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Techniques Bank 1 - Please copy into back of jotters
Simile Describing something by saying it is like something else
Metaphor Describing something by saying it is something else
Oxymoron Two opposite words placed next to each other
Alliteration Repeating the same sound close together at the start of words
Sibilance Repeated “S” sound close together
Juxtaposition
Placing two contrasting images or ideas together
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Essay Writing for Int 2Glasgow 5th March 1971
Or how tp do a critical essay without embarrassing anyone.
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Aim of this lesson:
1. To show me what the examiners are looking for
2. To help me understand how to get an A in my critical essay
3. To help me organise my ideas
4. To help me to use PETAL
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What the examiners are looking for
1. Understanding – am I showing I understand what the writer is trying to do?
2. Analysis – can I spot and name the techniques used?
3. Evaluation – can I form a personal opinion about the ideas in the text and support it with quotes?
4. Expression – can I write in a way that is clear and stylish?
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How to get an A
1. Show a clear line of argument that answers the question
2. Use quotes from the text to prove you are right
3. Show understanding of what the writer is trying to do
4. Write clearly and without any spelling or punctuation mistakes
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The question
Choose a poem which describes a scene or incident vividly. Briefly state what is being described and then go on to show how the poetic techniques used make the description vivid.
You should refer to the text and to such relevant features as: word choice, tone, imagery, structure, rhythm, theme, sound, ideas . . .
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Step 1: Mind Mapping
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?
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Step 1: Mind Mapping
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?
Seems like true story
Clear visual imagery
blood
pain
Realistic characters
violence
Present tense
Newspaper headline
Everyday place but dark and wet
Innocent victims
Faceless criminals
Society just drives by
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Step 2: How to PETAL
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid? The ideas will become paragraphs in
your essay
Each paragraph follows a simple structure:
P E T A L
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Step 2: How to PETAL
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?
1. Point
2. Evidence
3. Technique
4. Analysis
5. Link back to question
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Step 2: How to use PETAL
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?1. Point (what I will show in this paragraph)
2. Evidence (quote from the poem)
3. Technique (the technique used that you’re discussing)
4. Analysis (explain how this proves my point, unpack any techniques, and give a personal reaction to them)
5. Link back to question (show how this answers the question)
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Step 2: How to use PETAL: example
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Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?
In “Glasgow, 5th March 1971”, the poet creates a particularly vivid description of a violent incident. One of the most powerful ways he does this is by describing the injuries to the victims:
“The young man’s face is bristling with fragments of glass”
Morgan uses a metaphor to create a disturbing picture of the young man’s face. The shards of glass seem to make a beard, there are so many. This is effective because it shows us how many pieces are embedded, and how he will be scarred. This horrible image is one of the ways the scene is made vivid and memorable.
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Step 2: How to use PETAL Glasgow 5th – how is the scene made vivid?
In “Glasgow, 5th March 1971”, the poet creates a particularly vivid description of a violent incident. One of the most powerful ways he does this is by describing the injuries to the victims:
“The young man’s face is bristling with fragments of glass”
Morgan uses a metaphor to create a disturbing picture of the young man’s face. The shards of glass seem to make a beard, there are so many. This is effective because it shows us how many pieces are embedded, and how he will be scarred. This horrible image is one of the ways the scene is made vivid and memorable.
P
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T
A
L
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A Quotation Sandwich?
In “Glasgow, 5th March 1971”, the poet creates a particularly vivid description of a violent incident. One of the most powerful ways he does this is by describing the injuries to the victims:
“The young man’s face is bristling with fragments of glass”
Morgan uses a metaphor to create a disturbing picture of the young man’s face. The shards of glass seem to make a beard, there are so many. This is effective because it shows us how many pieces are embedded, and how he will be scarred. This horrible image is one of the ways the scene is made vivid and memorable.
P
E
T
A
L
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A Quotation Sandwich?
In “Glasgow, 5th March 1971”, the poet creates a particularly vivid description of a violent incident. One of the most powerful ways he does this is by describing the injuries to the victims:
“The young man’s face is bristling with fragments of glass”
Morgan uses a metaphor to create a disturbing picture of the young man’s face. The shards of glass seem to make a beard, there are so many. This is effective because it shows us how many pieces are embedded, and how he will be scarred. This horrible image is one of the ways the scene is made vivid and memorable.
cracker
cracker
cheese
P
E
T
A
L
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Technique Bank 2 - Please copy into back of jottersHyperbole Deliberate exaggeration for comic or
dramatic effect
Litotes Deliberate understatement for comic or dramatic effect
Connotation
Meanings, ideas and feelings associated with a word
Rhythm A repeated beat or tempo or regularity to text
Denotation The literal meaning of a word
Rhyme Repeated sounds within a text
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Technique Bank 3 - Please copy into back of jotters
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Assonance Repeating the same sounds within words close together
Euphemism Saying offensive things in a nicer way
Personification
Giving human characteristics to inhuman things
Onomatopoeia
Words that mimic the sound they describe
Pathetic Fallacy
Using events such as weather or other action to show dramatic content of a text
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Technique Bank 4 - Please copy into back of jotters
Protagonist
Main character of a text: usually the goodie!
Antagonist Person in a text who causes conflict for the protagonist: usually the baddie!
Monologue When one character speaks alone and uninterrupted to the audience or reader
Tone The mood or feeling of a text – could be angry, sarcastic etc
Stanza A verse in poetry
Symbolism When a “thing” is used to represent an idea – like sweets for Wilfred represents his temptation.
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Technique Bank 5 - Please copy into back of jotters
Olfactory Imagery appealing to sense of smell
Auditory Imagery appealing to sense of hearing
Visual Imagery appealing to sense of sight
Tactile Imagery appealing to sense of touch
Characteristics
The different parts of a person from a text which make them seem real
Repetition Using the same words or ideas more than once close together, for emphatic effect
