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ENERGY AUDITS AS A CAPACITY BENEFIT FOR SMALL DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS!
Greetings!
Topic: Energy Audits for Small Water Utilities
Presenter: Scott A. Strahley, PE, CEA
Association: Ohio RCAP (Rural Community Assistance
Program) Event:
ASDWA Training, January 12, 2012
Goals of the Presentation:
Originally designed for Community and Auditor training and implementation
Beneficial Overview for States Understanding usefulness Promote Implemetation
What are the Current Energy Audit Results? Avg: >28% Reduction& <1 year Payback
Who We Are?
RCAP Founded in 1972 National Non-Profit Organization
Focus on Communities with < 10,000 pop. 6 Regions
RCAC (Western US) Midwest Assistance Program (MAP, North-Central
US) Community Resource Group (CRG, South-Central
US) Great Lakes RCAP (Northern US) Southeast RCAP (South-Eastern US) RCAP Solutions (North-Eastern US)
The RCAP Network Western RCAP
Rural Community
Assistance Corporation
916-447-2854
www.rcac.org
Midwest RCAP
Midwest Assistance Program
952-758-4334
www.map-inc.org
Southern RCAP
Community Resource Group
479-443-2700
www.crg.org
Northeast RCAP
RCAP Solutions
800-488-1969
www.rcapsolutions.org
Great Lakes RCAP
WSOS Community
Action Commission
800-775-9767
www.glrcap.org
Southeast RCAP
Southeast Rural Community
Assistance Project
866-928-3731
www.southeastrcap.org
Rural Community Assistance Partnership
800-321-7227 www.rcap.org
Who We Are?
Great Lakes RCAP 7 States: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan,
Ohio, West Virginia, Wisconsin The Target: provide technical assistance to
help small communities address their drinking water, wastewater and community development needs
The Regional RCAP is administered by the WSOS Community Action Commission, Inc. in Fremont, Ohio
GLRCAP = 45 TAPs/State Coordinators/Staff Ohio RCAP = 22 Full-Time Employees
What We Do In Ohio!
Write Grant/Loan Applications for Project Funding Perform Utility Rate Studies Preparation of Capacity Assurance Plans Assist in Asset Management Planning Provide Community Planning and Visioning Administer Community Training
Utility Management (Technical, Managerial, Financial) Financial Management Asset Management Project Development Decentralized Wastewater
Energy Audits (ASHRAE Level I and II)
For Those Who Know It All:
What is Energy Efficiency?
Energy Efficiency – It is doing the same tasks using less energy,
through technology and practice Not compromising quality, safety, or comfort
Lighting:All of Them!24 x 7 x 365!!!!
Benefits of Energy Efficiency
Reduction of Energy Costs (Saves Money)!
Reduction of Energy Use Environmental Stewardship Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
At Facility From Power Generation
Water Conservation Facility Sustainability
Benefits of Energy Efficiency
Improve Equipment Operating Efficiency Enhance Equipment Life Reduction of Equipment Maintenance Provide Affordable Utility Service
Billing Rates for Residents and Customers Strengthen Your System Capacity! Time…Costs are Rising!
Compounding Effect
Energy Efficiency Goals
How Can You Achieve Energy Efficiency? An Energy Audit is the Best Start!
Definition:
Audit: (1) a formal examination of an organization’s
or individual’s accounts or financial situation, (2) a methodical examination and review
-Merriam-Webster Dictionary
In Terms of Energy: An analysis of the energy usage for a facility
or operation and the identification of possible energy conservation opportunities ASHRAE Levels I, II, and III Others…
What That Means:
An Energy Audit will identify the energy-using equipment in a facility and quantify why, how, and how much energy is being used
It will involve billing statements and analysis of the equipment and processes
24-36 months of data is preferred for trending
Benefits of an Audit
Benchmarking Identifying Trends Decision Tool for Change
Equipment, Processes, System Budget Planning Knowledge of the System
Water Loss Error Reduction
Billing, Payments, Meters, Chemicals
Benefits of an Audit
Use as Guidance, Not Gospel! Inexact Science, At Best!
Assumptions Rate Fluctuations
Rates, Riders, Mid-year Changes Sliding Scale Based On Usage
Operational Changes Equipment Performance Personnel Performance Emergencies
But, Why is it Important?
Address the issues, or bury your head in the sand!
But, Why is it Important?
Estimates Are Indicating That: Nearly 4% of the nation’s electricity is
consumed with respect to water and wastewater facilities
Within the next 15 years, the cost of energy will increase approximately 20%
An increase in utility budgeting will most likely result in increased customer billing charges
But, Why is it Important?
EnergyStar Estimates: $4 Billion in Annual Energy Costs
Drinking and Waste Water Treatment Combined 56 Billion kWh for Drinking and Waste Water 44.8 Million Tons of Greenhouse Gas
But, Why is it Important?
Estimates Are Indicating That: Funding programs have more applications and
less available money Commonly, facilities have been designed for
peak capacity, not to operate efficiently Most likely the demographics of your
community has changed (up or down)
But, Why is it Important?
Estimates Are Indicating That: A large percentage of municipal energy use is
associated with water and wastewater treatment Approximately 30-60%of a municipal budget
“If drinking water and wastewater systems reduce energy use by just 10%...collectively they could save approximately $400 million and 5 billion kWh annually” US EPA – Ensuring a Sustainable Future: An
Energy Management Guidebook for Wastewater and Water Utilities
But, Why is it Important?
Specific to Ohio: Ohio Ranks 6th in National Energy Consumption Public Water Systems scored a D+ Grade (US –
D-) Est. 9.68 Billion needed for Infrastructure (POTW) ARRA Funding est. at 58.5 Million (0.6%)
Public Wastewater Systems scored a D+ Grade Est. 11.16 Billion needed for Infrastructure (POTW) Est. 850 Billion Gallons of CSO/yr Est. 10 Billion Gallons of SSO/yr
-ASCE 2009 Ohio Infrastructure Report Card
But, Why is it Important?
How are Energy Audits Performed?
Understanding of the processes, the equipment, and the regulations is vital to a worthwhile energy audit for water systems…
How an Energy Audit Starts:
Understand Your Billing Structure (Classification, Tariff, etc.) Quantities (kW, kWh, kVAR, Power Factor, etc.) Accuracy (Estimated, Monthly, Yearly
Averages) Understand Your Facility
Processes Flows Equipment Goals
How Billing Works:
Your rate structure or classification is your ‘contract’ with the energy provider to reserve ‘capacity’ for your use If you reserve more, and use less, there is a
penalty! If you reserve less, and use more, there is a
penalty! Demand is measured in kW (kilo-watt)
A 15-minute peak measurement, applied to the whole billing cycle
Energy is measured in kWh (kilo-watt hours) A cumulative amount over time
Example:
A 60-watt light bulb is turned ‘on’ 10-hours per day 5-days per week
The Demand is: 60 watts / 1,000 = 0.06 kW
The Energy Use is: 0.06 kW x 10-hrs = 0.6 kWh/day 0.6 kWh/day x 5-days = 3 kWh/week 3 kWh/week x 52-weeks = 156 kWh/yr
How Billing Works:
The bill is typically broken down into: An Energy Generation Fee An Energy Transmission Fee An Energy Distribution Fee A Customer Charge All Applicable Riders (‘Special’ Charges) The Facility Energy Usage Cost The Facility Demand Charge (if Applicable) Taxes (if Applicable)
How Billing Works:
Don’t Worry About All the Fees!!! Focus On:
The Facility Energy Usage Cost (Total) The Facility Demand Charge (if Applicable)
The Billing Statement:
A Billing Statement Should Include: Rate Structure, (Tariff or Other) Energy Use, (kWh for Electricity) Demand Loading, (kW Demand) Total Cost, (Generation, Transmission,
Distribution, Customer Charge, Riders, Taxes – Combined!)
Service Period (Bills Typically Lag) Meter Reading Accuracy (Actual vs. Estimated) Meter Location (Usage Location) Power Factor (and Power Factor Constant) Adjustment Notes (Rate Changes, etc.)
Typical Energy Use Graph:
Treatment Baseline
Graph Baseline is Facility Energy Use, Above Baseline is Winter Heating Use
(Gas Usage)
Heating Months
Typical Energy Use Graph:
Graph is Facility Gas UsageConverted Units to kWh for Comparison
Typical Energy Use Graph:
Graph is Exterior LightingWith Optical Sensor
Typical ‘Generic’ Audit:
Energy Usage Summary Replace Motors with Energy Efficient Replace Lighting with Energy Efficient Summary of Estimated Savings Beneficial…but NOT THOROUGH!!!
How About a Break?
The RCAP ‘5-Step’ Process:
1. The Initial Assessment Benchmarking
2. The Initial Audit Energy Use Analysis
3. The Physical Audit On-Site Walk-Thru
4. The Facility Analysis Combining the Data
5. The Findings Report
1. The Initial Assessment
With ‘Broad’ Facility Data (Facility Survey), Determine Cursory Benchmarks: Service Population MG/Yr Cost ($)/kWh kWh/MG Cost ($)/MG
Compare to similar facilities Compare to similar regions
The RCAP Difference:
Level of Detail in Review Knowledge of Review Team Comparable Database Ability to Provide Alternatives
2. The Initial Audit
Identify the Specific Details for Facility Energy Use (Quantity and Rates)
24-36 Months of Energy Billing Data Types of Processes Types of Equipment Treatment-Related Issues Regulatory Requirements
Formulate Physical Audit Parameters
Facility Data
Water Source Surface vs. Ground Water
Plant Flow/Capacity Design, Peak, and Actual Storage Volume
Operating Strategies Hours, Goals, Quality
Facility Data
Facility Age Processes Service Community Monthly Operating Reports
Daily Quantities, Testing, Precipitation, etc. SCADA Data (Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition) Contact Information
Facility Performance
Evaluate Facility Performance Pump Curves (65-80% of Usage –
IMPORTANT!) Water Loss Water Conservation System Pressure Time of Use
The RCAP Difference:
Detailed Energy Usage Summary Understanding of Existing Equipment Understanding of Operations and
Processes
3. The Physical Audit
Evaluate Equipment Outdated or Worn
Maintenance Important! Life-cycle Costs
Improper Controls Design vs. Actual Usage Need…
Can You Eliminate? Can You Adjust? Can You Reduce?
More Efficient Alternative
RCAP Audit Performance
Evaluation of Facility Data Physical Audit On-Site
Energy Auditor, Engineer, Operator Team vs. Individual Experience and ‘Gut’ Reactions
Interview Staff First They know the facility the best!
Walk the Site as the Water Flows – Top to Bottom
Take Photos for Reference and Documentation
RCAP Audit Performance
Facility Analysis and Report Preparation Follow-up with Staff as Needed Detail Assumptions and Design Controls Simple Payback
Findings Presentation and Next Step Opportunities Explained Funding Options
Incentives, Grants, Loans Support
Consider the ‘EARTH’:
Can the Facility Do the Following: Eliminate the Equipment? Adjust the Equipment Size/Efficiency? Reduce the Hours of Usage? Talk to the Energy Providers to Re-Classify? Habilitate for Alternative Energy Sources?
The ‘EARTH’ process can identify energy conservation opportunities (ECO’s)
‘EARTH’ and the Bulb:
Remember the 60-watt light bulb? 10-hours per day, 5-days per week The Demand is: 0.06 kW The Energy Use is: 156 kWh/yr At $0.07/kWh, the Cost is $10.92/yr
(E) – Can you Turn it Off? (A) – Can you Reduce Wattage? (R) – Can you use a Sensor? (T) – Can you change T.O.U.? (H) – Can you use Alternative Energy?
Equipment Data:
Pumps Water Plant:
Largest Energy User (Approx. 85%) Wastewater Plant:
Can Be Largest Energy User (Approx. 65%) Aeration High Energy Consumption
Data to Collect: Manufacturer, Rated Capacity (GPM), Use, Pump Type, Run Time, Associated Motor, Discharge PSI, Head, Throttle/VSD, Shared, Pump Curve
Equipment Data:
Pumps Potential Pump Combinations
2 Smaller to meet Peak flow, can take off-line for Avg.
Minimize Losses Friction Head
Efficiency! Think EARTH!
Pump Slow…Pump Long!
Equipment Data:
Motors Data to Collect: Manufacturer,
Location/Process, Drive, Motor Name Plate (horsepower, rpm, efficiency, class, amps, volts, phase), VSD, Hours of Use
Replace: Active vs. Burn Out Costs Service (Rewinding typ. 1%-2% Efficiency
Loss) Reduce Heat, Increase Efficiency Think EARTH!
Equipment Data:
Lighting (numbers and locations) Interior Ceiling (T-12, T-8, T-5, LED) Interior Other (Incandescent, CFL, LED) Exterior (Hi-Intensity, Hi-Pressure, Low-
Pressure) Sensors (Motion, Optical, Timed)
Rated Watts, Time-of-use, Bulbs/Fixture, Ballast Type
Think EARTH!
Equipment Data:
Lighting (options) Replace HID with T-8 High Bay Replace HID with T-5 High Output High Bay Replace T-12 with Low Watt T-8 Use LED in Freezer/Cooler Re-lamp with 28-Watt
T-8
T-12
What Ballast
?
Equipment Data:
Exit Signs Incandescent vs. LED Number of Signs Think EARTH!
Equipment Data:
HVAC Manufacturer, Size, SEER Rating, Energy
Source, Age, Thermostat/Settings, Supplemental Units Building Envelope
Insulation Windows
Boilers Heat Exchangers Motor/Lighting
Indirect Heat Think EARTH!
Heat Cold
Equipment Data:
Disinfection (Ultraviolet Light) Manufacturer, Size, Wattage, Number Think EARTH!
Equipment Data:
Others Dehumidifiers Computers Water Heaters Dewatering Odor Control Think EARTH!
Equipment Data:
Others Storage Tanks/Towers Pump Stations (WW) Booster Stations (W) Vent Fans Phantom Loading
On vs. Stand-by vs. Off vs. Unplug?
The RCAP Difference:
Team Approach Certified Operators
Tom Fishbaugh (W/WW) Larry Baxa (W/WW)
Engineer/Energy Auditor ‘Divide’ Individual Focus During Audit ‘Combine’ Findings during Analysis Minimize Oversight Minimize Time On-Site
Supt. and Operator Cooperation
The RCAP Difference:
Evaluation of Existing Equipment Repair vs. Replace Options Education on Technology and Alternatives
Evaluation of Operations and Processes Review of Equipment and Process Selection
4. RCAP Reporting Level
Energy Audit, Level I Cursory Review and Analysis Broad Generalizations – Low/No Cost Intended To Be: Brief, Simple, Crude To Determine if Additional Study is Warranted
and/or Required
RCAP Reporting Level
Energy Audit, Level II NOT a Definitive Analysis
Not Investment Grade or Capital Intensive More In-Depth Than a Level I
Thorough Review of Billing and Equipment Analysis of Operations and Maintenance A Broad Range of Savings Options Detailed Calculations of Opportunities Declarations of Assumptions and Constraints
The RCAP Reporting Difference
Consistent Format and Presentation Viable Opportunities Realistic and Detailed Calculations Pertinent Information and
Recommendations
How About a Break?
Show Me The Money!!!
Energy Efficiency Can Make a Difference!
Case Studies…#1
Oopsburgh WTP Village Population 3,308 Facility Constructed 1993 Production (MGD): 1.0 Design, 0.401 Actual Annual Energy Use = 1,009,407 kWh / yr Annual Energy Cost = $ 67,635 / yr Average Energy Cost = $ 0.067 / kWh Energy Use = 6,897 kWh / MG Treatment Cost = $ 462 / MG
Case Studies…#1
Oopsburgh WTP Initial Assessment:
Small Size Moderately Aged (over 15 yrs) Low Energy Cost ( $0.067/kWh ) for Region Moderate Energy Use ( 6,897 kWh / MG ) High Production Cost ( $462 / MG )
Case Studies…#1
Oopsburgh WTP Focused Analysis – Distribution
3 – High Service Pumps, 100-hp, 60-hp, 50-hp 100-hp Pump Used Daily, Throttled Back Pump Curves Indicated Capacity Same as 60-hp
Main Opportunity Use 60-hp Pump at 100% (Optimum Efficiency) A $ 9,275 No-Cost Savings Maintain Production Volume
Case Studies…#1
Oopsburgh WTP Energy Conservation Opportunities
Annual Energy Use = 813,801 kWh / yr A 195,606 kWh Savings (19%)
Annual Energy Cost = $ 54,010 / yr A $13,625 /yr Savings (20%)
Energy Use = 5,560 kWh / MG Treatment Cost = $ 369 / MG Cost of Opportunities = $10,300
0.76 year Simple Payback
Case Studies…#2
North Goodland WTP Village Population 781 Facility Constructed 1993 Production (MGD): 0.35 Design, 0.080 Actual Annual Energy Use = 68,151 kWh / yr Annual Energy Cost = $ 6,730 / yr Average Energy Cost = $ 0.099 / kWh Energy Use = 2,334 kWh / MG Treatment Cost = $ 230 / MG
Case Studies…#2
North Goodland WTP Initial Assessment:
Very Small Moderately Aged (over 15 yrs) High Energy Cost ( $0.099/kWh ) for Region Low Energy Use ( 2,334 kWh / MG ) Low Production Cost ( $ 230 / MG )
Case Studies…#2
North Goodland WTP Focused Analysis – Pumping
Time of Use – Off-Peak Potential Tariff Reclassification Low Overall Usage – Affects Rate
Main Opportunity Modify Controls to Pump Off-Peak A $ 2,720 Low-Cost Savings Maintain Production Volume
Case Studies…#2
North Goodland WTP Energy Conservation Opportunities
Tariff Reclassification Energy Cost Reduction Estimated at $ 0.030 /
kWh New Rate Estimated at $0.069 / kWh Conservative for Off-Peak Rate Structure
Annual Energy Cost = $ 3,784 / yr A $ 2,946 /yr Savings (44%)
Case Studies…#3
Lift Valley WWTP System with Multiple Lift Stations
Duplex, Submersible Tariff Classifications
Tariff 211 – Small General Service Usage Billing, No Demand
Tariff 215 – Medium General Service Use and Demand Billing Demand Over 10kW / 12-mo Time Period
Case Studies…#3
Lift Valley WWTP Medilla Ave Pump Station
Tariff 211 – Small General Service
Case Studies…#3
Lift Valley WWTP Maiden Ave Pump Station
Tariff 215 – Medium General Service
Case Studies…#3
Lift Valley WWTP Side-By-Side Comparison
Tariff 215 – Tariff 211
Ohio RCAP Audit Results:
Ohio RCAP Audit Results:
USDA Rural Community Development Initiative (RCDI) 13 Communities, 17 Systems
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) 15 Communities, 23 Systems
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 4 Communities, 4 Systems
Total 32 Communities, 44 Systems
Ohio RCAP Audit Results:
Water Facilities(6 Total)
Avg. Production 2.258 MGD
ExistingConditions
PotentialSavings
(w/ Opportunities)
NotableSavings
Annual Energy Cost toProduce Water
$ 340,784 - $ 95,718 - 28.1%
Annual Energy Use to Produce Water
4,358,506 kWh - 1,040,691 kWh - 23.9%
Energy Usage Benchmark
5,288 kWh/MG - 1,262 kWh/MG 4,026 kWh/MG
Production Cost Benchmark
$ 413/MG - $ 116/MG $ 297/MG
The Average Cost of Energy is $0.078/kWhThe Cost to Implement Opportunities is $82,730The Simple Payback for the Opportunities is 0.86 years March, 2011
Ohio RCAP Audit Results:
Wastewater Facilities
(5 Total)Avg. Production 4.0 MGD
ExistingConditions
PotentialSavings
(w/ Opportunities)
NotableSavings
Annual Energy Cost toTreat Wastewater
$ 207,501 - $ 57,654 - 27.8%
Annual Energy Use toTreat Wastewater
2,374,174 kWh - 780,248 kWh - 27.1%
Energy Usage Benchmark 1,993 kWh/MG - 541 kWh/MG 1,452 kWh/MG
Treatment Cost Benchmark
$ 144/MG - $ 40/MG $ 104/MG
The Average Cost of Energy is $0.072/kWhThe Cost to Implement Opportunities is $65,190The Simple Payback for the Opportunities is 1.13 years March, 2011
Ohio RCAP Audit Results:
Water and Wastewater
(11 Total)
ExistingConditions
PotentialSavings
(w/ Opportunities)
NotableSavings
Annual Energy Cost $ 548,285 - $ 153,372 - 28%
Annual Energy Use 7,232,680 kWh - 1,820,939 kWh - 25.2%
The Cost to Implement Opportunities is $ 147,920The Cost to Save a kWh is $ 0.081/kWhThe Simple Payback for the Opportunities is 0.96 years March, 2011
How to Determine Need?
Does a Community track their energy use? 24-36 months minimum
Have they identified increases in use? Demand vs. Efficiency
If they have had an audit, did they implement? Typically less than 20% implement Typically not all opportunities are addressed Costs can go up if performed ‘peacemeal’
Only perform if they are ‘Serious’
Questions??
Thank you for your interest and attention!
