The four major parts of the brain (in order of highest to lowest functioning) the cerebrum

higher thought processes the diencephalon

integrative functions the cerebellum

receives sensory and motor input the brain stem

Oldest part of brain (in terms of evolution) Reflex arcs: heartbeat, breathing, blood

pressure

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skull

meninges

Diencephalon

pons

spinal cord

Cerebellum

fourth ventricle

pineal gland

hypothalamus

thalamus(surrounds thethird ventricle)

third ventricle

lateral ventricleCerebrum

corpuscallosum

pituitary gland

Brain stem

midbrain

medullaoblongata

a. Parts of brain

The brain is divided into 2 cerebral hemispheresLeft hemisphereRight hemisphere

Hemispheres communicate with each other though a bridge of white matter called corpus callosum

Right sidecontrols muscles on the left side

Left sidecontrols muscles on the right side of the

body. damage to one side of the brain will

affect the opposite side of the body.

Brain divided into 4 lobesFrontal Lobe

reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.

Parietal Lobe Sensory information

Temporal Lobe Hearing, formation of memories  

Occipital lobe Vision, interpreting vision

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Occipital lobe

hand

face

tongue

central sulcusParietal lobe

primary somatosensory area

somatosensoryassociation area

primary taste area

general interpretation area

primaryvisual area

visualassociationarea

sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area

primary auditory area

auditory association area

Temporal lobe

lateral sulcus

prefrontalarea

motor speech(Broca’s) area

premotor area

primary motor area

Frontal lobe

leg

trunk

arm

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain.

It is the last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses.

The cerebrum carries out the higher thought processes required for learning and memory and for language and speech.

Cerebral CortexThink layer of gray matterSulci – grooves

Central Sulcus Separates frontal and parietal lobe

Gyrus – folds

Primary Motor AreaLocated in the frontal lobeControls skeletal muscles Each body part is controlled by a certain

section Primary Somatosensory area

Located in the parietal lobe Sensory information from skin and muscles

arrives

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Toes

Ankle

Knee

Hip

Tru

nk

Sh

ou

lder

Arm

Ring finger

Index finger

ThumbNeck

Eyelid and eyeballLips and jaw

Face

Tongue

Genitals

Hip

Tru

nk

Nec

kS

ho

uld

er

Litt

le fi

nger

Rin

g fin

ger

Mid

dle

finge

r

Inde

x fin

ger

Face

Lips, teeth,

gums, and jaw

Tongue

Pharynx

a. Prima ry motor area b . Primary somatosensory area

Intra-abdominal

NoseEyeThum

p

Leg

Foot

Toes

Elb

ow

Arm

Fo

rear

mw

rist

Han

d

Pharynx

Middle finger

Little finger

Hand

Wrist

Fo

reman

Elb

ow

Association AreasAssociation areas are places where integration occursPre-motor area

Organizes motor functions for skilled motor activities Walking and talking

Cerebral PalsyMay be caused by O2 deprivation during birth which damages motor and association areas (may cause paralysis, spasms, lack of motor control)

Processing CentersProcessing centers of the cortex receive

information from the other association areas and perform higher-level analytical functions. Wernicke’s Area: understand written and

spoken language Broca’s Area: speech muscle control

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motor speech(Broca’s area)

primary motorarea

sensory speech(Wernicke’s area)

primaryvisual area

primary auditoryarea

The hypothalamus and the thalamus are in the diencephalon.

The hypothalamus is the integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.

The thalamus integrates sensory input from the visual, auditory, taste, and somatosensory systems.

The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon. It secretes the hormone melatonin which is responsible for normal body rhythms.

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hippocampus

thalamus

hypothalamus

olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

corpuscallosum

amygdala

The cerebellum receives sensory input from the joints, muscles, and other sensory pathways about the present position of body parts.

It also receives motor output from the cerebral cortex about where these parts should be located.

The cerebellum maintains balance and posture.

The brain stem contains:

Midbrain: relay station

Pons: bundles of axons traveling b/t cerebellum and rest of brain

medulla oblongata: contains a number of reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

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