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西部网络技术培训课程 TCP/IP 及组网技术 ( 局域网和广域网技术) 汪为农 2003 年 1 月 5 日. 主要内容. 一 、 OSI 网络参考模型和网络通信结构 二 、 TCP/IP 协议 三 、 IP 地址结构、分类和规划 四 、路由选择 五 、局域网组网技术 六 、广域网组网技术. 一 、 OSI 网络参考模型和网络通信结构. 1 、网络层次模型 2 、网络系统和网络子系统 3 、通信子网和资源子网 4 、两种不同的网络组成结构 5 、物理通信和逻辑通信 6 、通信协议和通信模型 7 、数据封装. 网络层次模型. 7 6 5 4 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TCP/IP (
200315
OSITCP/IPIP
OSI1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7654321
L1L2L3L1L2L3L1L2L3L1L2L3L4L5L6L7L4L5L6L7
37
3 L3L2L1L7L6L5L4L3L2L1L3L2L1 L1L2L3L1L2L3L4L5L6L7 //
AB
AB 222 3 131313
PSA UA PSA UA PSC UC LC PSD UD LD 3PSX UX LX V CPX DCBACPDCPCCPBCPACPCDCPBCCPAB
121212
AB 1011000110101010APDUPPDUSPDU(segment)(packet) (frame)(bits)
TCP/IP1 TCP/IPOSI
2 TCP/IP
3 TCP/IP
4 TCP/IP
5ARPRARP
TCPTransmission Control Protocol4 IPInternet Protocol 3) TCP/IP3OSI OSITCP/IP 76543212HUB 802.3TCP/IPOSI347MACIP
TCP34IPTCP TCP/IP TCP/IP
TFTP FTP NFSSMTP Telnet rlogin SNMP DNS
TCP/IPTCP/IP TCP UDP
TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol
TCPTCP12 16 16 32 32 4 6 6 16 16 16 0-32 Source Port) Destination Port) Sequence Number Acknowledgement NumberTCP HLEN Reserved0 Code BitsTCP Window Checksum Urgent Pointer OptionTCP Data
TCP/UDPFTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP2123255369161TCP UDP TCPUDP TCPUDP RFC1700 TCPUDP * 255 * 255~1023 * 1023
TCP/UDPABTelnet B =23 Telnet 1028 23 TCP/UDP TCPTelnet 1023
TCPABTelnet BSYN SEQ=XSYN SEQ=XSYN SEQ=YACK=X+1 SYN SEQ=YACK=X+1 ACK=Y+1 ACK=Y+1 TCP XY TCPSEQACK
TCPABTelnet BFIN SEQ=XFINSEQ=X ACK=X+1 ACK=Y+1 ACK=Y+1 TCPBFIN FINACK=X+1FINSEQ=YACK=X+1 FINSEQ=YACK=X+1
UDPUDPUser Datagram Protocol)5 16 16 16 16 Source Port) Destination Port) HLEN Checksum Data
UDPACKUDPUDPTFTPSNMPNFSDNSUDP
TCP/IPTCP/IP IPICMPARPRARP IP
ICMPInternet Control Message Protocol) IP
ARPAddress Resolution Protocol) IP MAC
RARPReverse Address Resolution Protocol) MAC IP 4IPICMPARPRARP ICMPIPARP RARP IP
IPIP14 4 4 8 16 16 3 8 6 IP IP IP 8 16 32 32 var VERS HLEN=32bits Type of Service Total Length IdentificationFlagsFrag Offset MTU TTL ProtocolTCP= 6UDP=17 Header Checksum IPSource and Destination IP AddressIP IPIP Options Data
ICMP1ICMPInternet ProtocolError and Control Messages 2ICMP Destination unreachable Time exceeded Parameter problem Source quench Redirect Echo Echo reply Timestamp Timestamp reply Information request Information reply Address request Address reply
ICMPBPing BICMP ICMP BBPing BICMP ping 3123ICMPTTL0AABB
ARP1ABABIP ABMAC
IPAB ABBIPB
MAC IPBMAC B ABIP BMACBIP IPMAC
MACIPMAC IPIPMAC123
2 ABIPBMAC ARPAddress Resolution ProtocolIP MAC 1ABABA MAC B MAC B IP B MACARP requestARP reply ABMACARP request
B ARP request IP MACARP reply AB AIPMACARP cache
AARP replyBIPMAC ARP cacheB
2ABABA MAC MAC B IP B MACARP requestARP reply ABMACARP request ABIP ABIP BARP request ARPMACAAARP replyBIP MACARP cacheAB BIPMAC
3 ABMACARP request BMACB B
ARP cacheIPMAC
4ARP cache ARP requestIPMAC ARP request IPMAC ARP cacheIP MAC
5ARP ABBIP ARP cacheB ABMACARP request ARP reply BIPMACARP cacheB
ABRouter 1Router 2Router 3BIP Router 1 MAC Router 2 MAC BIP Router 3 MAC BIP B MAC BIPARP ABMAC A IPMAC
RARP1 RARPReverse Address Resolution Protocol MACIP
2 RARPIP IP IPIPRARP RARP RARPIP
3 RARP RARP MACRARP
4AAMAC AIP AMAC AIP RARP requestARP replyBCRARPIPIP202.120.5.3
TCP/IPFDDIIP ICMPARP RARPARP RARPTCP UDP SMTPFTPTFTPTelnetSNMPDNSotherWLAN
t f s t e t m f l p t t n p p e t 23212569UDPTCP 6 17 IPMACTYPEDSAP MAC TYPEDASPDestination Service Access PointIP TCPUDP
IP1
2IP
3IP
4
MACIP
1MAC OSI2
2IP OSI3
IPIP 32bits4IPNetwork ID Host ID IP 32Bits8Bits8Bits8Bits8Bits 202 . 112 . 0 . 36IP4
11001010 0111000 00000000 00100110
InterNICIPABC 3 A224 B216 C28AEDC07831151623241101110110B10110IP 5 ABCDE
IP0000000011111111 (direct broadcast) =+1 211.80.129.255 12
00000000 00000000 00000000 0000000003IP
01111111 XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (loopback address)A 127IP 127.any.any.any 127.0.0.1 :=1
6 11111111 11111111 11111111 IP
D 11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000
ABC : 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 IP IP () Internet IGMP 11101111 11111111 11111111 11111111224.0.0.0239.255.255.255
IPABC 3
1A 10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255 16B 172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255 256C 192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255
IP IP NATIP
1 1202.120.1.0 2202.120.2.0 3202.120.3.0 C IP 202.120.1.1 202.120.1.2 202.120.1.3 202.120.1.4 202.120.3.1 202.120.3.2 202.120.3.3 202.120.2.1 202.120.2.2 202.120.2.3
2
C
xx xxxxxxC
3
1
0 0 1 1 = 0 = 1 1 2
7
= 0 = 1 6
x xxxxxxxC xxxxxxx xC
IP 10 CIPCIP 20211246652552552550
CIP 110010100111100000000011011 000111111111100000202.120.3.99 = 0112021203 992552552552241111111111111111111 = IP 110010100111100000000011011 00000 2021203 96 + 202.120.3.99255.255.255.224 202.120.3.99/27271
C2-6 2=0=1 2 = 0 = 1 IP 3323-2 = 6 25-2 = 30
xxx xxxxxC 0000010100111001011101116123 11111111 11111111 11111111 111 00000255.255.255.224271
3CIP 1=001 202.120.1.32/27 202.120.1.33 202.120.1.34 202.120.1.35 202.120.1.33 2=010 202.120.1.64/27 202.120.1.65 202.120.1.66 202.120.1.67 202.120.1.973=011202.120.1.96/27 202.120.1.98 202.120.1.99
1 IP
2
3
4
5
IP1
2
3IP IP 4IP IP
3A1B 202.120.1.33 27271 202.120.1.32 FE0 BMAC 1=001202.120.1.32/27 202.120.1.33 202.120.1.34 202.120.1.35 202.120.1.33 2=010 202.120.1.64/27 202.120.1.65 202.120.1.66 202.120.1.67 202.120.1.973=011202.120.1.96/27 202.120.1.98 202.120.1.99321ABFE0FE1FE2 202.120.1.32/27 FE0 202.120.1.64/27 FE1 202.120.1.96/27 FE2
2
(Static Route)
(Dynamic Route)
Default Route stub/
1
RIP Routing Information Protocol OSPFOpen Shortest Path First Protocol BGP4Border Gateway Protocol v4 CERENTChinaNet
2
3 Distance Vector RIP Link State OSPF Hybrid Routing IS-ISCisco Enhanced IGRP
30
WXYZABC A1A2B1B2C1C2WA1 0XA2 0XB1 0YB2 0YC1 0 ZC2 0
WXYZABC A1A2B1B2C1C2WA1 0XA2 0XB1 0YB2 0YC1 0 ZC2 0YA2 1B1 1WXC1 1WC12ZB2 1ZA2 2
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2XD2 2 XB1 2CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1D
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2XD2 2 XB1 2CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1XA3 1EXED
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2XD2 2 XB1 2CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1EAAD
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1BDD
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1DCCDDXD14
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E1DDAAXD14XA1 5
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 3A3E1E2DBEXADCBXD14XB1 6XA1 5XE1 6
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 7A3E1E2DCBB=3=67XD14XB1 6XA1 5XE1 6
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 7A3E1E2DD=8XD18XB1 6XA1 5XE1 6
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 7A3E1E2DA=9XD18XB1 6XA1 9XE1 6
XABE A1A2D1D2C1C2 CB1B2 XC2 7A3E1E2DBE=10ABCDXD18XB1 10XA1 9XE1 10
=16
15
LSALink State AdvertisementSPFSPF 5
LSA LSA LSA SPF SPF SPF
LSASPF
SPFShortest Path FirstDijkstra
A22341442132122334142 COST = 108/bit/s 10MCOST = 108 / 10,000,000 = 10 COST
P A T A A A22341442132122334142 0 A A A A B C D E F G P T T T T T T 0 2 4 1
A0A SPF ABDFA FAF FF 8888SPF
A22341442132122334142 0 A A A F A B C D E F G P T T T T P T 0 2 4 1 3
FSPFFA FAF 1F1 FG2AG 1 + 2 = 3F ABDG BBBA 88SPF 1
AF22341442132122334142 0 A B A A F A B C D E F G P P T T T P T 0 2 5 4 1 3
BSPFBA BB2 BC3AG 2 + 3 = 5B BG4AG 2 + 4 = 6AG3 ACDG GG 8SPF 21
BAF22341442132122334142 0 A B A A F A B C D E F G P P T T T P P 0 2 5 4 1 3
GSPFGF GG3 GD2AD 3 + 2 = 5AD4 ACDD D 8SPF 212
BAFG22341442132122334142 0 A B A D A F A B C D E F G P P T P T P P 0 2 5 4 7 1 3
DSPFDA DD4 DC2AC 4 + 2 = 6AC4 DE3AE 4 + 3 = 7AC7 D ACEC C SPF 2124
BADFG22341442132122334142 0 A B A D A F A B C D E F G P P P P T P P 0 2 5 4 7 1 3
CSPFCB CC5 CE4AE 5 + 4 = 9AE7 AEE = 7 E SPF 21243
BACDFG22341442132122334142 0 A B A D A F A B C D E F G P P P P P P P 0 2 5 4 7 1 3
ESPFED SPF SPF 212433
1 t01t1CDBA1 t21t3D1t4 BA1A1 LSA LSA LSA LSA ABt0: 1t2:1CLSAD11t1t31t11t4LSALSALSA1
2
CPU
OSPFOSPFAREA0 1AREA1 2AREA2 3AREA3 IP
1234567VLAN8910
1 3 2-4 34
2
OSI2Ethernet IP OSI OSI IEEE802 .2 LLCIEEE802 .3 802 . 5FDDI802 .3 802 .5 FDDI 802 .2 LLC LAN
: IEEE802.3CSMA/CD30% - 40%: :10M/100M/1G/10G 64bytes - 1514bytes
1 twisted pair 8UTP Cat310 Mbps Cat5100 Mbps 100 m10-5
2 : 01 50 185 m500 m
(3) 300MHz~450MHz 100km 75 HFC(Hybrid Fiber Coax) 450MHZ ~ 550MHZ 550MHZ ~ 750MHZ
(4) 2km 10km5
ACA /IEEE802.3ABCD
CSMA/CDABCD
1 CSMA CSMA/CDCarrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection CSMA/CDIEEE802.3
1-CSMAIEEE802.31 - CSMA/CD
CSMA,
2 JAM , 16
JAMBackoff>16Backoff ti T t = Random0~2i-1* T
a b c MACd e /
CRCYYNNNNYCRCYY
HUB
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD1 IP IP HUB //HUB//HUB
HUB 2 /HUBHUB2 LAN
HUB 1M205MX9X10100M100M
FE1FE0FE2 MAC 00 10 3C 2B AC 9802 12 43 57 AD B801 20 03 DF E0 0200 10 3C 2B AC 98 FE102 12 43 57 AD B8 FE201 20 03 DF E0 02 FE0 HUB CAMContent-Addressable Memory MAC MAC
VLAN1VLAN VLAN VLAN
VLAN VLANVLAN VLAN
VLAN VLANIP IP VLAN VLAN
VLANOSI23VLANVLANVLANMAC IPVLANIEEE802.10IEEE802.1Q (19963) dot1qISL (Cisco) VLAN
VLANVLAN1VLAN2VLAN3TrunkTrunk TrunkVLAN1
VLAN VLANVLANVLAN VLANVLANVLAN VLAN VLAN202.120.6.0202.120.23.0202.120.34.0321
VLAN
VLAN
MACIPVLAN
VLAN
1/FDDICERNET1Collapsed Backbone Network) HUB IP IP
2CERNET
HUB
2
1CERNET
IP
3
2L3CERNET IP IPL3L3L3
3L3CERNET
L3L3L3L3L2
1 2 3 4 1 2
3
++
123 ;
1123
123
2
123
2
ServerFarmM1Access LayerDistributionLayerRD1 and RD2A1 and A2NetworkManagementSystemBackboneRouterM2ServersLayer 2 switch / L3Layer 2 switch/HUBServersServersCERNETAccessrouter
ServerFarmM1Access LayerDistributionLayerRD1 and RD2A1 and A2BackboneRouterM2ServersLayer 2 switch / L3Layer 2 switch/HUBServersServersCERNETAccessrouter L3/L4L3/L4
BackboneRouterCERNETAccessrouter L3/L4
CERNET L3/L4
CERNETL3/L4
CERNETL3/L4
L2 L3 /1/2 DMZ21
1OSI
2
3
4
5
OSIOSI2Ethernet IP WAN-Wide Area Networklong haul network OSI 23X.25 OSI
802 .3 802 .5 FDDI 802 .2 LLC LANHDLC PPP LAPBSDLCV.24 EIA/TIA-232 V.35 EIA/TIA-449 G.703 EIA-530 HSSIWAN
SWCOCO SW SW SWCSU/DSUCSU/DSU DTE DCECSU/DSUV.35/G.703V.35/G.703DTU 2703 MODEMMODEMDTU 2703CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit /DTE Data Terminal Equipment DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
121 CSU/DSU2 X.25 PSTNISDN
/ DDN T1/E1 T1/E3 PSTN ISDN 56 X.25 ATM SMDS
2
1SVCSwitched Virtual Circuit
2PVCPermanent Virtual Circuit
1. SDLC (Synchronons Data Link ControlSNA, SDLCHDLC -High Level Data Link Control SDLCHDLCSDLCHDLCHDLC32SDLC
LAPLink Access Procedure)CCITTHDLCLAPBLink Access Procedure BalancedLAPLAPB Link Access Procedure BalancedLAPLAPBHDLCX.25SLIP-Serial Line Internet Protocol)PPP-Point-to-Point Protocol)SLIPPPPIP
1DDN Digital Data Network)
DDN64K128K256K512Kbps...,2.048MbpsDDNDDNDDNDDNPPP HDLC
2X.25 PSDN-Packet Switched Data Network Packet X.25X.25X.25X.25 X.25 : X.21bis (LAPB) PLP-Packet Lever ProtocolX.25: X.3 PAD-Packet Assembly Disassembly) X.28 PAD X.29 X.32 PAD X.75X.25 X.121
X.12115
IP - DNIC- DCC- (460) DCC23 NTN- X1-8 - X9-10 -
X.259.6Kbps - 64Kbps 3Frame Relay Frame Relay X.25X.25X.25Frame RelayX.25X.2564Kbps-2.048Mbps
OSI,,, I.122 I.431 Q.922 Q.931 TISI/902464Kbps - 34Mbps 64kbps - 2Mbps, PVC /SVC /ATM
4ISDNIntegrated Services Digital Network) ISDN ISDNPRI ()PRIPrimary Rate Interface 30B+D 23B+D () B D BRIBasic Rate Interface 2B+DISDN 2B+D 128Kbps - 144Kbps (PRI) 23B+D 1.544Mbps T1) 30B+D 2.048Mbps (E1)
5 2.4GHZ-2.4835GHZ--(10) 64Kbps - 2Mbps10Mbps 10- 60 - 50 - 10
,
6 Ku 1118GHz Ka 1831GHz42.4%,1.8145Mbps64Mbp- -
IP2202ter