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© T. M. Whitmore 4th type: rural => urban migration What is it? rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence Why migrate? “Push” and “Pull” forces economic welfare social welfare other factors
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© T. M. Whitmore
Today•R – U Migration•Social Geography
ClassDevelopmentRaceReligion
© T. M. Whitmore
Questions?•Other Migrations•Remittances
© T. M. Whitmore
4th type: rural => urban migration
•What is it? rural to urban migration =>
permanent change of residence•Why migrate?
“Push” and “Pull” forceseconomic welfaresocial welfare other factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate I?•Economic (pushes & pulls)
Lack of landFew non-farm opportunitiesLittle upward mobilityDevelopment => fewer rural jobs &
jobs with less dignityFamily strategy of income diversity
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate II?•Social (pushes & pulls)
EducationHealth care access
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate III?•Other (pushes & pulls)
EnvironmentalViolenceIndividual factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Who migrates?•Age •Gender •Marital status•Education level•Personal•Ethnicity
© T. M. Whitmore
How do migrants move?•Migration patterns
Role of information Role of social networksStep vs direct migrationFill-in migration Role of distance
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth/Income I• Average income in GNI in PPP/capita
World ~ $9,100 Lesser developed ~ $4,400-$4,900USA ~ $41,900
• Latin America ~ $7,900Low (< $5,000)
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador
Jamaica, Haiti Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
Above LA average (> $7,900) Costa Rica, Mexico Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth/Income II• Percent living on less than US$2/day
World ~ 53%• LA ~ 24%
Low: > 30% living on < $2/day Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El
Salvador Jamaica Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru
Above LA average: < 20% living on < $2/day Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama Columbia, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution•USARichest 20% have 40% of all incomePoorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle
•Latin America Richest 20% have 50-65% of all incomePoorest 20% have 2-5%30% in the middleCountries with top 20% with more than
50% of all incomeBrazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution II•Changing for the worse in most
countriesMexico, Guatemala, Columbia,
Venezuela, Argentina, Chile•Varies within countries
Mexico: N vs SBrazil: NE vs S
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators•The Human Development Index •Safe water access•Population to hospital bed ratio•Overall worst levels of human
developmentBolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; PeruEl Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
NicaraguaDominican Republic; Haiti
© T. M. Whitmore
Catholic Heritage I•Spanish Catholic roots •Spiritual conquest — an integral part of
the conquest of the Americas•Legacy of Church’s history in Latin
AmericaIdentified with power/economic eliteReform in form of liberation theology
=> oppression of the poor is a sin
© T. M. Whitmore
Catholic Heritage II• Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico”
= “I am a Catholic” Church attendance is often lowBut presence is everywhere
• “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs
• Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
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© T. M. Whitmore
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© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall
© T. M. Whitmore
Religion: Non-Catholic• Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured
labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean)
• Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos)
• Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial timesVery rapid growth in past few decades~40% of Guatemala~1/3 of Brazil
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore