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Scientific Study of Societal "Laws“ Rapid Social Change: modernization in U.S.
◦ Industrialization (WWI) Agriculture Factories
◦ Urbanization Migration Immigration
◦ Instability (strain on social structures): Social Disorganization
Exponential growth, 1850-1940◦ Migration ◦ Immigration
Social Disorganization◦ Wm. Isaac Thomas (1863-1947) & Florian
Znaniecki (1882-1958)◦ The Polish Peasant in Europe & America
◦ "a decrease of the influence of existing social rules of behavior upon individual members of the group”
◦ Definition of the situation Dealing with new situation Generational effect
Younger more likely to be deviant
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess (1886-1966)
Ecology◦ Process of invasion & settlement of a territory◦ Settlement patterns
Concentric Zones
Burgess’ diagram of concentric zones
Zones◦ Central Business District
The Loop◦ Zone II (zone in transition)
High population turnover (4-7 years)◦ Zone III
Workingmen’s homes◦ Zone IV
Residential zone (single-family homes; apartments)
Louis Wirth: "Urbanism as a Way of Life" Frederick Thrasher: Gangs
◦ Daniel Bell (“Crime as an American Way of Life”)
Thorsten Sellin: Culture Conflict
Ecology and Juvenile Delinquency◦ Bernard Lander (Towards an Understanding of
Juvenile Delinquency, 1954) Delinquency is ecological
◦ David Bordua (1959) Unattached individuals (ratio)
◦ Roland Chilton (1964) Home ownership
More Recent Research: Cross-Cultural◦ Kirson Weinberg: Ghana◦ Marshall Clinard and Daniel Abbott
Kampala, Uganda (Kiseruji and Namuwongo)
Namuwongo
Travis Hirschi: The Social Bond◦ attachment: the strength of one's ties to others◦ commitment : degree tied to convention
system of rewards◦ involvement:
proportion of time spent in conventional pursuits
◦ Belief Degree of acceptance of conventional norms
Social Reform; Restore Normative Stability◦ The Chicago Area Project◦ Boston: "Total community delinquency control
project"◦ Mixed results◦ Terrence Morris:
The Criminal Area (1966) Inequality
Strengths: ◦ Transcends naive individualistic theories ◦ Deviants are not that different from "normal"
people ◦ Considerable amount of research, empirical
support
Weaknesses:◦ How "disorganization" is defined/ conceptualized
equates different forms of organization with disorganization
◦ Cause and effect Deviance as example/indicator of and caused by soc.
disorganization◦ Ignores "respectable" forms of deviance◦ Ignores inequality