Tetryonics 41.01 - Strong Nuclear Force - Residual EM Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 3 Protons + Nemrons u+d+u d+u+d All elecrro11s. quarks a11d Bar

Tetryonics 41.00 - Tetryonic Chem

istry

Copyright A

BR

AH

AM

[2008] - All rights reserved

2

Tetryonics 41.01 - Strong Nuclear Force - Residual EM

Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 3

Protons + Nemrons

u+d+u d+u+d All elecrro11s. quarks a11d Bar)'OIIS are made

up of 411+ (Terryo11ic) sra11di11g·wave EM fields.

As well as having nerr Terryonic cl1arged ropologies ra11giug berween [+24} - /-•>} rlre)' all posses disriucr ELECTRIC Fl ELDS

that are concemrared in 3 apex poims as indica red in tl1e illustrations

Tl1ese poinrs resulr from the oriemario,, of Elecrric apexes 011d orrllagoual Magnetic dipole

field edges rlrar make up each parricles exremalised EM fields.

The Positive aud Negati\.•e elecrric apex poi11U. obey rlre Law of llueracriou forciug separared

nuceli to combine due ro rheir individual nell Terryonic charges and wovide a meatJS cf oriemiug '"'dei ro each otlzer to create Iarge1

parricles [elemems. allorropes aud compouud;j

fxrernal Magnetic (H} fields can lmeracc with dze iuregral magueric (B) dipoles ofTerryouic parrides

forcing rl1em ro oriemare in specific directions ro facilire chemical boudi11g fmrclear forces}

Addirio11ally. exremal Elecrric fields ca11 imerccr wirh rlre imegral elecrric fields arrracri11g or

repeUi11g rlrem depe11di11g 011 rlre polariry of rlre exremal elecrric field ( Elecrrosrarics}

Extemal energies ca11 he induced imo these iluegral EM fields via i11ducrive coupling

or rlre absarprio11 of specrral plrorous in wrn leading roan increase in rl1e srre11grlres of rlre i11regral EM apexes

itz tum iucreasing rlze Strong Nuclear Force.

Residua 1 Electro-Magnetic Forces allow Neutrons and Protons to attract via the opposite Beet ric charge points

credtcd by their constitu~nt Quarks in order to crt<ltC Elcmcnt<lry NuciQi

u

u

d

12 [l•H l)

d

d

u

u 36

u

The orientation of the component Ele<tric fields within 30 Matter

creates macroscopic force apexes via externalised ' E·points'

0 [l4-24)

~ d 48

Hydrogen

0 (42·4 2)

d

84

The Strong Nuclear force binds Matter together

0 (60·60)

d d

d

120

Tritium

d

d

u

u

0 [18 o$)

u

d

d 36

d

The orientation of the component Magnetic fields within 30 Matter creates macroscopic force apexes

via externalised 'M·dipoles'

Tetryonics 41.02 - Nucleon EM fields


Neutrons

u

d d

d d

0

u

Nucleonic residual EM force The arrracrion bee ween Baryonic E&M field apexs. a resulr of rheir componelll

Quark arrangemems. resulrs in rite formarion of heavier and more complex N11clei

Tile residual e-field apexes and m-field dipoles form l\VO rings of residual EM fields around rite circumference of a comic nuclei

E-field apexes and rlteir polarilies higltliglu rhe quark aligmnelll of all aromic 1111clei and elemems

UP Quark Po$itlvt Elt<ttlc fitld optx

DOWN Quark Ntgotivt Eltctric field o,.x

Protons

d

u u

u u

d

Tetryonics 41.03 - Insulators and Conductors


lnsu lators and Conductors 24~24 I _ + +

+ + p+ The position of electrons in Nuclei within Atomic Elements results in the properties of Insulators or Conductors

O~e-2:!,!)00

0

0

Conductor Electrical energ e~ move around

the material via boson exchanges and electron mcwement

Deuterium [42-42)

Tritium (60-60)

Insulator Electrical energy Is fixed Within the nucleus

as electrostatic charges & released upon demand via electron rotahon/motion within the nucleus

Deuterium [42-42)

Insulator atomic configurations art t-Quivll~nt to

Ovantvm convertors

Tritium (60.60)

Conductive materials contain 'free' electrons that can be readily or easily moved within the material

Insulator materials have electrons that are 'bound' tightly to the atoms and store charges locally where they are applied

Hydrogen

0

0

Coloumbic forces Eltcrrons are aurac1ed lO the rttiduol EM

11er .'+1:z) posilive drarge of Prorons or t•f+ 11} tmbalanc~d lmtic clrarges of nuclei

Ions Charge (cnetgy) is moved around mattri31 via el«:uon movement

Deuterium [42-30)

Tritium [60-48)

12

12

Materials that have been ionised are more likely to become Conductors

as they easily attract and bind free electrons to them

Tetryonics 41.04 - Nucleon Quark Arrangements


Nucleon Quark Arrangement The nuclei arrongemem of eaclr atomic slrcH (qltCurwm lcvtiJ js the rcs11lr of q11ark EMftt-ld imcraclio,rs Atamk sherls

n8

n7

n6

nS

n4

n3

n2

n1

Tetryonics 41.05 - Nucleon Charges & Bonding


Nucleon Charges and Bonding

(Strong force- topological Electric Points)

residua] EM forces

(

(Strong force- topological Magnetic dipoles)

Tetryonics 41.06 - External electron configuration


Deuterium

electrons are l">:temally bou11d to tile Deweron mtclei

Conductors Charges are free to move and equalise

electrons require less energy to 'break free' from Nuclei

Bound e1ectron arrangements

Externally bound electrons produce sub-orbital patterns different to the electron orbitals of internally bound electrons

Deuterium

elecrro11S are imentally b01md in l11e De111erm1 mrdei

lnsu1ators Charges are bound to specific locations

The electron orbitals of conductors are lower energies

than those of insulators

electrons require more energy to 'break free' from Nuclei

Tetryonics 42.01 - Baryonic EM apexes


20 mass-energy geomerries form rlre fabric of 30 Marrer ropologies

u

d

~ 12 nett Charge 12

nett Charge 0 ~ [42·30] e 0 [24·12] componenr charges component cltarges [ r8-r8]

~

!Z31~ drarged mass-energy charged mass-energy \\3!f),j ~ e geomerry geomerry ::l

cu ~ 207t Marter topology Matter topology 207t z 407t

Deuteron

u

d

Charge provides lite framework for lite mass-energy geomerry of Mauer

Tetryonics 42.02 - Nuclei formation


Matter

mass-energy

........

.... ··········· (•8~8] ·········· ....

..... c~ ..... .. All Maner topologies are the result of <harged EM mass·energy geomevi4?s

Deuterons are the bulldlng blocks of

all periodic elements and compounds

... .. · , ........... .

12 [24-12]

.. ·· .. ··· ...

p;~/9~ ·. Proton ./

'•. . ... . . ...... . C4 .....

Matter

mass-energy

Tetryonics 42.03 - Nuclear Bonds - alignment


Strong Forces and Nuclear Bonding

u

How do Baryons with Positive and Neutral charges attract each other and bind to form stable elements?

p Charged EM f<'ISCia N Elect(tC felds & Magnetic dipoles

u d d 10·2 10-2 + 4-8 4-8

Protons & Neutrons are o)tto&'l..,to:V tv~.,._h.;otltoet

d through the1r equal but opi)OSlte

u 4-8

charge fa~C<l of tht'ir M.tttt r topofog1es 10· 2

~§~~~~~ 0 [o8-o8)

~ +

i 12

{1;~~ [24-12)

The attraction and binding of Protons and Neutrons through their electric charge Imbalances

creates Deuterons which have+ 12 charges

The residual Z[+ 121 charge Is what attracts electrons to form neutral atomic nuclei vta Coulomblc attraction

(10 2

12 [42-30)

I s --:)~ -<E('---

Once nuclei have been created their external electric fields & magnetic dipoles continue to attract and bind lndMdual nuclei together vta the Residual EM Force as nuclei seek charge equilibrium by combining with each other

and electrons to form neutral elements

12

0 [42-42)

z

Tetryonics 42.04 - Nucleonic Bonding


u

10·2:

p

Strong Nucleonic Bonding

In addition to t he Strong colour force + a separate residual binding force arises

from the external apexes formed by Positive and Negative Electric points of quarks

in each Baryon [nuclear-chemical bonds]

d

••

u 10· 2

d 4 ·8

All energy seeks equilibrium

External Electric field points bind via Charge fascia Interactions with Plus and Minus Electric points

combining and sharing energy throughout the resultant nuclei

e Positive Electric field apex

Negative Electric field apex e

Tetryonics 42.05 - Hydrogenic vs Nucleonic electron binding


Hydrogenic vs Nucleonic

e1ectron binding

If a 1111001111d Protolt allraCls 011 Elecrron rlre Elecrro11 ca11 be bou11d to tire truclei

itr a 1111111ber of difjeri11g oriemario11s [each with differing spi11 etrergies}

All atomic nuclei (and elements) are Deuteron1c nuclei with a mixture of orthagonal, parallel and anti-paralllel

spin orientations

(this Is why Rydberg Is less accurate for elemental nuclei compared to Hydrogenlc atoms - see QM spin)

Electrons can be bound to deuteron nuclei in four distinct orientations [2 horizontal & 2 vertical]

with each spin coupling orientatio1 producing differing energy electron or3itals

[wrt to the nuclear magnetic moments]

Ejecting electrons from atomic nuclei by adding energies to their KEM fields

[the Photoelectric effect] creates Positive Ions

Vertically orientated electrons within Proton-Neutron Nuclei [Deuterons]

create quantum synchronous conver:or geometries

12

12 12 nuclear spin coupled

6ohf ma9neton Q (24·12] [0·12] (24·24]

electron Hydrogen

The energy levels of Baryons determines the KEM field energy of bound electrons

12 (().12]

Spin OOWN electron coupling 0 (anti·parallel moments!

[42·30] .,.-----y·r-- ---,

12 [42·30]

+

Deuteron electron

Bohr magnetons are always referenced wrt the Nuclear magneton

12 [().12)

+

Deuteron electron

Spin UP electron coupling I parallel moments! 0

.,.--- - .,.-:--- -, (42-42]

electrons produce stronger magnetic moments due to their mass-dlarge quotient

Tetryonics 43.01 - Atomic Nucleus - Master


Atomic Nudeus u

Neutrons

Master Temp1ate d d d

Nucle~mber 1 Pl'OtOtl {,24·12) 1 ele<:((OO (0-12) 1 Neutron [18· 18]

~ G> ActinOid

@0 Lanth.lnoid ~1t.l

A

~u Po~t ~a~ TranS&tlon E ~ .. , d

@0 G r""'"..,. eltctrt>ns

Metal

0~ ~o s N

fG ~-<.J t ltctrtms

n, Q e~~:~, V1C::f' ~· v

2 Alkaline

~o E ~ .. h s

$ilh~t.l

0 A1k>U N.etal

Shell Enetgy 01bital$ .,. F miy level Olb!till

0 s 1 sub-Orbital (2 electrons max}

OP 3 sub-Orbitals (6 ~lectrons max}

0d 5 sub-Orbitals (JO electrons max)

Qt 7 sub-Orbitals {14 electrons max) Protons d d

Tetryonics 43.02 - The Chemical Elements


Tetryonics 43.03 - Element Numbers


E1ement Numbers 1 Proton 1 Neutron 1 tle<Hon

[24 · 12] (18 · 18) (0· 12]

Actlnold

tanth.anOid

Poit Transition Metal

Transition Metal

Non·M • Metalo->d PoorMet.1l

Alk.all Met.'! I

Shell Energy OrbH.lls sub Fam ly level orbital

0 S 1 sub .. Orbftol (2 tlectrons max)

0 P 3 sub-Orbitals (6 electrons max)

Q d S sub-Orbitals (1 0 electrons max)

0 f 7 sub-Orbitals (14 electrons max)

Each elementallUIClei Is made from Deuteri1011

There are a maxtnuon of uo elements

possible

Tetryonics 43.04 - Element Names


E1ement Names

Z 1Ptoton * 1 Neutton 1 ek><uon

(24· 121 ( 18-181

(0· 121

Sh~ll En.c:rgy Orbitals sub Fam ly

0 5

0 p

0d Qt

l('ytl Of"!)! I a I

1 sub·Orbital (2 electrons max)

3 sub-Orbitals {6 electrons max)

5 sub-Orbitals (10 electrons maK)

7 sub-Orbitals (14 ele<:trons max)

There are a maximum of 120 elements

possible

71ley ,..,.. orf&inally named acconlJn& 10 rhdr propen1es by

rhdr c&coYmr bur h<M receJUly been named after jimwus scWr1Jsls

Tetryonics 43.05 - Electron orbital configurations


E1ectron orbita1 configurations A huge number of differing d and f orbital configurations are possible given the number of nuclei and bond points

created by elemental topologies

As the number of nucleons increases so does the complexity of the electron orbitals possible

quantum snowflakes

However all have a stable 'core' grouping of nuclei comprised of

sand p electron orbitals

All nuclei bonding closely follows hexagonal packing rules

f

Tetryonics 43.06 - Exploded Atomic Nucleus


Atomic Nucleus

Exploded view 1 Proton [24-12) 1 elecuon [0•12) 1 Neutron (18· 18)

ActinOid

lanlhanold

Tr.uuidon Metal

Shell Energy Orbit.ab sub F.1mily level orbit~l

0 S 1 sub· Orbital (2 electrons max}

Q p 3 sub·Orbitals (6 electrons max)

Q d Ssub~Orbitals (lOelectronsmax)

0 f 7sub·Orbitols (14electronsmax) G 2 3

Tetryonics 43.07 - Atomic radii of elements


Tetryonics 43.08 - Periodic Table 2.0


Tetryonics 44.01 - The Atomic Nucleus


Tetryonics 44.02 - Periodicity of atomic elements


Tetryonics 44.03 - Shells & energy levels


Tetryonics 44.04 - Electron Orbitals


Tetryonics 44.05 - Electron sub-Obitals


Tetryonics 44.06 - Electron spin


Tetryonics 45.01 - Schrodinger wave-numbers


Quantum numbers 0 £ncrgy !cowls

00 ............................................ ~···· 8

@

~

@

•..... ,, ........ ...... 7

6 Kce~I·K8J\'H~'8J<:~ ..... 5

· ··~••~m·· 4 . Q 3

2 [)\\ . . ... ... . . . . ................. ~

~~

....................................... 1

At<>mic Shdls

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 0

El«tron SPINS

lhesefoor number!, n. t, m and scan be used IX> dosatle ""f electron In a stable-.. (and an be mapped badtiX>thedasslcol-nologyoiShells and electron -.1.

The pcopertiei ot evety .lt<>f'l\'~ spe<lft( cole<tron <onliguriltlon ( ,1on ~ des<.~ by fout quantutn roumbetS:

n (1 -8) Principal (n• 1.2.3,.4...)

l (0-3) Azimuthal

OcO.l _n-1)

m (2l+ 1) Magnetic

(ml • ~1. -1 •1 _0_1 .. 1, 1)

S ! 'l electron Spin

ems • -112 01 •112).

The Bohr mxtel was a one·dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the distribution of elecuons

The three coordinates that come from SchrOdinger's wave equations are the p rincipal (n), angular (1), and magnetic (m} quantum n umbers.

These quantum numbers describe the size, shape, and orientation in space of the orbitals of any particular atom mathematically.

Eodlelectron~~ numbortaro unlqueandannotbesharod byanotl>erelectronlnthat-...

Azmithal & Magnetic numbers

0 Er\Crgy ~vel~

00 ················· ···· ···· ··················· ···· ···················································· ··:·: ····+ ······: • ····:····. ~· ..... +'i " " " " ""' ..... .... ....................... .................................................. . 8 @} ............................................................ ............ 2 ............... . ~ ............................... 3 .............. .

@

1M M 1!. ~ Atomic Sh~ll~

. .. , ....... , ..... 2 ..................... ..................................................... 7 6 5 4

14 3

r.~~~i:~:~:·.~·.·.: .... ·.·· .... : .· .· .·t::~:::::~:~: : : : : : : : : : : . :::::::::::::: : : : : : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2

Orbitals & sub·Orbitals

A stable-.. has equal nurnoi>B ot-.., electrons (and Neutronsl all following the Paul E>duslon l'rlnclplethus Of'.elta,.'ll their spins so lhat eod1 element has a unique electron CIC>flfigumlon

Tetryonics 45.02 - Principal Quantum Number


This is the only quantum number introduced by the Bohr model

PRlNClPAL quantum number The first describes the electron shell, or energy level. o1 an atom.

01l(1-8) atomic shells (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ... )

"' .... 0 3 ;:;·

"' :;; ~

"'

~ ...................................................................... ................. .

@

~

@

~

~~~

[b

~ As energies of the Baryons comprising the atomic nuclei increases,

the electron bound to each nuclei also possesses more KEM field energies and is therefore less t ightly bound to the nucleus

(K, L, , N, 0 , P, Q, R) Atomic shells relate directly to Principal quantum numbers

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

The principal quantum number can only have positive integer values

energy levels

8

7 6

"' 5 ~ Ql

>-

4 ~ Ql

3 2

l

Tetryonics 45.03 - Azimuthal Quantum Number


Otbttals

Shells N._l -r--=---rls+p+d+f Ml IS+PH!

' ._I ,..... _ _.ls+p K a s

PM<rpal Quantum Numbet (1,2,3,4)

AZMlTHAL quantum number The azimuthal quantum numbe-r is;) quantum number .\SSigned to any atomic orbital that des.cribes i:S

orbital angular mome-ntum and dNetmines the shape of the ele<tron orbit<tl

ill [p) @l tr electron orbitals

(1 =0,1 - .n-1)

l (0-7) Azimuthal

Care must always be taken to never confuse

Orbital Angular Momentum [rotation about a poinl in atoms)

w ith Quantised Angular Momenta

[equilateral Planck energy geometries)

Orbit,) IS Pn(l(rpal Quantum Numbet (S,6,7.8)

0

Tetryonics 45.04 - Magnetic Quantum Number


-l('(tfQflS orbit.Jis :>er Shell

Shells NLI --r---=---,.--Ji s+p+d+f •I Is~

' ..,I ::"-.r=-'1 S+P • B s

Principal Quantum Number (1.2.},4)

32 18 8 2

MAGNET1C quantum number The magnct•c quantum number de•lotes the energy levels ava•labte with1n any sul>shell

Magnetic numbers do not continue to increase as the Principal numbers increase inste.W they reverS() after n4 to rell«.t the ch.ar~ quanutm gMmetry of Elements

and do not follo'.v the current computer models in popvl.ar use

~ [p) @l tt electron sub-orbitals

(ml =-1, - 1+1 ... 0 ... 1-1, 1)

ml(2l+ 1) Magnetic

z 120 is the maximum elemental number

possible

el«t10t1S pet shell

2 8 18 32

orbitals Principal Quantum Number (S.6,7.8)

0

Tetryonics 45.05 - Spin Quantum Number


parallel magnet ic momc-nu

higher coupling enetgies

@

J..la

SPlN quantum number The s.pin quantum number is a quantum number that parameterizes

the •ntnnsic angular mol'l'\('ntum (or sp•n anguiClr momentum), of any given electron anywhere in an atomic nucleus

Electron spin can orientate In either direction within Nuclei, providing the nett spins follow the Hund rule and Paull exclusion principle

v v

KE

(m s. = -112 or + 112)

1-ls electron Spin is .&.

referenced to the

/-!N

(ms = - 112 or + 112) vev !JB

v A A

~ffil-~~ ~[p)ftrro -o-~~

The nuclear energy levels of the Baryons comprising Elemental nuclei determine the energy-momenta of electrons bound to them

anti~parallcl mC~gnctic moments

lower coupling et~etg!es

n8

n7

n6

nS

n4

n3

n2

n1

Tetryonics 45.06 - Hunds rule


Modifying Hund's Rule Electrons fill orbitals In an llttrna11ng sequential numbering pattern dut to nucleon pl•ctmtnt crta11ng opposed dlrettil)n electron spins

r. l(r o 'r fl ~ ffJ!ttgJ star' an.ses b«OtM tlw lllglt-tpln srott lotcn tht unpoimJ ri«trons ro lltskk., ditfnmt sptJtjd ort>.tols.

~ c0t'fltn0t7Jy 9iWft rtm«< fot tM lttcttmt'd s ry ol high rJUir.iplicity norts d tltDt 1M dilk.t'tnt occupitd spotial Otf)ifols c~ ~ o lot9f' 1JW1tt09t d.luoncf' bt!wtm rirctiCftl. tfdtKint} t1« n CM'I ritcuon rtpCJIJion ~ tt ff'OIIiC): it hos bMt shown that tM cxrua. nason bthittd the incmz:s.ed stobiiity lsDt/«~lnrJw~o/tl«rrott-ftUCit'OttmiOCDOII

~totolsp;nsro:en tdmllk' dnurntlfr'olunportdd«trons•l Oti'WJtrrlwtotolspin+ lwr tnasls•l

As a rnuU o! Hund's '1M. conwo;nn on pi(JcftJ on W Wdyttomk «bilols dlf' ~ USM19 rhe Aufbou _.,.

Bdotf 011)' two dtcrrons occupy on Otbnolln d sttfHhtft othtt ortNtttls •n tht SDtM wbshtll must linrNChcontomOMtkctron AIJQ. rhtff«rronJ Ill mgo w.nh wi11ftowt(>Ofollt.Jspmbdorf rM Wit storh fll rNJ p Wlrh '"*Of'PO tr ~p~>n f'l«rrons olttt tfw Mt ott1 ol 9CJms o secondel«tron

As a rnu ~ w~n f: "9 vp cuomlt Olbitals. •ht mc"imum nun~ of unpo r«i electrons and ~n(ftn(] .. mum rotol J.Pirt statf'J '' auurrd

Sub-orbitals fill in order of numbering

Electrons spins pair before next orbital is filled

ie. pi (DOWN] and p2 (UP) iill

before p3 (UP] and p4 (DOWN]

before pS (DOWN] and p6 (UP) etc

~ IPl @] (j

A 1 1 2T T 112 A A 11 2T A 1 1 2 ... A l 24 T A l 2 4T A 3 2 4 ... T 536A T s 36 A A s 3 6 ... ... T 7 48 A A 7 4 8 ...

Hund's rule of orbital tilling ,.. , 510A ... 9 5 10 A must be modified to reflect ... 11 6 12 A the true orbital tilling order

T ... 13 7 14 A

Tetryonics 46.01 - Principal quantum energies


Principle quantum Energies

In ;an ;atom. 9IO<:tron onorgio' ;aro proportion~! tothoir intrini-ic Kil\etiC Ene(gi~S · whiCh in turn are directly proportiOMI tO the quantum energy I~ ofth~ nuclei which th~ele<tron binds to

in th<>ir r~p«-tiW atomic shel s

In a nucleus. lower energy orbits have less 'paired' nude-i supplying enec-gy. The more energy you give a nuclei the faster it casuses tte bound ele<troo to rotate.

If you give the nuclei enough energy, it will impart eneough energy to its ele<uon for it to leave the system entirely.

The same is true for an ele<tron or!>ital. Higher values of n mean more energy for the electron and the

correspo()(fing KEM field e~ies of the e-lewon is larg~. resulting in increas~ angular momtntum.

Values of n start at 1 and go up by Integ(:( amounts..

If enough energy Is added to the system by lnddeot Photons a electron will leave the atom creating a positiwly charged nuclei

[ionisation).

n8

n7

n6

n5

n4

n3

n1

En = -0.211 eV

En = -0.276 eV

En = -0.375 eV

En = -0.541 eV

En = -0.845 eV

En=-1.502eV

En" -3.381 eV

En " -13.525 eV

IJi) Quamum tevel

• 8 • .. I 1- I I •

_._ .. I li 1 ..... - llli*: ·GQ;; § Iii Bli'ID : K ... 00!10 XKX)()o<X:Qo-C 1 >0::.0 o:a:ox: 0 .... "()

a:o:o~co:m

~ 0 1 0

~ I?> &I I?> ~

s orbits nl-8 porbits n2·7 d orbits n3~ f orbits n4·5

Eigenstate value KtM field energy (per n] required

to exceed 13.525 eV at which point the photo-electron has

sufficient KEto break free of the Nucleus

E = E1 _ __ 13-::.6_eV_ n 2 2 ,n = 1,2,3 ...

n n

The possible Kinetic Energies (quantum levels) of an electron are directly related to

the energy level ofthe Nuclei In each Quantum Level

Tetryonics 46.02 - Quantum level 1


Quantum Leve1 l

.. 1

'

'I "'*" nf OOund e-lectr~ tS determ nH by 8aryon•

2

Ocuteor1um (not Hydrogen) is the building block of elemenu

lr.l @

~ @

~I

~

fl. ~

.. 1

)

'

2 0 2 l

8

7

6

5 l

~

2

d • • • • '

Hvdrogef\ •s a free rad cal element

K shell nl

v

ifi = · IJ.JIJ eV

""'"'""'

0

n1~ ~iij



Quantum Level 2 The energy le~ls of bound electrons is determined by Baryons ..

3 2sl

• 2s2 s lpl

6 lpZ c.ot>oo 7 lp3 Nitrogen

8 Jp4 oxyge11 9 lpS Fluorin-e

ID lp6 NeOtl

Deuterium (not Hydrogen)•s the building block of elements

3 2 0 2 3

IRl @ ~ @

00

1!,

~

f d • ~ p Cl f

8

8

7 6

5 4

·~

2

n2

n1

L shell n2

Ground St.lte electron v

v•

i£= ·12.679 eV

(nttgy lt'wl

0



Quantum Leve1 3 The energy le~ls of bound electrons is determined by Ba-yons

z, N I",~ ., .

11 '" Sodium

12 3s2 Maaneslum l3 2p1 Aluminium 14 ]p2 Silicon 15 2p3 Phosphorus

16 ]p4 SUlfur 17 2pS Chlorine

18 ]p6 ...... 21 3d1 SQndlum

22 342 ncanium 2l 3d3 Vo1nadlum 24 3d4 Chromium

2S 3dS M<ti'I.B<VW!Se

26 3d6 l.ron

27 3d7 Cobalt 28 3d8 Nicke l

29 3d9 Cop~r

~ 3dl0 ""' ocvter•um (not Hydrogen) •s the bu•lding blcxk of elements

3 2 0 2 3

00 [ l 8

@ ( 1 7

1¥' r 1 6

@( 5 ~ ( 4

~ ( ~@ j 3 ll, ( 1 2

~ [ l f d " " .. .. f

n3

n2

n1

M she11 n3

v

iE = -11.623 eV

0



Quantum Level 4 TM en~rgy l~ls of bound tlectrons is dttcrmincd by B<!rVOns

21

19 .. , 20 ... " .. , 32 4P2 Gcrmt~nl u.m

33 4p3 Atsel'lk

34 4p4 Sehtnlum

35 4p5 Bromin~

36 ••• Krypton

39 4dl Yttrium

40 4d2 Zlroontum 41 4d3 Niobium

42 4d4 Molybdenum

43 4d5 Technetium

44 4d6 Rtrthenlum

46 4d1 Rhodium

46 4d8 Pal.lad.ium

41 4d9 Sll~r

48 411!0 cadmium 57 4{! Linth¥Wm

58 4{1 Cerium

59 4{3 Praseodymium

60 4{4 Neodymium

61 4{5 Promethium 6'2 4{6 »m~um

63 4{7 Eurot)ium

64 4{8 GadoUnium

63 4{9 TerbiuM

66 4{!0 l)vsptoslum

61 4/ll ~lum

68 4/12 Erbh1m 69 4/JJ Thulium

20 J Ytterbium

Deuterium (not Hydrogen) is the buikJing block of eleMents

0 '

d • e , 4

8

7 6

5 4

2

N shel1 n4

Ground State el«tton v

i£ = -10. 143 eV

0 n4 ~:\ n3 ~ n2 ~ n1 ~



Quantum Level 5 The ~nergy l~ls of bound elccuons is det('rmined by Baryons

,. 37 SsJ 38 SsZ 49 Spl Indium

so St>2 nn Sl Sp3 Antimony

S2 .,. Tellurium

S3 St>S lodin.e

54 St>6 ..... 71 SdJ Lutetium

72 Sd2 Hafnium

73 Sd3 T<Jntllum

74 Sd4 Tungsten 7S SdS A;hcnlum

76 Sd6 OSMium

n Sd7 Iridium

78 Sd8 Platfnum

79 Sd9 Gold

80 SdJO Mercury

89 5/J Actinium

90 5/1 Thorium .. 5/3 """""•m 92 5/4 Urnnium

93 5/5 Neptunium

94 5/6 Plutonium

95 5/7 AmeriCium

96 5/8 Curium w 5/9 Bttkelium

98 S(JO Cillfomh1m

99 5f1J Einsteinium JOO 5/12 Fermium

101 5/13 ~~levium

102 • Nobelium

~utcnum (not Hydrottn) is tht buildmg block of tlcmcnts

' 0 ' Ill 8

@) 7 !;> 6 @ 5

~ 4

M )

0. 2

~

f d p • p • f

0 shell nS

Ground State electron

iE = ·8.241 eV

n4

n3

n2

n1



Quantum Level 6 The energy levels of bound electrons is determined by Bcryons

" 5S

56 81

82 83 6p3 Bismuth 84 6p4 Polonium 8S 6p5 As:tati.M

86 6p6 ......

103 104 1(16

lll6 101

6d1 Ulwrencium 6d2 RuttlerfOtdlum

6d3 Oubnlum

6d4 seaborgium 6d5 Bohrium

108 6d6 Hass.i um 109 6d1 Meltnerl1.1m 110 1U 1U

6d8 D:lrmstadtium 6d9 Rot>tse nlum 6d10 Copemidum

De-uterium (not Hydrogen) is tM building block of elcm~nts

3 2 0

f d • • •

2

d

3

f

8

7 6

5

4

~

2

n6

nS

n4

n3

n2

n1

P shel1 n6

Ground Statecle<uon v

i£ = ·5·9'7 ev

(



Quantum Level 7 The cnetgy levels of bound ele<Hons •s determmt<t bv 83ryons

to 87

88 113 ... flefovfum us 7pJ Ununpcntium

116 '"' llve-~rnorlum

111 7p5 Ununscptium 118 , .. UnutiOnfum

~uttnum (not Hydrogen] is the build•ns block of elements

3 2 0 2 3

fRl @

~ @

00

1!,

~ ~ ) f d II' I II' <II f

8

8

7

6

5 4

J

2

n7

n6

Q she1l n7

Ground State e-lectron v



Quantum Leve1 8 The energy levels of bound electrons is determined by Baryons .. 11. 120

Deuterium (not Hydrogen) is the building block of ele'nenu

3 2 0 2 3

IKl 8

@ 7

(fl 6 @ 5 ~ 4

~ ') v

a. 2

I]((

, d • $ .. dl f

""'""""'

Q

2

n8

n7

n6

nS

n4

n3

R shell n8

Ground State efe<tron

~ n2 ¢ n1 ~ + - +

Tetryonics 46.10 - Quantum level jumps


Spectral line

transitions

llumplrries

Pfund

2

1

Quantum level

jumps

EmlUIOn

• • o .

• • • • • r1 • s p d ~ 2 10 • . .. .. ..

• ., f

• • ••• !fl

•

~ Jt E

i 'i l

Spe<•ral line tr.an~;ition)-

v

•

...... l\,p.kl

... "'

"""""' ~~HMco-.u.IIMI "" ... --·-

Quantum Level Jumps Photon Absorption and Release

Phot<H!Iectrons can only transition between principal energy Baryons In the atomic nuclei In discrete steps [or quantum jumps] because

Baryons determine the KEM energy levels of electrons In nuclei

[see TelryOnlc QED for full delalls on specnlllne m«f>anlal

768 756 no 660 576 468 336 1.80

588 576 540 480 396 288 156

432 420 384 324 240 132

300 288 2S2 192 tal

192 1.80 144 84

= ~Mv = hf ~p 106 96 60

• •• •• •

-~ •

48 36 "" 1 19 p., >to e'~trom produce s.pP.Ctral nes

12

Kt.\\

• 192 )()()

432

S88

0 192 300 432 588 768

4 5 6 7 8 f inal Quantum tovtf

Nuclear energy emission- absorption If -..sore left undlsturbe<l. lhelrelectrons usuollyftll lho ---_-.

and 111)' lhore.ln- "ground-·

Ocaslonoly, '-'.they miiY abo bo """*'up to-higher -('bocomeea:llled") ~ byo-.wft!tofostotoma<oleclnl<\OMwNch goc...,.spoodtlonon

W>Itago 0< !'rom...,. ....... d hoot.

kl-..'-.-toonodltshlghor.__._,fllsbodttoo-lowl ~oquoown,....,"'. .,-.go photon"'-._

""'""""""to"'"-· .. -"'"-Thotneod not be11>eground soooe:lho-..'-mlgtic-.cl tolhlt-ln-..,..

...-.g • phoCion 11-" *I> on"'"-

Velocity

Tetryonics 46.11 - Quantum transitions


Quantum transitions (Orbital Shells- Bound energy states)

hf =

nl

w , fl&!~

Qu..lt'ltum lcwl

OK

\ M v = ~'~, p ~·

n2 v

Ou"n1um CYt"l

G 2 l ._, ....

QuJfetum le\'eiS 1-8 are also referred to as

Atomic Shells K-rt 0 l .. --Photo-electrons can only transition In discrete steps [or quantum jumps] within

atomic nuclei shells because Baryons determine the KEM energy levels of electrons In nuclei

Any photo-electron bound In a Deuterium nuclei will have specific quantlsed

KEM field energies and angular momenta ns

n4 v

' v

3

n8

n7

n6

(5p

Tetryonics 47.01 - Elemental Orbits


z

Tetryonics 47.02 - Atomic Orbitals


En~rgy lewl

8

7 6

5 4

3 2

Quantum numbers

0

@

'1~11

[L ....................................... [J:K

Atomic Shell el«tfon orbitals

s

s+p

S+p+d

S+p+d+f

s+p+d+f

s+p

s

Aufbau

0 IRl ''''''''''''''""' ................. ''"''"'''''''' ................. ''''""""""''' ........................... 1 ........... .

+ 1 0 - 1

@ ... "'"""" ............. " """"""""""" .......... , . ""~i"""~"'. : ·; .... .

IP ................................. 3 ....................... . @

~

lif.l 1),

~ .......................... ................................... ..................... ~ ...................... ,,· ........ , ........ : .. . ~

Atomic Shells ~ 0fbitals & sub·Otbitals

Atomic Orbitals A'' atomic O(bital is a math~matical function

that describes the wave-l ike behavior of either one el«:tfon ot a

pair of electrons in an atom

Atomic Ofbitals are typicalty categorized by n.l. and m quantum numbers, which

correspond to the electron' s ei\Crgy, angular momentum. and an angular momentum

vector component. f~I)KtiWiy.

Histoflc.ally used to define th-e pedagogical electron cloud model of a'' atom Tettyonk.s reveals the

t rue geometry of atomic nuclei

Each otbital ts define<! by a d ifferent set of quantum numbers

and contains a maximum of two spin opposed electrons.

Ene~gy levels

. . 3 .... " ..................... " 0 + I +2 +3

• 10

8 7 6 5 4

3 2 1

Electron Spins can be either up or down providing they obey the Pauli exclusion principle

Tetryonics 47.03 - 's' Orbital


g) Orbital J Orbit (2 el•ctrons mGX}

00 ................................. ·········iK1'~1········- · · ····················"'"" ' ''' 8 @ ............................. ...... .. ............................. 7

~ .............. .. ..................... 6

@.... .. .... s ~ 4 J

, 3 2

~ ....................................... ti'C ~, ............................................ l Atomic ~hdl

NmitNI numbtt

mognocl< oumbtt1

spin!

I! ~le<tr()'' Ot'biu~l s

0

0

·Ill

+Ill

ITU

i m 5

Alkali Metals &:1. Alkali Earths

s

"' AeA vev

"'

Tetryonics 47.04 - 'p' Orbital


[F) Orbital 3 Orbits (6 tloctrons max)

Quantum number$ Energy IC'Vt'l

~ ................................................................................................ 8 _, +1

@··· ... . ............. 7

~ ······ · · · · · · · · ·y· ;;~ ···t:~~~~ ~·--·;~'""·· ········ · ············ 6 @ ....... , .... ?'l''i'Y"'"'K:~~.:j.,tl

~ ....... . ... .. .

7t1l f

., ...... 4

3 lb .............................. IL:r:;. SJ..::.Jl.:~~= .. .. . .. .. .... ............ . 2

Atomic s.hdl

electron orbitals

[ft)

azmilhal 1 i numbt-r

magnNi< ·1 0 +1 m numbers

· 1/2 · 1/2 · 1/2 s spins +112 +112 +112

Non-Metals, [}lm~«»>®tril5 &2 N

z z z

"' &-a A

va v 'V

, , · :~:~: <N.tntvm &c~ls

0 2 3

Tetryonics 47.05 - 'd' Orbital


@J Orbital SOrbits (10electronsmDx)

Quantum numbers

~ ... """""""' .......................................... ""'"""""" ............. """ 8

@ ...... , ........... ~--~:

IN!I ........ .

~~t

............. 6

~~...J<1t"""""''""" 5 .. ...... 4

3 11, " """"""" .. ~.... . 2

~ ................................................................................................ 1 Atomic shell

electron orbitals

au azmithal 2 i number

magnetic -2

_, 0 +1 +2 m numbers

•1/2 •1/2 •1/2 •1/2 •1/2 s spins +112 +112 +112 +112 +112

Transition ~ post-Transition Metals

' ,.-,-... ..... : *:: ____ ,·' ___ . ....,, erroneous computet model of 'd' ek:<tton Otbftals

ve '!l v

Tetryonics 47.06 - 'f' Orbital


if Orbital lanthanolds Adlnolds

70rblts (!4 •loctrons max)

Owntum numbets

~ .................. ·········------··· @ ............................. . .

n 7

... ~ .,

[](\ ......................................... . ··········································· 1 ruonrou\ compul 1 mo dt I of 1 ' ( tton orbll.tl~

Atomi~ !!hell

cle<tron orbitals

[JU

a.zmith~l 3 l numbef

magnetic -3 -2 numbers _, 0 +I +2 +3 m

·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112 ·112

"""' s +112 +112 +1/2 +112 +112 +112 +112 0

Tetryonics 47.07 - Orbital energy variations


Orbital energy variations All Elements have stable core electron configurations of s & p orbitals for each energy level as revealed through diffraction studies

The final energy levels of each orbital Is the result of the energy of the Baryons In the nuclei and the spin coupling energies of the photo-electrons bound to them

om t u.

As additional nuclei bind to form d & f orbitals they can do so by bonding In many positions, with each location producing different orbital energies for each electron that binds to nuclei in that position

Tetryonics 47.08 - Schrodinger's Quantum numbers


Electrons per shell

z ltules govHI'IIng th~ .-owed combln.,.UOf\~ of OY"mvm Nvmbt11

Tht tlwtt (Ju;'!l'ltum numbfN (n, I, end m) tl\at dfKilbt an 01 b. tal &rt ll'ltfgfl~ 0, 1, 2, l. 1nd loO on

n (1 -8) Tht ptlnclpal qu;tntum numtl« tl) 1, :t 3.4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Prindpal (~bof'l~ • ·'l-••

l (0.,;~ TM 11nguiM qwntum nu~(l:c"'"' bt ~ny s, p,d, f

.,, ,._~ Wf9t' bi4wtf'ft 0 Jtld n • 1 1 2

3.5 2.4.t ml(2l+ 1) Tht ,...,wtl( .,..t!MI I'U!Mbef(ln.l <M bf atft 1. 3. 5.7. 9 2.4. 6.8.10

~·'"' 11\Cftt'~lltt'ld•l 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 -"' . ' 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,1 2, 14

m, 1 down 2 l'M-oftltcliiO'\t•~nuci:-M~ up Spn Pfot«tiOO U. onty bt •I/) cs.-..., Of ·I 1 rs,M OOWNl. up down - ....

Each energy shell of a periodic element

can hold only a fixed number of electrons

[& ................................................. .

@ ····································-he

[¥> ······················1":1¥~

©····· ~

~ [L

(}[ ................................................. .

enerqy levels

\ ················································· 8

~·································· 7

6 lit Hi~~H-<110}.-;f .... 5 ~'!···· 4

········ ·········· 2

t ················································· 1

{l @] Atc:mtc Orbitals @] {l 'Q) g) ~

S, 11, 3, 13, I, 9, 7 8,2,10, 4, 6 1, 1·2 6,1 4 7, 1,9,3,5 6. 12.4. 14, 2, 10, 8

7 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7

Quantum Numbers

n 4·5 J-6 2-7 1·8 2·7 3-6 4·5

l 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

m -3 -2 -1 1 +1 +2 +3 I

+112 +In +112 +112 +112 s +112 +112 ·112 ·112 ·1/2 ·1/2 -In -In -In

Tetryonics 47.09 - Electron position uncertainty


Erwin SchrOdinger

(12 Augus't 1887 - 4 January 1961)

Using Terryonic charged geomelries for mass-ENERGY-Maller. an elearon's posirion and velociry CAN be modelled simulwneously

(bur any au~mpl to measure or imeract wilh ir. will affecr iu componen1 energy-momemaJ

Electron Position Uncertainty Atom1c orbitills are typJCillly deswbed as •hycfrogen·hke· (mean1ng one·electron) wave functions

0\l"er any spatial region ot measurement, categorized by n.l and mquantum numbers.. which correspond to the electron·~ Metgy, .lngul.lr mome1num, and a vector momentum component, respectively

Lepton's are physically Spin 1 fermion particles that can easily be misconstrued as having entirely different

spin numbers without the correct physical topologies to base the observed measurements on

Wemer Heisenberg

(S Dt<:tmber 1901 - I Febru.)ry 1976)

Leptons are 121oop quantum rotors A

~ Quamum Mechanics is a marlremarica/ represemarion of equi/areral energy momema inleracrions and rhe charged geomerries

of mass-EN ERGY-Marrer

Is presented with every an identical fas<ia • ~U/.>.

Spin UP

Detennining the motion of electrons bound to atomic nuclei is akin to measuring the motion of variable speed electric fan blades

mounted at various heights within a rotating carousel

120 degree rotat•on 12

Spin DOWN

'l~V y v

•

•

12

their spin number is a measurement of their

magnetic moment

The energies of photo-electrons are determined by the Baryons they bind to & incident photons

Every charged radial arm of a Lepton's Matter topology is

Identical to -every other

The uniqve 12 faceted topology of leptons res:ults in an identical EM geometry

being ober'VM for every 120° rotation of the particle

Making accurate measurement and mathematical modelling of its totational dynamics & me<hanics incortect

without the correct physical topologies

Leading to the intei"J)fetation that th~ Lepton disap~3rSMd rC•<lP~3rs when belng'Ob$erve<l' or mea$ured

Tetryonics 47.10 - Electron modelling & probability calculations


12 Electron modelling & probability calculations

[ 0 -12) RE Electron positional measurements have proven to be historically difficult to accurately model

due to the charged 12n rotating topologies

of leptons

Every elemental atom can be viewed as a quantum carousel with a unique number

of oscillating fans positioned around lt. 3

..

.. '

';..;.. ·( ' -" K>

2s ' •

6p .. '• ·' ~-'

' x /~'x

' ~·' ... .. ~ .. .:

14f

Aunithal quantum number

2 I 0 I 2 3

Computer generated plots of 'douds' of electron probabllltes are

Inaccurate m~tlons and should be abandoned In

f.Mlur of reallsdc atomic models reflective of the charged geometry

of each periodic element

Each fan has 3 blades and a fixed speed n[l-8] related to Its height above ground level,

AND the carousel Is turning around on Its axis

8 • • • • • • no • •• ' nnnonnnn•• • . nnnnnonnn C nnono • • • • n • 2

0 42·4 2

M

Allpetlodlcelements are made form

Oeute!fum nude!

The baryonlc energies of nude! detennlnes the energies of

bound photo-eleclrons

7 n••• • no no

, c

6 f 5 •

J4 [ 3

2

1

11 c§l

8 16

32 ~ ~

32 j 16 8

•

........ "'... .. .... 2

~ 1W c§l 11

Th~ curr~nt computer generated electron probability diagrams in popular use at present <:an now be show to be a

misrepre-sentative model of mathematical modelling of electron sub-orbital energies

The nuclear quantum levels [n], intrinsic quanti sed angular momentum (h] and orbital angular momentum (I) of each electron bound within atomic nuclei are all the direct result of the Baryonic energies of the nuclei

they are bound to

Each level of the quantum carousel can contain only a limited number of fans each running at a specific speed

Imagine trying to measure (or model} the motion of any 1 quantum scale blade while the carousel rotates

Tetryonics 48.01 - aufbau geometry


Tetryonics 48.02 - Quantum Topologies


Da1ton Mode1

Thomson Mode1

Quantum Topologies

:.y . ·.y .:

Historically viewed as a spherical object

Tetryonic charge geometry has finally revealed the true quantum topology of all atoms

Quantum Mode1

Rutherford Mode1

...... ...

Tetryonics 48.03 - Element Numbers


Element numbers The rut. d1ct•ton9 how many nuclei form each Atom1c .hell~ known as the Aufbau prindple.

The phy<lcal and chemiCal propen1es of elemenu "determ1ned by the atom1c structure. The atomic structure is, in turn. determ.ned by the electrons and

which shells. subshells and orb1tals they reside 1n.

The 1na>Cin'lum periodic elemental number is 120

2 • 8 •

18 •

32 + z

32 + , +

8 • 2

- <I _... ........

The number of nuclei per quantum level is reflective of photonic energy levels and

provides the foundational geometry for all of the periodic elements

... ....,.. 120

11 9

11 8

Ill

110

93

92

61

60

29

28

II

10

3

2 Shdl

The number of possible nuclei in each Quantum level follows aufbau principle 'numbers' which can be

determined using the following summation formula

Element Number

Nudti

8 ........................................ .

7 ........ ..

6

5 4

2 1 .......................................... .

2:+6+Hl····················· 18

, .. ·2·~:10+·14 · 32

2+6+10+14 32

2+6+10 18

2+6 8

........................................................... 2 •uh orbit•ls

Deuterium is the building block of all elements

Each element has equal numbers of Protons, electron & Neutrons

with their stored mass-energies making up the molar masses

of elements not excess neutron as currently modelled

Tetryonics 48.04 - Aufbau Principle


. 0 ; •• ;.

"' ..

S Sub-Orbits (JOelectrons max) 1 Sub-Orbit (2 electrons max) O S Aufbau Principle (Nuclei number and position)

Q f 7 Su,.Orbits (14 electrons max) 3 Su,.Orbits (6 electrons max) OP Aznuth.1l (lu.mtum numbtr

3 2 1 0 1 2 3

[Ri ................... 2 ............................................................................... .. ............................................................................. 2 ............................. 8

@ ................... 2 + 6-··········

IP> 2 + 6 + 10

@ 2 +6 + 10+ 14

[/\1] 2 + 6 + 10+ 14

J~J 2 + 6 + 10

[b. 2 + 6

> ~

~

..... ....................................................... " 8 ""''''''''''''''''''""' 7

18 6 32

32

18

8

~ ················ 2""""''''''' ................................... ....................... . . .... , ......... , .................................. ·········· 2 ···""'"''''''''''''''''''' l

Shells

2 2 3 4

~ ~ ff @] 7 + 5 + 3 + 2 +

10 891011213 41516

~ @] ff 3 + 5 + 7

14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 2 27 28 29 30 u 2

A specific nudear """'9Y b assodatod with eaclo electn>n configurotlon and. upon cenaln CIOndltfons, bound elearons aoe able to """" from one orbital"'-by emission Of aboorpaon of. quorrtum of

-· 1n tho form of. phOOn

Tho Aufbau plindple can abo be used to model tho binding configurotton of-. and NoWons In an-nucleus. IC<Oidlng to their specific Baryonlc Energy lewis, In tum A!YeOhng tho quantum geometry of all pe<lodlc Elements

sJ s2 p J p2 p3 p~ pS p6 dl d2 d3 d4 dS d6 dJ d8 d9 dJO fl /1 /3 /4 / 5 /6 / 7 /8 /9 /JO /l l /l2 /13 /l4 sub-orbl~l s

numbe,r

Tetryonics 48.05 - electron orbital filling


Wolfgang Pauli

(15 April 1900 - I S December 1958)

The orbitals of lower energy ore filled in first with the electrons and only then ore the higher energy orbitals ~fled.

A~mithal qtl.lntum number

3 1 I 0 I 1 3

00 ... , ...... 1.. . . . . • • • • n •••••••••••• 8

@ ··c·····;···

@

~

~

IL 1% ••••••••,•n••••••;•••••••••o•••

7 6

5 ] ['

4 ~

3 2

............. , ..... ·········· 1

aufbau electron orbita 1 filling

Azmithal & Magnette numbers

Friedrich Hermann Hund

(4 February 1896 • 31 March 1997)

Olbitols of tquol (!Mfgy Oft! toch oc<upitd tlyoneek!cuon beforeonyorbitol is occupied by o sec ()lid el«tton. and oil t!ltcuoos in Sitt<Jiy occupied 01bltofs must hcrve the same spin stare

0 Energy lev•ls

(Rl • • •• • • •• • •Ooononnnnnnnnnoonoooooooooonoonnnnn nono .. •••••••••••"••"""""""""~j' '''' 1••• .. :•;-" tmJ <lJ9 ••.;•••• -!-nn• • • ; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •••••••• • ••• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • n ••• ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• 8 @ •• • • • • • • • •••••• ••• • • • • • • • •• ••••••••••>• +i • • ·~• •• :; ••••••;:i •• iW ~ ·~ • •• ~ • ~· •::;"''";; • • • • •~nn"""n""""'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '" '"""'"'"'"'"' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '""""' 7

~ ••••• :;j''''"+:inn•••;n"•~••• • ••:;•••••::;"'"::i" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -.® ~j) : ~ "4J'iJi ~ <00 !iiZJ ~ • ~ 6 @ ... !il~ ~ <@ <lll!l ~il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ 'lJ,iJ ~ 'lJ,!il ill 'II® ~ ~ w ~ &~ ~ ~ <'@ <W ~ 5 ~ .. ml ~ w ~j) ~ w ?W ~ w 'lJ,j) ~ j)@ 1117 'll@ 'UO 'Il® 'll® 1)1,7 'll@ 76@ ~1} ~ ~ ~ 4 lilf 73

" • ; 5 3 llfil 'il~ 'll~ 'll?6 'll'll ® @ II @. ® II @ ® 'll'll 'il?6 'il~ 'il~ ~fil 3

(!, • n•••o•••••nonnn•••••••••••••••••••••••••n••••n••••••• •• L . ..' ....... L ... .L .... .'... !i) <6 $ 'lJ, ~ ~ ~ 2 • • • ,. 2 IlK @] s 3 I 'i 1' ••• • on • •••••~ • •••••••n•"'" ••••••••••""' o " o 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • n ono n n n •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •••••••• • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• • •••• •••• • • • • • • • jpj • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • •~•••••••••••"•"•"•• • ••• • •••• • • • •""""""'"""'' """'"' '""""""'""""' "'"""""""""'"

Atomic Shells

Orb4tals & sub·Orbitals

Tetryonics 48.06 - Element constructions


Aufbau construction •

7 ' 7 • • •

m ' ' ' 60 14 18 8 ' • • • • ff I ' '

2 2

IP>

IRl

@ -===JjiijBii.l ~ -- ~4H~ @ II.A:•,,,•J\\"1

~

~

1!. It{

00 @ ••n •••

~ .....

@

00 ~

1!. It{ ··············'····

0

o. Hemispl'ere Orbitals

8

5 4

3 2

of··········•·············· I

I li! 2

Otbit;al,. & sub-()fbit.)l~

8

7

Neutron • base ' 8

• Hemisphere

2

~

' 00 .....•....

@······•····

Proton ~ @

base ~

Hemisphere H

1!. ~

g d

p Hemisphe(e Orbitals

• ' 18 20 • •

~

0

IP ' p

7

14 Bl • 'I .(1

ff

'

.. 411 g

60

7 6

5 4

3 2

8 7

6

5 4

3 2

1

Tetryonics 49.01 - Atomic Weight


Tetryonics 49.02 - Quantum level nuclei masses


Baryon . mass-cncrg•cs E

Tl1e q110itllm 1 ltllel mO$$·energies of Baryo11s dtttrmiues lire kineric e~1ergirs of elecrro"s

1n - 1e19v

electron KEM field

······69;t92···········n3l· . . .......... :z.s028o49:U-eJs .... .

·····64,800··········ll30···

·····56;448··········n28···

Compton frequencies

930MeV

1.2e20 electron rest Matter Is velocity Invariant

496keV

spectral frequencies

13.6eV

Atomic nuclei mass-energies Each elemem's weigla [mass-Matter in a gravitational field)

is tire result of the total quanta comprising tlwt element

M ......... ······· ... ...

e-

The nude! funning each atorric shell have specific mass-energy quanta

8 Baryon rest lllJsses lc1>t<>n 1-tSl m.us KE.M

au [ [72(n) 2]+[12el9]+[mev2J] l Deuterium mass-energy per shell

Despite having differing mass-energies each Deuterium nuclei has the same velocity invariant Matter geometry [841!)

spin orbital coupling in synchronous quantum convertors Elecrrons acr as quanwm scale rotaling armatures in atomic nuclei and can only have specific e11ergies reflective of rhe electron orbital

energy level of rile Baryo11s in wl•icl• riley are found

They acheive rl•ese energy levels by absorbing or emirring pl1otons ro aclleive rhe specifiC angular momemum required

Tetryonics 49.03 - Hydrogen Ionisation Energies


768 ~ 588 ~ 432 ~

300 + 192 ~

I ~ 48 ~ 12 ~

Hydrogen lonisation Energies [/ITU2]

Quantum numbers

0 emission

00 ................................................................. . 1

mm•••••••••••• m ,,~·, 1 r.. ,~, ;

@············· .. ················ ·... Jt ...... • • • • • • •••••••••• •••••• • • • • :::~- 1\, ·::: •••••• •

~ · · ··· ·· ·· · ··· · · .. · ·

OJ .-+

~ @ ·· ·

~ [b .................... .

@ electron orbitals

accelerating electrons Mv 2 = KEM = hv2 produce spectral lines

8

7 6

Vl

5 ~ >-

4 Ol ,_ Q)

c Q)

3 2

1

13.6eV Free electron

5.107765145 e13

6.671366720 e13

9.078047137 e13

1.307587877 c14

2.043106058 e14

3.632188548 e14

8.172424234 e14

3.268969693 e15

Planck quanta

Spectra/line series frequencies

[ Hydroge11[

Tetryonics 49.04 - Redefining Atomic weights


Carbon 12

504 12

c

270,072 6s1

6 Ptotons ~4-1 2)] 6 Nevtrons (18-18) n 1 6 et«.1 rons ( O.l l)

Unified atomic Matter unit

[~~ .. ~. ~ ~ .. H Li'2Jp• 22,!;12

1.660538783e-27 kg I Ptoton (l4· 12)]

n1 1 de<.'lron (D-12)

Redefining Atomic weights Atomi< wei9ht (symbol: Ar) is a dimensionless physical quantity,

the ratio of tM averc)9e mass of atoms of .-.n element (from a giwn source) to 1/12 of th~ ~ss of an atom of carbon·12 (known as the unified atomic mass un~t)

The'unified atomic mass unit' currently in use is known to be inaccurate and must be corrected

in order to bring clarity & increased accuracy to the atomic weights of all elements

Ar = 22,512 Hydrogen

Defining Hydrogen as having an exact atomic Planck mass of 2251211 quanta

provides uniformity with Tetryonics

Deuterium is the building block

of a11 elements in the period table

Ar = 45,012 Deuterium

Defining Deuterium as having an exact atomic Planck mass of 4501211 quanta

reflects the true charged geometries of all Elements & their topologies

1/12 C,2

Ar = 22,506

1.660096209e-27 kg

.Selec:uon

(l4·1J n1

0-6

D l/6 c

3.320192418e-27 kg

1 Proton (24-12) ] 1 Neutron (IS. IS) n1 I tlt<ttOn (0.12)

Tetryonics 49.05 - Planck mass-energy quanta


NAu • 0.001 kg

48 (24-24)

1.660538841 e-27 kg One Dais approximat~ly equal to the

mass of one ptoton Ot one neutron

1.659653693 e-27 kg

36

::: t +\I+ '\ p+

Deuterium is the building block of aU elements

84

o.<998Q67()2 H

o.<998Q6702 H

(<2-42) ~ e~· 2H

~p· 45.012

3.320192534 e-27 kg

P1anck mass-energy units The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) or Dalton {symbol: Da}

is a unit that Is. us.ed for Indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale

270,072

1/12 the mass of a C12 graphene atom at rest in its electronic ground state

1.660538782(83)x10--27 kg

22,506

is an inaccurate means of detennining the

exact rest mass of a Hydrogen atom 22,512

Carbon 12 has 2JO.OJ2n planck quama (2JO.OJ2 I 12 = 22.500)

Hydrogen has a mass of 22.512n ( 22.500+ 12) requiring all mass 10 be ca/culared direcrly using rhe Planck mass-energy quantum (.oo1kg IN, I 22.512)

& Terryonic charge geometries

Using Tetryonic theory to define

n Planck mass = 7-376238634 x 10-32

Kc (-Tetryt>nics QM 15-04)

exact atomic rest masses for all particles, elements and compounds

can be determined directly &om atomic theory

N, = 6 .02214179 e23 The mole Is the amount of s.ubstance of a system which contains as many elementary entities.

as thet"~ are atoms in O.o12 kilogr<'lm of carbon 12; its symbol is ~moa·.

504

270,072

NA(Jlu) = 0.012 kg

12

c

6 [sl J

6 PrOtOt\S 6Neutrons 6 electrons

[24·1ll] [18-18] n l (().12)

Carbon has a number of difTc•·ing atomic configurations

(allotropes)

504

6 1'ro ton ) 6 Neutrons 6 electrons

t>• 'OJ] (18· 18] n l -2 (().12)

6 c

12.6493

[He] 2s2 2p2

Tetryonics 49.06 - Planck mass contributions in Elements


45,000n

36 [24·12)

p +

45,000n

12 [0-12)

e-12n

\_ -zs-:/ 1.659653693 e-27 kg

8.851486361 c-31 kg

2.411109611 e-35 kg

Planck mass-energy contributions to the measured

weights of periodic, elementary mass-Matter topologies

Baryons have 2,25e23 Planck quanta comprising their rest Matter topologies

[930.974 MeV)

~ 1875x [496.5 keV)

Leptons have 1.2 e2o Planck quanta comprising their rest Matter topologies

[496.5 kcV)

~ 36,711 X [13.6 eVJ

Photons are planar geometries {Matter-less] (purely Kinetic mass-Energy and momenta.)

The Lyman alpha spectral line mass-energy contribution

to the mass of a Deuterium nucleus is negligible

Electron quantum level energies are detennined by the energy of

the Nuclei they bind to in elements

o+ 84

(1.862 GcV)

[42-42]

-· - No

90,012n+

Photons contribute spectral mass-energies to the nuclei mass

but are themselves Matterless ( 20 zero rest mass-energies]

PhoLons are 27t charge mass-energy geomeLries

Tetryonics 49.07 - Ionisation energies


lonisation energies Fr·actional quantum differentials

RE

hf ~Mv ~P spcctralli~~arc produced by <KC~Icrat ing cle<:ttons.

Note: this is 011 lllusrrallvt schema for modelling KEM Jidd tnergirs All K EM fields pcssess 1ht sam< physical spmiolgtonrmy C 4

in radiof.time defined 3palial c<t*ordinare S)'5tems

E 1~~ • . 1 ..... 1.1.1.1.1.1 .•. 1.1,1,1.1.1.1 ••. {kj!m""J

H He U Be B C N 0 F Ne Na Mg M Si P S Cl k I( Ce.

Higher cn~iu

S do""'

Photo-electrons absorb/emit

spectral energies

1 ne2

E = eV = ----47reo a

v

4

R~ ............... .............. ~E

· .. KEM \.

EnC"rgics \ /.-SP«t<•l 9

•• 36

: h'¥...,_-4 •••• ••• <H2]

······ ..... . Q M

12

48

lot

192

300

., 588

768

Mapping pllouHiecrron rransirion energies co Terryonic energy mom en ra geomerries

reveals many key faces abour rhe ionisarion energies of nuclei

1:3.6Z2 V 2 e n

'tht diffi:•ringfroctromtl K IJM fie-ld i-"!t'&V mOmt',IIO of e-l«trOJIS rha1 n.>sullsfrom rlteir rransif(om ro sp«ijict11ergy lltlCiti

in demtnrs rtsulrs in dlffiring QA.M quama and procluces specrral lir1es a11d fine line spliuing

Qu~nt\un

difrt"n:nh.ll,.

'"

s,-.1 htsa; ltl: w

llv, R. fl, p. KE PS,nd(. Rydbetg. LOtel'lu. Newton. Lelbnlz

VMII'Ig(I.J~S<·I physl(~ ¥1(1 ft?l.ltJ,.ot)' through equil.lt~ alge<>rnoetry

......

K£M

4$

0$

192

300 432

588

768

Tetryonics 49.08 - Elementary ionisation energies


Elementary ionisation energies v

llil z

8 2

7 8

6 18

5 32

4 32

3 18

2 8

2

Nud•l 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1S 16 17

The term ·ionlzatioo energy-Is sometin.es used as a name for the wOtk needed to remove (or un-bind) the highest ener9} photoelectron from an atom or molecule.

However, due to interactions with surfaces, this value differs from tile ionization energy of the atom or mole<ule in question when it is located by itself in free space.

So, in theca~ of surface·adsorb«< atoms and molecules, it may be better to use the more general term •etooron binding energy•, In order to avoid confusion.

8oth these names are also sometimes used to describe the WOf'k needed to rem~ an electron from a •tower" orbital (i.e ... not the topmost orbital) (or both free and adsorbed atoms; in such cases it is ne<Ms.aryto specify tre orbital from which the electron has been removed

13.6Z 2 V 2 e n

Every electron in each elementary orbit has a unique ionisation energy

,..., .., -·~· ... - · -· -· _,.

~-- F

~--~---+--------1--------t--------------~r--~

~ !!>·-i .g 11)00 g

~~~~N~------~K~--------;-----------------+-->o f

xe 5 1-!"!:~F'-it::''r.ll---:: ·uft-----::TO'J'I------,.---Jt-- •o ·iS

~ 000

u

0 10 36 54

Atorrlc Number Z

18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 2S 26 2' 28 29 30 31 32 ~r shell

El-em-ent number 2

8

18

32

32

18

8

Orbitals 2

Shells ~ Energy

level S1 sz P1 pZ p3 p4 p5 p6 d1 dZ d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 /1 IZ /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 /9 /10 /ll /12 /13 /14

sub-orbitals

Tetryonics 49.09 - Hyperfine splitting and Lamb Shifts


Tetryonics 49.10 - Nuclear mass-ENERGY-Matter


30 Matter topologies are comprised of cha-rged 20 mass-energies

Energy per second 2

.. . ····~····· ····· ····· .. ·••········· •..

··•·•··· ... ·· ........... ~.~- - ···· ... ··

:;e<ond:;1

RE Relativistic mass-ENERGY-Matter

Relariviry fails arrlre foulldariollallevelro explai11 and differenriare berwee11mass·ENERGY and Marrer i11 plrysical sysrems

3

~

@

.>!! -.; .<= ~

c g u

'* ll,

[]((

f1

Schrodinger's quantum numbers

.. l ···... 2 3

···1·, ...•.. .............. , ...... ,, ........... 8

Rf> ..

Bohr's atomic orbitals

.. , ............. ·., .... 7

f1

6 : ~ \5 i; : >-: "' 4 ~

"' 3 2

l

Einsrein 's relarivisric ( wre111z correcredj srress e11ergy rensor aggregates all forms of e11ergy illlo a single energy densiry gradie111

Tn[[mov 2]] atomic t rztrgies Tmrru

C4 + tloctroll 5pins

C 4 n~ w &oci1y

mass-Matter stMding wave mass~energ~sc:reate

the material substance of all c:.hemical elements

30 rest Matter+ Lorentz corrected 20 Kinetic Energies = total Relativistic Energies

KE 20 equilateral mass-energies

are euclidean geometries

Energy per second

.. ············ ... ··

········ ..... ... , ··. ·· ..•.

·· ... \\

mass Pllnck q...,nt;'l

n~ [[mnv2]] MW~SJ V~:&od1y

. mass-energ~es

rad iMt planar masN~nergiM create EM field$. spe<ttallines& c:h.emic:al inter.xtlons

Tetryonics 50.01 - Elementary mass-Matter


.!!! Q)

.£: V>

c 0 ... ..... u Q)

di

Deuterium is the building block of all Elements (save Hydrogen)

TINt goomoll') olonyls -....med byllsOiorge

~

@

~

@

1M

C.~

IL ................... . .

~ ··········rMo··J···················

11 @] Wl +3 +2 +1

The rest mass-MaUler olony-

~ 0

orbitals

The MolarWelghtoiiiiY a..rris a measure of Its standlng wave

mosHnerllles

8

7

6 V>

5 Q)

> Q)

>-

4 Ol ... Q)

c Q)

3 ..: 2

··············[-"l<EJ··········· 1

[pl @] 11 · 1 ·2 · 3

Is determln«< by the total numb« al quama maldng up the Protons, Neutn>ns and eleclrons

that oomprlsethem On tllelr rospedlw energy lewis)

Any mass-energies In excess of the molar [n1] weight

Is a measurement of a element's CHEMICAL energies

Imporram poitu ro nore: The Kineric Energy difference berween any Elemem ·s roral { 111] Oemeron mass-energies and irs Molar mass

has ltisrorically been incorrecrly explained as resulringfrotn an excess mrmber of Neurrons in rite arom ir is nor. Z# =(number of Prawns = mmtber of elecrrons = number of Nemrons)

Elementary mass-Matter

2

8

18

32

32

18

8

2

npernud!N 1e l9\·- n

2 1\udei ( 7-4.496ea)

+ 81\udei

(69.780eaJ

+ 18 I'IUCiei

(65,232ea)

+ 32 nuclei

(60,8S2ea)

+ 32 nuclei

(S6,640ea]

+ 18 nudei

(S2.S96ea)

+ 8..,..;

(<18,720eaJ

+ 2 nudti

(45,012 ea)

120 Unbinilium 11 9 Ununennium

11 8 Vnunoctium

87 Francium

1 12 Copernicium

55 Caesium

I 02 Nobelium 37 Rubidium

70 Ytte(buim

19 Potassium

30 Zinc II Sodium

10 Neon

3 lithium

2 Helium

Oeuterium

The rest mass-Matter of any Element is the sum total of its constituent

Z[n2] energy level Deuterium nuclei

Aufbau

[

z Protons Z# z Neutrons

z electrons

(24·12] ] (18·18] n l -8 (0· 12]

(i~ Calcillm 1201 • 2+8+ 10 n lev~ Deuterium nuclei)

Tetryonics 50.02 - Periodic Harmonic motions


X= A cos (wt + <p)

Circular motion

circular harmonic motion

Circular motions describe the motion of a body

with a changing velocity vector [the result of an acceleration force].

Periodic Harmonic motions Much of the math in of modern physics is predicated on the assumption that

11 [where it appears] is related to the properties of a circle

F= -kx

Linear motion

Simple harmonic motion can be visual ized as the ptoject.ion of uni fotm circular motion onto ooe axis

~

-.; -& c e ~ "

Principal Quantum Numbers

' IRl . . .. . . . ....

Q @ ··········-'·'········

@

00

fu!1 11.

Mo ~

{I ~

Sub·orbitals

. .... ·····-······ 8 .. RE 7 ' ............ '. . 6

KE

5 4

3 2

simple harmonic motion

Nuclei per shell in elements follows a'perlodlc summation rule'

that Is reflective of photonlc energies

Tetryonics 50.03 - Periodic Summation


,.., pI ,h.

STtPONE

Periodic summation follows the atomic shell electron config

. oo l

)

• • l

l

1

2(x 2)

[]\\

Each atomic shell can hold only a fixed number of deuterium nuclei

Each periodic element is made of Z [nlenergyl deuterium nuclei

2

8

18

32

32

18

8

2

z ~ .... -

Periodic Summation Periodic summation is a notation developed for Tetryonic theory

to model the geometric se<ies addtion of Zln-1 energy !<!vel Deuterium nuclei that form the periochc elements

IRl

@J

~

@

~

~

'l,

~

·•<··· .....

!Mo ........ r ......... g @] ~ ~ ~ @]

+3 +2 + 1 0 ·2

Aufbau

[

z Protons Z# z Neutrons z electrons

[24-12) J [18-18 n l -8 [()-12]

(I ·)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

120 t 01.1f""'ber

1

STEP TWO

Periodic elements build up following the aufbau sequence

~R ~ 2 2 nuclei 120 Unbinilium

[74.496t•l +

£q ~ 8 Snuclei

(69,780 .. 1 na Ununoctium

+ ~p ~ 18 18nudei

(65,2)2••1 110 C>armst.ldtium

~ + ~ "'

~0 ~ 32 J2nudei (60.852••1

92 Uranium

>. e> "' c "'

+

~N = 32 J2nuclei 60 Neodymuim (56.640••1

+ ~ ~ 11 r,z., ..... 28 "¥>"

+

·~) = 8 8nud('1 10 Nf<l<l (48,720NI

+

.£K ~ 2 2 nuclei (4S,OI2eal

2 Helium

~ Hydroget>

Planck mass-energies form the surface integral of rest Matter topologies for each periodic element

Tetryonics 50.04 - mass-ENERGY & Matter


E1ement numbers Nuclei per shell in elements follow

a 'periodic summation rule' that is reflective of photonic energies

•Ill

z 120 Unblnlllum 119 Ununennium

l iS Ununoctium

87 Frar'M:Ium

112 Copemklum .s.s Caesium

I 02 Nob<'livm 37 Rubidium

70 Yu(-.bvim 19 P<>l.lSS•um

30 ZinC II Sodium

10 """" 3 lilt'ium

2 Helium I f>e.u1etium

2 +

8 +

18 +

32 +

32 +

18 +

8 +

2

.!!! a; .<= ~

c e t;

"*

Principal Quantum Numbers 3 2 2 3

IRl ........... ....................... 8 @ ........... 7

6 @ 5

~ 4 ~ 3 1!, 2

~ Mo KE

1

iJ @I ~ ~ ~ @I iJ Sub-orbitals

Periodic mass-ENERGY-Matter

Following periodic summation rules for shell filling n[ 1-8] quanwm energy deuterium nuclei

combine !0 form elemenrary Mauer

ftl 32 &I')'Ofl ~!.t •no~)W$ arp,..._.. ....,,.. KEM 8

~ [ [72(n) 2]+[12el9 ]+[ m ev 2] l

~ 25 Oeuttrium •na.ss.-energy per shell

The measured weight of Maner in gravitational fields is the result of planar mass-energies in tetryonic standing-wave geometries

The periodicity of all the elemellts,

~

a; > ~ >.

~ c "'

along with rheir exact molar rest mass-energies and quantum wavefimcrions can be described wirh Tetryonic geometries

Ionisation energies

y i ~U11-110med series

Humphries series

Brackerr series

Balmer series

yman ser;es

[ Mv' = KEM = heR, ]

Tetryonics 50.05 - Photo-electron ionisation energies


Photo-electron ionisation energies

unbound photo-electron <•)~ontinuous spectrum

8 56

7 6

6 8 420

5 a -

4 y 180

3 ~ 96

2 0: 36 · ll.S)S tV

1 ~ """" ~·

8 540

s 384

y 252

~ 144

0: 60 · J.l:SI ..V

~ • B.11m<'t

~·

7 ~ s 480

y 3l4

ll 192

0: 84 UOle:V

6

y 396

~ ~

0: 108

Y 468

0: 132 oO.s.ti..V

00 • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • o oooooooooooo o oo• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o o o ooo o oooooooo o o o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • o oooo•ooooo oo oo : o; •o• • •O ~ n

@ "''"'' OOOOO OOOoOOoOnnoOoOoOoOoOo000 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '"nnoooooooooooo" ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2 ' ' ' "' ' ooo

IP '''''''''''''''''00000nooon 3 oooo • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~dl3~ @

~ ~ .... !f ... , f !, •. 9,, •• ' ·· .• ~ ..... ~ .. ... 1 • .

1!. ,. ,,., ,,.,.n,.,. ,.0~"""" ""' • • • nn,. o o~ o no ,7, , ~ • ,. ,3, ,

~ " '''''' ''''''' ' ' ' '"nnon,.o,.oo• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •onoonnonoono • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o o o,.no,. nnn nn~o nn • :'!:.nn o o .' ,.,. ol.t'

~ Atomic Shells

Orb1tals & sub-Orbitals

t

768

+ 588

+ 432

+ 300 •

+ 192

+ 108 <l

· 48 12

@l oo !;> o on 0 o

@)

1M &ll l\. ~

00 @ • • no

~

@

1M .H 1!. ~ n n n on n no' " " " 0 " '

0

0

~ ~ IP> II IP>

2 ~ 7 8~

!~m o 6 18 ~ 5 32. 4 32 . 3 18 t 2 8.

2 ~

8 2 *

7 8 *

OoOoOOOOO 6 18 *

5 32 •

4 32 •

3 18 ~

2 8 • · '·· ·· ··0 00 00 00 0 I

2 * ~ g

Energy level~

8 •:;on • n : o~onononn•• • • • • • • • • • • nnnnnnnnnn• • • • • • • • • • • oOo o n,. ,. 7

JO r1 14

6

5 4

3

Tetryonics 50.06 - Ionisation Energies


Atom•<~lls

0 Q

L

0 2 3

Eigenstate - lonisation energies

2 +

8 +

18 +

32 "' ~ + •• 32 e g

• + 18 +

8 +

2

nudei

per shell

A:tmith.ll & magn~ic 1umbcf'$

3 2 I 0 I 2 3

~ ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••v••••••••• • • • • • • • ~·· · ··· · · · ·· · ·········· 8 @ ·····'·· .................•.......... 7

~ 6 @ 5 ] ~ 4

~ 3 IL 2

~ ... 'il~ I (} @I ~ ~ Wl @I (}

The ionisation energies of individual atoms vaies due to many factors, namely: ele<tron spin·ofbital coupling with Baryons of spec_ifi< energies,

the relativistic energies of photo-electrons bound in nuclei and Zittcf~ung effe<ts Or'! bound elccuons

[' ~ •

121)

119

118 Ill

110

93

92 61

60

29

28 II

10

3

2

ekment n u tn ber

Z 2 ke2

FiTSt ionisation energies for all periodic elements E = - --- = 13.6Z2 V

2 e n n 2 2ao

:: tu~~f aGi-r;~[ ~OOii:~oo~;U~llK::~;;~oorurlt:dloouil;o,ooiilL::;;ooooom"'".oiL" .. w""· d p s d p s ... f d p s ... f d s s p s p s p s

~ lb (Mil ~ @ 2 8 18 32 32 18 8 2

Tetryonics 50.07 - Proton-Neutron curve


Proton- Neutron Curve The graph below is a plot of neutron number against proton number.

It is used as rule to determine which nuclei are stable or unstable.

140

130

120

110

~ 100

N ~

90 1-

Jl 80 §

z 70 a:: g 60 ::1 ...

50 z 40

30

20

10

00

Plot of Baryon numbers based on excess Neutton model of pefiodic elements

.. l .. . .J D . . fi ~ . stability ltne ..:i: ev!allon rom Jetryomc ~ ,.1:: · plot is I he result of tire itrtriusic

?.if mass-e11ergies of ead1 par1icle :X~ comprisiug tire aromic nucleus

unstai>Je ~J : "~> nuclides . ; ••· {j>f!;,

-......... ., ..... ~ "-..••• . a, •v

. :. "'&' , .. : . 1=l: :.: .

• :J .-;::1 rr: · L. :.r:T

Plot of Baryonlc nudd numbers based on Tetryonlctcpologles "'pertodJc elements

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proton Number (Z)

Historically, Proton-electron numbers are viewed as being equivalent in neutral elementary matter with the excess molar mass measured

being the result of 'excess or extra' Neutrons in the atom

"'

Atomic Nudei Numbers

All periodic elements have an EQUAL number of Protons, Neutrons & Electrons with their molar mass-Matter

being derermined by their qu.anrum level mass-energies

~ ·· .. ra r .... .......... :~ ............... . ~~ ........ 8

@ ............................ .

~

7

6

Q; @ ~

"' -~ E ~ 0 -"'

n . . ·t~,J1: .~~~~-)~~( ....... ~ ... 1.!, ........................ , .... ..

~ .......... , .. Moj .............. ; ....... M &.Woii.IOI

If @] $ @] +3 +2 0 ·2

orbitals

3 2

1

If ·3

Terryonic modelling of the charged mass-ENERGY-Matter topologies of elementary atoms and the nuclei rhat comprise rhem, reveals a DIRECf

LINEAR relationship for the nllmber of Protons-elecrrons-Neurrons in aU periodic elements and nuclear isotopes

Tetryonics 50.08 - Planck mass-energy in elementary Matter & Isotopes


Planck mass-energy contributions to elementary Matter and isotopes electron

Deut eron KEM

28 l..UUMoo\1

27

"

m:l ·

[fill] Elementary

nuclei

z 291,166

285,065

262,158

213,887

133,697

58,940

19,840

are comprised of equal numbers of Protons, Neutrons & electrons

with varying energy levels

The mass·energy content of Deuterium nuclei aeates the molar mass of elements (not extra neutrons in excess of the elemental number]

291,107 M eV

+

22,903MeV J.t1lbV h•~•u.v

Schrodinger's quantum numbers

3 ....... ~······· ·l ·

·.:.>'a ············ r····... 2

···•···••··· ... 3

8 Elemen~al mass·Matrer

{in MeV]

S9,S80keV

• 48,262MeV

+

80,174 MeV

.. ,,. .. v (n ·IMo•t¥

@ }l ... ,.,v:, J . ....

~ r¥' .r -.;

7 ....... , ... \.6 ~

?! •

+

+

74, 40MeV s. ...... v

.~ .. •

u ... uv IO..W..V

565.11 keV

KEM fltld mass r.>nt.>rgits /ill eV}

KE

~ @! ~ ~\ -.;

]lA. \\.

IL ~

2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + 32 + 18 + 8 + 2 Bohr's atomic orbitals

nuclei number per shell

Baryons electrons KEM fields

930.947 MeV + 496.519 keV + 13.525 ev The mass-energy content of Matter topologies is velocity invariant

The mass-energy content of Baryons determines the KEM field of electrons

1

e' <II c <II

Tetryonics 50.09 - Quadratic mass-energy formulation


Baryons KEM fields ele<trons

930.947MeV + 13.525 ev + 496.519 keV Mapping Planck mass-energy contributions to elementary Matter and isotopes

Schrodinger's quant~m numbers

3 3

general form quarroric equarion

..... ,.Mo KE/1

•·... ,.·

2

1 E nhv ~ ·····~·· ·····!lll ....... C.~ ..... jjl)········@j........ ~ polar arifbau

Bohr's atomic orbitals polt~r energy spirals counesy of Rtnt Cormier

ldentifying electron rest Matter topologies as velocity invariant we can re-arrange the

component Planck mass-energy geometry formulation of periodic elements to

h[o?.~l~t2ss + Sp«t:!Unes + l .. ~~m!s~~s v] reveal a quadratic formulation for all Z numbers

Tetryonics 50.10 - rest masses in atomic Matter


The atomic shell energy levels of Deuterium nuclei in elements

ele<tron

Deuteron KEM

29 £II S1StY

2,SOS.4MIV

28 (..- • UhY

l,llS.6MtV

27 l,171.8Mt V

26 l,.013.9Mt V

25

Determines the spectral line [KEM field energies]

of electrons bound to them

"' Q)

£

"' u

E 0 ..... IQ

All elements are comprised of n level Duetrium nuclei

~

I~

~

I:Q)

ri\!1

~~J

[L

[]\\

Baryons KEM fields electrons

Z [[72n 2] + [12v2 ] + [1.2e20]]

1,861,949 MeV 13.525 eV 496,519 keV

... ···········r···········... . .. ... ··· .. ,•' ·· ...

,;;··· ~ .... ········3;1JSO·.~:MeV····················· 3.5!25 eV·······················•··:O•~:•••••v············

.• / Z ([72*32n'1 + [12'8v' 1 + (1.2e20)J '·· ...

· · · · · · · ·2;1i~~;9 ·Mev· · · · · · ···············1Msev·············· .........•.. ., •. m·~:~\·· · · · · · · · · · Z [72'31n 1 (12'7v 1 .. (1.2e2 )J ·

··t·2;68·l;~MeV

r 2,505.4 MeV

2,335.6MeV

2,171.7MeV

1.2e20)J

Z ([72*27n'1 + (1 t3v'1 + (1.2e20JI

2,013.8 MeV 0.84eV

496;519 keY ······~-:···

496,S19keV

496.S19 keV

496,S19keV

\ Z ([72*26n'1 + (1 ~·2v'1 + (1.2e20JI _..

18~~·:9..MeV 0.21 eV ·• 496,.Si~·~:v ···... Z ([72*2Sn'1 + (12'1v '1 + (1.2e20)J .... /

'•, .··

······ .. ·· ............ C.~ ............ ···· .. ···

~ • @ •

'il® • ~~ • ~~ •

'il® • @ •

~

The relativistic rest mass-energy-Matter of all periodic elements is the sum of the mass-energies of ail atomic nuclei and spectral lines

that comprise its mass-Mat ter topology as measured in any spatial co-ordinate system per unit of time

Qj £

"' ~ Q) Q.

Q)

u :::J c

z 'Y

Elememalmass-MaLCer [i11 MeVJ

6,101MeV 99) ktV

(1> • ·27.o$c¥

+ 22,903MeV

S,t7'2 ktV En • .al.fi.V

+ 48,262MeV

, ,937k•V (• .. ·JIU('V

• 80,174 MeV

I S,&UktV (" -1(49hV

+ 74,740 MeV

15 .... k•V f., -lCJI.lhY'

+ 39,092MeV

1.9l7k•V (n• 11!4l~

+ 16,1 11MeV

3.91'1hV ... +

3,724MeV 99lk•V rn .. 4.04'V

[1.2e20]]

e the rest mass-Matter of

bound photo-electrons is velocity invariant

Tetryonics 50.11 - absolute rest mass-Matter


Carbon

rtm 12

Platinum

191

Avagadro's number

6.022141579 e26 1 KG mass 1.660538841 e-27 kg atoms In lK.Gof Matter [of Matter]

atomic rest mass·Matter

using $/ 1m irs Avagadro 's number can be expressed exacrly as rhe inverse resr mass of Hydroge"

5.019789213 e25 atoms in 1 KG of Matter

Weighted atomic mass

6.0221 4078 e 23 1.99211552 e-26 kg atomic rest mass--Matter

Terryonic cllarge geomeiries make weiglued atomic mass measuremenrs and calcularious obsolete

22,506 1/12 of Carbon 12 (Graphene) is not equal to 1 Hydrogen atom 22.51 2 (Deuterium is the building block of all atomic elements)

1.966225348 e25 atoms In lK.Gof Matter

International Avagadro project 5.085887033 e-26 kg atomic rest mass·Matter

The gram was originally dellned in 179S as the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4~c.

making the kilogram equ.al to the mass of ooe liter of water.

The prototype kilogram.. manufactured in 1799 and from which {he current kilogram is based has a mass equal to the mass of 1.000025 liters of water

In recent years two major experiments. namety the Watt balance & Av~ro projects. have been attempting to measure Md define 1 KG of mass•Matter in terms of electrical force and the num~r of ~toms respe<tivety

2.817950081 e24 atoms in tKGof Matter

3.181804449 e23

In order to better define tKG of mass-Matter precisely for all future physk al references

-, ...

La GrandeK Tht (.0) gun.k K b 41141kiy of oo'9 rbun11m (. 10"'9 h;Ji.,"'

1flo1 AIJJ 6MI sf.,_ly /l)sl"l ION"'I $l'ltt IU "'•liiUjKiutt

3.1893811012 e-25 kg atomic restmass·Matter ,,

3.142870708 c-25 kg

All aromlc rest masses are for aroms at absolllre uro 01ld any deviation Is a meas~~re of the ropological MatreT's Kinetic mezxy colltellt {chemical enezxy, KBM.fields and/or spectral lilies]

Hydrogen

~

01

Silicon

28

Tetryonics 50.12 - Periodic Table 2.0


Tetryonics 51.00 - Hydrogen atom


Tetryonics 51.01 - Deuterium atom


Tetryonics 51.02 - Helium atom


Tetryonics 51.03 - Lithium atom


Tetryonics 51.04 - Beryllium atom


Tetryonics 51.05 - Boron atom


Tetryonics 51.06 - Carbon atom


Tetryonics 51.07 - Nitrogen atom


Tetryonics 51.08 - Oxygen atom


Tetryonics 51.09 - Fluorine atom


Tetryonics 51.10 - Neon atom


Tetryonics 51.11 - Sodium atom


Tetryonics 51.12 - Magnesium atom


Tetryonics 51.13 - Aluminium atom


Tetryonics 51.14 - Silicon atom


Tetryonics 51.15 - Phosphorus atom


Tetryonics 51.16 - Sulfur atom


Tetryonics 51.17 - Chlorine atom


Tetryonics 51.18 - Argon atom


Tetryonics 51.19 - Potassium atom


Tetryonics 51.20 - Calcium atom


Tetryonics 51.21 - Scandium atom


Tetryonics 51.22 - Titanium atom


Tetryonics 51.23 - Vanadium atom


Tetryonics 51.24 - Chromium atom


Tetryonics 51.25 - Manganese atom


Tetryonics 51.26 - Iron atom


Tetryonics 51.27 - Cobalt atom


Tetryonics 51.28 - Nickel atom


Tetryonics 51.29 - Copper atom


Tetryonics 51.30 - Zinc atom


Tetryonics 51.31 - Gallium atom


Tetryonics 51.32 - Germanium atom


Tetryonics 51.33 - Arsenic atom


Tetryonics 51.34 - Selenium atom


Tetryonics 51.35 - Bromine atom


Tetryonics 51.36 - Krypton atom


Tetryonics 51.37 - Rubidium atom


Tetryonics 51.38 - Strontium atom


Tetryonics 51.39 - Yttrium atom


Tetryonics 51.40 - Zirconium atom


Tetryonics 51.41 - Niobium atom


Tetryonics 51.42 - Molybdenum atom


Tetryonics 51.43 - Technetium atom


Tetryonics 51.44 - Ruthenium atom


Tetryonics 51.45 - Rhodium atom


Tetryonics 51.46 - Palladium atom


Tetryonics 51.47 - Silver atom


Tetryonics 51.48 - Cadmium atom


Tetryonics 51.49 - Indium atom


Tetryonics 51.50 - Tin atom


Tetryonics 51.51 - Antimony atom


Tetryonics 51.52 - Tellurium atom


Tetryonics 51.53 - Iodine atom


Tetryonics 51.54 - Xenon atom


Tetryonics 51.55 - Caesium atom


Tetryonics 51.56 - Barium atom


Tetryonics 51.57 - Lanthanum atom


Tetryonics 51.58 - Cerium atom


Tetryonics 51.59 - Praseodymium atom


Tetryonics 51.60 - Neodymium atom


Tetryonics 51.61 - Promethium atom


Tetryonics 51.62 - Samarium atom


Tetryonics 51.63 - Europium atom


Tetryonics 51.64 - Gadolinium atom


Tetryonics 51.65 -Terbium atom


Tetryonics 51.66 - Dysprosium atom


Tetryonics 51.67 - Holmium atom


Tetryonics 51.68 - Erbium atom


Tetryonics 51.69 - Thulium atom


Tetryonics 51.70 - Ytterbium atom


Tetryonics 51.71 - Lutetium atom


Tetryonics 51.72 - Hafnium atom


Tetryonics 51.73 - Tantalum atom


Tetryonics 51.74 - Tungsten atom


Tetryonics 51.75 - Rhenium atom


Tetryonics 51.76 - Osmium atom


Tetryonics 51.77 - Iridium atom


Tetryonics 51.78 - Platinum atom


Tetryonics 51.79 - Gold atom


Tetryonics 51.80 - Mercury atom


Tetryonics 51.81 - Thallium atom


Tetryonics 51.82 - Lead atom


Tetryonics 51.83 - Bismuth atom


Tetryonics 51.84 - Polonium atom


Tetryonics 51.85 - Astatine atom


Tetryonics 51.86 - Radon atom


Tetryonics 51.87 - Francium atom


Tetryonics 51.88 - Radium atom


Tetryonics 51.89 - Actinium atom


Tetryonics 51.90 - Thorium atom


Tetryonics 51.91 - Protactinium atom


Tetryonics 51.92 - Uranium atom


Tetryonics 51.93 - Neptunium atom


Tetryonics 51.94 - Plutonium atom


Tetryonics 51.95 - Americium atom


Tetryonics 51.96 - Curium atom


Tetryonics 51.97 - Berkelium atom


Tetryonics 51.98 - Californium atom


Tetryonics 51.99 - Einsteinium atom


Tetryonics 51.100 - Fermium atom


Tetryonics 51.101 - Mendelevium atom


Tetryonics 51.102 - Nobelium atom


Tetryonics 51.103 - Lawrencium atom


Tetryonics 51.104 - Rutherfordium atom


Tetryonics 51.105 - Dubnium atom


Tetryonics 51.106 - Seaborgium atom


Tetryonics 51.107 - Bohrium atom


Tetryonics 51.108 - Hassium atom


Tetryonics 51.109 - Meitnerium atom


Tetryonics 51.110 - Darmstadtium atom


Tetryonics 51.111 - Roetgenium atom


Tetryonics 51.112 - Copernicium atom


Tetryonics 51.113 - Ununtrium atom


Tetryonics 51.114 - Flerovium atom


Tetryonics 51.115 - Ununpentium atom


Tetryonics 51.116 - Livermorium atom


Tetryonics 51.117 - Ununseptium atom


Tetryonics 51.118 - Ununoctium atom


Tetryonics 51.119 - Ununnenium atom


Tetryonics 51.120 - Unbinilium atom


Tetryonics 52.01 - Tetryonic Element Table


Tetryonics 52.02 - Periodic Table [Elements]


Documents

Tetryonics 41.01 - Strong Nuclear Force - Residual EM Copyright ABRAHAM [2008] - All rights reserved 3 Protons + Nemrons u+d+u d+u+d All elecrro11s. quarks a11d Bar