE 1


% %

Financed by Government

%

Financed by Business %

Total FTE 1

Government sector

%

Business sector %

Higher education sector %

Bulgaria 0,57 1,16 69,7 22,8 : 16.087 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9

Cyprus 0,25 0,50 68,5 17,4 : 681 278 29,7 23,1 42,7

CzecRep. 1,24 7,81 42,6 52,6 4,7 3 24.106 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0

Estonia 0,75 1,79 64,8 24,2 : 4.545 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3

Hungary 0,69 2,76 53,2 38,5 5,7 21.329 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9

Latvia 0,41 0,70 55,6 15,7 : 4.301 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1

Lithuania . 0,60 1,29 : : : 11.791 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4

Poland 0,75 3,08 58,5 38,1 3,3 3 82.368 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5

Romania 0,40 2,99 46,7 50,2 2,9 3 44.091 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9

SlovakRep. 0,66 4,16 47,9 49,9 5,8 3 14.849 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2

Slovenia 1,51 8,32 36,8 56,9 8,9 3 8.495 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5

Turkey 0,63 2,40 47,7 43,3 1,0 24.267 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9

EU -15 2 1,93 12,63 34,2 56,3 9,9 1.689.490 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3

Croatia 3 1,23 0,55 21,5 45,1 3,2 8.827 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4

Source data:Eurostat, CBS of CroatiaNotes: 1) FTE= Full time equivalent 2) 2000 and estimate 3) 2000 and estimate

Table 3.2. R&D Investment in human resources

in S & T in EU countries-comparing Croatia, 1999


Total FTE 2

Government

sector %

Business sector %

Higher education sector

%

Belgium 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9

Denmark 278 29,7 23,1 42,7

Germany 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0

Spain 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3

France 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9

Ireland 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1

Italy 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4

Netherlands 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5

Austria 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9

Portugal 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2

Finland 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5

Sweden 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9

EU -15 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3

Croatia1 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4

Source data: Eurostat, OECD MSTI(1) CBS of Croatia

Annex II: HIGH EDUCATION QUESTIONNAIRE and R & D QUESTIONNAIRE

Name of Research/data collections / questionnaire Frequency/Level

Relevant national standards

Relevant international standards

Harmonized with EU rules and regulations

1. Higher education institutions (ŠV – 21) Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities

Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)

ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166

Completely

2. Under graduated University Students (ŠV – 20) Annual/ the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities

Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)


Completely

3. Graduated students (ŠV – 50)(17 different sub- questionnaires)

Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities

Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)


Completely

4. Postgraduate Students in the School Year (ŠV – 30) Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities

Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, i 7/97)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)


Completely

6. Doctors of Science- (ŠV – 70)(16 different sub- questionnaires)


Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97and7 /97) National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)


Completely

7. Educational Staff in Institutions of Higher Education (ŠV 60)

Annual / Republic of Croatia

National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, and 7/97)

ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)

Completely

8. Candidates for a Doctorate – Persons in a process of getting a Doctorate (ŠV – 49)


Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, i 7/97)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)


Completely

9. Research and Development Questionnaire R&D -1 Business sectorQuestionnaire R&D -2 Public sectorQuestionnaire R&D -3 High EducationPatents and patents applications

Annual / Republic of Croatia

Act on Statistics (NN, 52/94)Annual Programs of Statistical Surveys Statistical Research Program Republic of CroatiaAct on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Classification Scientific Fields (NN, 29/97,135/97, 8/00, 30/00Methodological Manual on R & D, 1997, 2003. Act on Patents,

Frascati Manual Partially

Documents

- S & T Indicators: an overview of Croatia Emira Bečić Gordana Prutki - Pečnik Ministry of Science and Technology of Croatia