To 796, on the territory of today's Czech Republic was formed the state of Great Moravia, which included the territory of Slovakia, Bohemia, and parts of Poland and Hungary. The first ruler of the Empire in the early ninth century was the MoiMir I.The next ruler of great Moravia Rostislav (846-870) invited two missionaries Cyril and Methodius. Thanks to the works of the legendary brothers Byzantium soon gave moravianism the privilege of worship in the old Slavonic language and the use of Glagolitic letters, designed by Cyril. Old Slavic language became the third world language in Europe, along with Latin and Greek.In XI-XII centuries, the Czech Republic is experiencing a period of feudal fragmentation.In the XIII century, the ruling dynasty of przemyslowa has been extremely favorable political situation to restore its independence. In 1212, the přemysl I (1198-1230) received the Golden bull, in accordance with which the Czech Principality became independent and has acquired the status of a Kingdom.At the end of XIII - XIV century Czech kings Presmise II (1253 - 1278) and Vaclav II (1278-1305) were active policy of conquest.In the XIV century the Czech crown passed to the house of Luxemburg; its first representative on the Czech throne g. was John I. was Born in Germany and educated in France, the new king most of the time spent in foreign campaigns, not paying due attention to their Kingdom. He was killed at the battle of crécy in 1346,During the reign of Charles IV (1346-1378), the country experienced its Golden age. The main purpose of the new king was to strengthen the power of the Czech state. In 1346, Charles became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Soon the capital of a powerful state at his command was transferred to Prague. The Czech language was equated with the official at the time, Latin and German, and in 1348 the city was opened University.During the reign of Charles ' son, king Wenceslas IV, the Czech Republic into the era of the reformation. Leader of the new religious movement was John Huss, rector of Prague University, where he taught theology. In 1401, he began to preach in the Bethlehem Church in Prague, where in contrast to most other churches of the mass was not in Latin, but in Czech language. In his speeches HUS condemned the excessive wealth of the Catholic Church, called for the equation of the rights of the laity and clergy, and challenged some of the theological postulates. In 1408 HUS was expelled from the University, but continued to publicly defend the rightness of their beliefs. In g. HUS was accused of heresy and sentenced to death: it was burned on 6 July 1415, on the old town square in Prague. The country began mass protests, not ucigasa for many years. In 1419, the followers of the teachings of HUS broke into the town hall and threw out of the window onto the spears standing at the bottom of the crowd of several Catholic officials violence. the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund 1(1419-1437) with the blessing of the Pope led a crusade against the Hussites, who refused to recognize him on the throne of Bohemia. Among the opposition to the Royal and papal power, forces, acting together in the early stages of the Hussite wars, there was no unity. The last battle of the Hussite wars occurred in 1434 when the Vines when the Emperor Sigismund I gained a decisive victory over the rebels.The reign of Rudolf II (1576-1611) is considered in the history of the Czech Republic's second Golden age. The capital of the Roman Empire was again transferred to Prague. The country was proclaimed religious tolerance, which was followed by economic growth.

A brief history of the Czech Republic

The purpose is to acquaint students with the

culture of the Czech Republic.Material presentation can be used in an English class in high school while studying the theme "Journey"

Goals and objectives

As the Czech Republic is famous

for its castles...

CZECH CASTLES!!!

The Czech lands since the end of the IX century, when they were United by the Museum. In the Czech chronicle" of Cosmas of Prague can be read: "In the summer of A.D. 894. Was baptized Bořivoj, the first Prince of the Holy

Christian faith". Question the veracity of this fact is controversial[5]. Kingdom Czech Republic (Bohemia) possessed considerable power, but religious conflicts (the Hussite wars in the fifteenth century and the Thirty

years ' war in the seventeenth century) was devastated by it. Later it came under the influence of the Habsburgs and became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, becoming the crown lands of Bohemia, Moravia

and Silesia.Due to the collapse of this state after the First world war, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus came together and formed the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. In this country lived a fairly large ethnic German minority, which was the occasion of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, when Germany made the annexation of the Sudetenland in the Munich agreement of 1938, which led to the separation of Slovakia. The remaining lands were occupied by Germany in 1939 (became known as the Protectorate of

Bohemia and Moravia).

The castle was founded in the mid-thirteenth century nobleman from Czech budějovice on a

cliff with a height of 83 meters above the river Vltava near the town of Podhradí and built in the Gothic style. His original name - the castle of Frauenberg. Later it was rebuilt several times, acquiring the Renaissance, the Baroque features. For the first 400 years of its existence (XIII-XVII century), the castle changed 26 hosts[1].Castle in the Gothic style was built in the late XV century by Vilém II of Bernstein. Later the castle became the property of king Ferdinand I of Habsburg, who in 1562 sold it to the lords of Hradec. In 1571-1587 years Adam II of Hradec (1549-1596) conducted extensive reconstruction of the castle in the Renaissance style, which was led by the Italian Balthazar mudgee. In addition to mudgee in the reconstruction was attended by Italian architects Vincenzo Magarelli and Domenico Benedetto Comet.In 1660 the castle became the property of the family of the house of Schwarzenberg. This name is associated the modern look of the castle. In the XIX century the castle underwent major reconstruction in the neo-Gothic style. As a model for the reconstruction of the castle was Windsor castle, the architect of the reconstruction project is Viennese architect františek Bera. The idea of creating a "Czech Windsor", as informally referred castle[1], belonged to one of the owners of the castle - the Duchess Eleonora Schwarzenberg. The Schwarzenbergs owned the castle until 1945.In 1947 the Hluboka castle was nationalized and since then is a state Museum.

HLUBOKA NAD VLTAVOU

During the Hussite wars in karlštejn in addition to Roman Imperial regalia were also stored treasures of Czech kings, taken from the Prague Castle (including the crown of St. Wenceslas, which was crowned kings of the Czech Republic, including Charles IV. She was returned to the Castle only in 1619). The siege of karlštejn the Hussites in 1427 lasted 7 months, but the castle was never taken. During the Thirty years ' war in 1620 the castle was besieged by the Swedes, but they also failed to capture the castle. In 1436, by order of the Emperor Sigismund, the second son of Charles IV, king's treasures were taken from Karlstejn and currently stored partially in Prague and partly in Vienna.In the XVI century in the castle were allotted storage space for important documents of the Imperial archive. At the end of the XVI century Palace rooms were reconstructed in the Renaissance style, but after 1625 began the decline associated with the name of the Empress Eleanor (wife of Ferdinand II), which gave the castle as collateral Czech nobleman Jan Kavka that led to his transition into private hands. The widow of the Emperor Leopold managed to return the castle to the Royal property by paying the mortgage.Empress Maria Theresa gave the castle in possession of the Castle of the house of noble maidens, which is considered to be the last owner of the object before moving it into the public ownership of Czechoslovakia.The first concern for restoration of karlštejn showed the Emperor Franz I (then in the castle wall was found a treasure of jewels XIV century), and the present form of the castle was acquired after a very freestyle restoration undertaken in 1887-99, Restoration work was carried out under the supervision of Professor at the Vienna Academy of fine arts F. Schmidt and his disciple Th. Mockery, which, among other things, managed to finish the construction of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague Castle. Some experts say that Charles IV would not have learned his castle after "restoration work" with the use of Portland cement; for this reason, UNESCO is in no hurry to recognize him as a world heritage site[2].After the transfer of the karlštejn castle in public ownership the castle is open to tourists and is one of the most popular tourist sites in the Czech Republic, occupying the second place in popularity in the Czech Republic after Prague.

In 1947 the Hluboka castle was nationalized and since then is a state Museum.

KARLSTEJN

Originally křivoklát was used by the rulers of the Czech Republic as a hunting castle. The Cosmas of Prague (mind. in 1125 A.D.) mentions him in connection with the recital of the events of the year 1110. However, archaeological data is not confirmed. The Gothic Royal castle křivoklát appeared in the XIII century on the site of a medieval castle, first mentioned sources under 1190 year. During the reign of the kings of přemysl Otakar I and Wenceslaus I, the fortress was rebuilt and expanded. In the first half of the XIII century Krivoklat became one of the residences of the Czech princes. King přemysl Otakar II has completed the renovation of the fortress and was built in her chapel. After a fire at Prague Castle in 1316 year in křivoklát moved the Queen eliška Przemyslowa. Here he lived part of his childhood (1319-1323,) son of Elizabeth Vaclav (R. 1316, the future Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg. From here he went to France and here she is back with his pregnant wife Blanka Valois, soon gave birth to here the Market and daughter (Margaret).Křivoklát was repeatedly exposed to the fires: on average, since 1422, the fortress was burning every two hundred years.In XVI-XVII centuries recovered from the devastating fires křivoklát was used as a prison for the most important criminals at the end of the XVI century there he spent two years famous alchemist Englishman Edward Kelly, who was exiled in křivoklát after all his attempts to get the philosopher's stone for the Austrian Emperor Rudolf II were in vain. With all the time spent in the dungeons, scientist (or speculator) continued without ceasing to work on the coveted formula. Later, after he was transferred to another castle (Gavin) and died tragically while trying to escape, the Emperor came in křivoklát, personally committed there carefully searched, but never found a secret formula.In 1743 the order of the dilapidated castle křivoklát (Pullets) moved to Furstenberger, which in the XIX century, was reconstructed in accordance with a romantic understanding of medieval architecture. On completion of the works in 1881 from the Palace in Prague castle was moved the family library. In 1929, Max Egon Furstenberg sold the castle to the Czechoslovak government.

Křivoklát

The castle was founded in the end of XIII - XIV century Benes from Wallenstein and

Detenice(1269-1318,which was rebuilt originally a wooden fortress in stone castle in the Gothic style. The first written mention of the castle dates to 1404[3].In 1503 Detenice castle became the property of the kind Krinetskij. Bohuslav Krinitskiy of Ronova in 1587 rebuilt the castle in the Renaissance style. In 1619 his son, Jiri Krinitskiy of Ronova, built a large castle tower.King Ferdinand II confiscated the castle and estate at Krinetskij and gave Wallenstein. Then the castle was bought Christian clam-Gallas, who had it rebuilt in the style of "late Baroque".In the early nineteenth century, the son of an Austrian Baron and diplomat Wasserberg bequeathed the estate of the Sovereign order of the knights of Malta. The order sold the castle in 1903, the Jewish industrial magnate Adolph Flea, whose son lost all his possessions on the exchange.In 1927, the castle was bought and restored engineer, Rzehak, after which part of the castle was opened to the public. In 1948, the castle was nationalized.Currently, the estate belongs to the family Ondrackova. Since 2000, the castle is open to visitors.

Dětenice

Zvikov castle was founded by king přemysl Otakar I at the place of settlement, Dating back to the bronze age. The castle was so important for the crown to control the king appointed two of burggraff (the Czech. Purkrabí). In the surviving documents, the castle was first mentioned under 1234 year. In the reign of king Wenceslas I (1230-1253) Svickova was built the Royal Palace. It was in this castle of king václav I was on the hunt in 1248, when disgruntled vassals revolted and proclaimed king by his son přemysl Otakar. When Wenceslas I in Zvikov, a delegation from the rebels, headed by the Bishop of Prague mikuláš, the king has imprisoned them in the castle tower.View of the castle from aboveIn 1285, during the weakening of the Royal power, the castle was besieged by the troops of the Czech feudal Lord of zavisha Krumlov, which strengthened in the South and attempted to seize the castle. Royal burggraf albert, DOBES resisted and Zvikov remained in the possession of the king.Soon, however, the Czech king Rudolf I of Habsburg (1306-1307), trying to earn the loyalty of the Czech nobility, gave Zvikov castle together with 32 surrounding villages in holding jindřich I from Rozmberk (mind. 1310). After the death of jindřich castle passed to his son Peter from Rozmberk. In 1318 in Svickova held a meeting of lords, unhappy reign of king John of Luxembourg. In the same year, after the suppression of the resistance of the king bought Zvikov and returned it to the crown.During the Hussite wars (1420-1434) in the castle Zvikov hid monks Milevsky monastery, who fled from his monastery together with the body of his first Abbot of Aloha. In memory of this event was created the picture on which the body of the Abbot are angels. In 1429 the Hussite troops four months besieged Zvikov, however, the Burgrave castle Jan nuts successfully withstood a siege.At the end of the Hussite wars of king Sigismund I of Luxembourg (1419-1437) exchanged castle Zvikov castle Zbiroh castle at its supporter of Aldrich II of Rozmberk, resulting Zvikov again moved to Rozmberk (year 1433). New purkrabek (Burgrave) castle mikuláš of Khleb significantly strengthened the defenses of the damaged castle: deepened the ditch, raised six rectangular

bastions, built a new fence on the North side. The chapel and the castle tower received a new roof.

ZVIKOV

Castle, most likely, was laid by the representative of the feudal kind of Vitkovice - Viacom II Senior. The first written mention of the castle dates to the year 1240. In 1253, the castle was fundamentally reconstructed. In 1274 around the castle suburbs were merged into the city of Cesky Krumlov.On the curb in 1302 branches of Vitkovice from Krumlov, Cesky Krumlov is an heir to Vitkovice of Rozmberk (the Rosenbergs). The first owner of the castle from this kind of jindřich I from Rozmberk, whereby the Lower castle was extended. His son Peter from Rozmberk († 1347) built the Upper castle and Aldrich II of Rozmberk (1403-1462) it was rebuilt. Český Krumlov castle remained the property of the rožmberk family 300 years until 1601 or 1602. Tenacious Rozmberk retained Krumlov even in the bloody period of the Hussite wars. Moreover, at this time they were purchased new large estates, which have greatly expanded the territory of the Krumlov castle. During the reign of Robertson panstwa of vilém of Rozmberk and, in particular, his brother Petr vok, thanks to their failed political games the family's debts increased so that Peter Wok was forced in 1601 or 1602 to sell český Krumlov castle of king Rudolf II.In 1622 the Emperor Ferdinand II gave Krumlovsko panstwo representative of the Austrian princely family Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, granted him the title Duke of Krumlov. In the second half of the seventeenth century, Johann Christian I von Eggenberg made a number of reconstructions, resulting in a castle acquired the look presentable residence in the Baroque style. It was also built wooden house.Kind of Eggenberg died in 1719, after which all his estates and titles were inherited princely native of Schwarzenberg. Joseph Adam Schwarzenberg has made large-scale reconstruction, which resulted in the castle was rebuilt in the style of Viennese Baroque.

CESKY KRUMLOV

the book «orange Avenue» http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?

text=чехия&clid=9582&lr=10743

reference material!

The END!