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Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires
by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialismimperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under
foreign domination.A policy of extending your rule
over foreign countries A major departure of the US A major departure of the US
policy of “policy of “isolationisolation” ” to involvementinvolvement in world affairs. world affairs.
EconomicThe growth of industry increased the need for natural resources.
CommerceNew markets and expansion of trade into Asia & Latin America.
Nationalistic European nations competing for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism
What are the factors involved in a country becoming imperialists?
MilitaryEurope had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. (MAJOR U.S. Reason
HumanitarianDesire/duty to spread western civilizations to other countries.
Trade into Asia & Latin America Keep up with Europe
Annex strategic islands in the S. Pacific and Caribbean Sea.Trade center of the world
Build a canal International policeman
Large naval presence
The New Manifest DestinyThe New Manifest Destiny
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests
Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests
2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests
2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
ImperialistsImperialists•Theodore Roosevelt•William Mckinley•William Randolph Hearst•Joseph Pulitzer
Anti-Imperialist Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague
•Mark Twain
•Andrew Carnegie
•Susan B. Anthony
FOR EXPANSIONFOR EXPANSION■Keep up with European
nations■Desire for prestige■Theory of racial
superiority■Provide market for
surplus goods and investments
AGAINST AGAINST EXPANSIONEXPANSION
■America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s
energies■America should not rule
over other peoples
Cartoon-European grab
bag
European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or become an insignificant county……become an insignificant county……
Cartoon-European grab
bag
Cartoon-European grab
bag
Cartoon-US Expansion1US goal was always expansion
documents expan1
Isolationism
Expansionism
documents expan2
ExpansionExpansion
Expansion and a large naval Expansion and a large naval fleet to protect interestsfleet to protect interests
documents expan3
Expansion and spreading our culture
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied
arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled….the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled….
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the
might of wealth behind it----the representative, let us hope, of the largest
liberty the purest Christianity, the highest civilization…will spread itself
over the earth….
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down
Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa
and beyond. And can any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will
be the “survival of the fittest”?“survival of the fittest”?
Social Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sThe White Man’sBurden: to civilize the worldBurden: to civilize the world
The Hierarchyof Race
The Hierarchyof Race
Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
Source:Source: Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899
“Much as we abhor the war of “criminal aggression” in the
Philippines, greatly we regret that the blood of the Filipinos is on
America hands, we more deeply resent the betrayal of American
institutions at home……
Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shall end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest that must go on until the Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution of the US are rescued from the hands of their
betrayers.
Those who dispute about standards of value while the foundation of the Republic is
undermined will be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about the small economies of the household while the house is on
fire.
The training of a great people for a century, the aspiration for
liberty of a vast immigration are forces that will hurl aside those who is the delirium of conquest seek to destroy the character of
our institutions.”
• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.bought Alaska from Russia.
Seward’s Seward’s FollyFolly
• Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Island for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.
Midway Island
• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America.more active role in protecting Latin America.
• US policy would expand into the Philippines and US policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties.negotiate trade treaties.
Latin Latin America, America, Hawaii Hawaii and Asiaand Asia
Expanding U.S. Interests
““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million$7.2 million
Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867
Island Possessions
U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii
U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii
• 1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity TreatyReciprocity Treaty
• 1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
• 1893 – AmericanAmerican businessmen backed an businessmen backed an uprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
The Spanish-American War• Spanish brutality towards Cubans
•The Butcher-The Butcher---Valeriano Weyler
• Yellow Press/Journalism----Sensational
• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.
• The USS MaineUSS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.
• Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.
•Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment: US was fighting this war to help Cuba gains its independence and would not seek any land gains from Cuba.
• War is declared April 17, 1898
Steps to War
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst
•Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.
•Their “Yellow Press”“Yellow Press” propaganda led Americans to support war with Spain.
•Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.
•Cuban people were fighting a revolution
against Spanish brutality
•Cubans wanted their independence from
Spain•90 miles from U.S.•Protect our trade
How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people?
How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war, that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get
medals and honors?How long shall old Cuban men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent
victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?
How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and
helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood?
How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in
loathsome prisons?How long shall women passengers on vessels flying the American flag be unlawfully seized,
stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of
the honor of the U.S.?How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily
arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons
without trial?How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?
•HOW LONG?HOW LONG?
USS Maine
•American citizens threatened by revolution in
Cuba.
•Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.
USS Maine
•USS Maine---260 US sailors killed
•Spain accused of blowing up the
Maine…..
•Polarized Americans to support the war
against Spain.
•Hearst was heard to say, “You furnish the
pictures and I’ll furnish the war”.
Yellow Press
Yellow PressYellow Press
•Joseph Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph William Randolph
Hearst were popular Hearst were popular newspaper editors newspaper editors
trying to sell trying to sell newspapers.newspapers.
•Expansionist’s war with Spain.
Yellow Press
The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War
• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.
• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.• July 3: The United States Navy sank
the remaining Spanish ships.
““A A Splendid Splendid
Little Little War”War”
SP War in Pacific
SP War in Pacific
Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
SP War in Caribbean
Rough Riders
•Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.
•Became a hero of the Spanish American War.
Rough Riders
The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War
• With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence.
• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US in return for $20 million.
• The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.
• President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.
The The Treaty Treaty
of of Paris, Paris, 18981898
The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War
Puerto Puerto Rico Rico and and
CubaCuba
•Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment – Cubans will get their freedom when the U.S. has overthrown the Spanish
•Puerto RicoPuerto Rico strategic post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal
•1900, Foraker ActForaker Act sets up civil government
- president appoints governor, upper house
•1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens
•President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.
•CubaCuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement.
•The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.Platt Amendment.
•The Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary.
Cartoon-Sp & US War
•Spanish-American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War”
•Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal
•US became a world power as a result of this war.
•Gained the following areas: (Treaty of Paris)
•Philippines
•Guam
•Puerto Rico
More Questions than Answers
• Does the Constitution follow the flag?– Insular cases (1901-1905) provide the answer– People living in territories that are not
“incorporated” into the United States are not entitled to the same Constitutional protections as those living in the states.
Filippino Revolution
Emilio Agunialdo
Filipino Revolutionists
•Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Emilio Aguinaldo.Aguinaldo.
•Erupted between the nationalists and U.S. troops stationed on the
islands.
•Filipinos adopted guerilla guerilla tactics. tactics.
•U.S. army responded by rounding peasants into
"reconcentration campsreconcentration camps"
•U.S. troops declared entire areas battle zonesbattle zones
•No distinctions were made between combatants and
civilians.
•4,200 American4,200 American and 16,000 16,000 FilipinoFilipino soldiers are thought to
have been killed in the fighting.
•US captured AguinaldoAguinaldo in March 1901 and he pledged
allegiance to the United States.
Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipino Uprising. Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946: Philippine Philippine independenceindependence
Anti-Imperialist League resistance to the Philippine
War.
•Secretary of State John Hay, proposed the Open Door Notes to the European powers to respect the territorial integrity of China and
for trade rights.
Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy 1900, U.S. Policy, US
negotiated with European nations to agree of having free and equal trade rights in China Philippine RebellionPhilippine Rebellion
US war with the Philippines from 1899 to 1902 to keep the Philippines as a US
Territory
Boxer RebellionBoxer RebellionChinese nationalists fight
to remove foreigners, 1899-1900….US troops
were sent to put this down along with European
troops
Open Door Policy:Open Door Policy: 1899-1900, U.S. Policy all nations have equal trade in China
Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence:: areas in a country where a foreign nation claims sole rights to
trade and invest.
Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion:: Chinese nationalist fight to remove
foreigners, 1899-1900
Spheres of Spheres of influenceinfluence
Areas in a country where a foreign nation claims
sole rights to trade
and invest.
Uncle Sam to the European powers….”Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up
into spheres of influence”.
•A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, attracted thousands of followers.
•Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because
they practiced martial arts.
•The Boxers also believed that they had a magical power, and that foreign bullets could not
harm them.
•Millions of "spirit soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the
dead and join their cause.
Boxer’s practiced martial arts
Boxer
Boxer
“The present situation is becoming daily more difficult. The various Powers cast
upon us looks of tiger-like voracity, hustling each other to be first to seize our
innermost territories. . . . Should the strong enemies become aggressive and press us to consent to
things we can never accept, we have no alternative but to rely upon the justice of
our cause. . . . If our . . . hundreds of millions of
inhabitants . . would prove their loyalty to their emperor and love of their country,
what is there to fear from any invader? Let us not think about making peace”.
Empress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of China
Boxer1
•Their cause was to expel all "foreign devils from China"foreign devils from China. •The Boxer’sBoxer’s new slogan -- "Support China, kill foreign
devils!”•US and European nations sent troops to put down rebellion.
•It was successfully put down by the multi-national forcemulti-national force.
•Chinese govt. ordered to pay $333 $333 millionmillion to European nations for
damages and expand their trade.
Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War
Roosevelt acted as Roosevelt acted as the mediator the mediator between the two between the two warring nationswarring nationsConcerned about US self interest:
Japanese expansionOpen Door PolicyPhilippines
Wins the Nobel Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.Peace Prize in 1906.
Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War
•Japan controls some of the territorial gains from the war. •Russia and Japan would split
Sakhalin Island•Japanese agreement to stop
fighting and expanding•Secret agreement between
Roosevelt and Japan over Korea and free trade. (Japan formally
annexes Korea in 1910)•Japan rivals the US for
dominance in the South Pacific.•US relations between Russia and
Japanese decrease.
Roosevelt Corollary
FOREIGN POLICY WITH JAPANFOREIGN POLICY WITH JAPAN Keep good relations with Japan and prevent
war. Countries feared Japan because they were the
power in the Pacific along with the US.TR entered into two diplomatic agreementstwo diplomatic agreements with Japan to prevent the possibility of war.
Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907Japanese children were discriminated against and
segregated in San Francisco elementary schools. TR negotiated with Japanese that discrimination and segregation
would stop and in return, Japan agreed to stop the flow of Japanese immigrants to the US.
Great White Fleet 1907-08(16 battleships) in an around the world tour. Japanese school children trained to wave
American flags and sing The Star-Spangled BannerRoot-Takahira Agreement: 1908
Both governments agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, defend the Open Door policy and the integrity and
independence of China. They resolved to develop their commerce in East Asia and to respect each other's territorial
possessions there.
Island Possessions
quick access to Atlantic &
Pacific military
protection of territories trade & economic
value would increase
•A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.
•Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the
United States for $109 million.
• Hay-Paunceforte Treaty overturns the Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty and allows the U.S. to build a canal and fortify it. (1901)
• Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans.
•A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama.
•Negotiations with Columbia failed. •President Roosevelt helped instigate the Panamanian Revolution to overthrow the
Colombian government. •The revolution is successful and the US recognizes Panama as an independent
nation. •US negotiated Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty
which gave us the land for the canal. •We paid Panama $10 million for the strip
of land to build the canal and a $250,000.00 yearly rental fee.
Roosevelt picture at canal
•Roosevelt at the canal
•Important to the destiny of the US
•$400 million to build
•Began in 1904 and completed by 1914
•Army engineer George Goethals organized the
construction.
•Dr. Walter Reed found ways to deal with yellow fever
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
•Recognized Panama as an independent nation after Revolution with
Columbia
•Eventually Panama would Eventually Panama would regain the Canal zone.regain the Canal zone.
•Jan. 1, 2000, the canal zone belongs to Panama
Island Possessions
Roosevelt Corollary
US FOREIGN POLICYUS FOREIGN POLICY, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them.
Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin
America and Asia.
ROOSEVELT’S COROLLARYROOSEVELT’S COROLLARY U.S. would act as international international
policemenpolicemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
Roosevelt Corollary
“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt
used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.
The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.Roosevelt in Latin AmericaRoosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.Roosevelt in AsiaRoosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an Open Door policy to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.
Roosevelt Corollary
Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stickcarry a big stick”.
Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”“Roosevelt’s Corollary”
Roosevelt Corollary
Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”
Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet