. ..
-6
. ..
, ..
- 560 002
Prof. L.S. Seshagiri Rao : SAMAGRA VIMARSHA SAHITYA - Vol- 6 :
by L.S. Seshagiri Rao, Published by : Manu Baligar, Director,
Department of Kannada & Culture, Kannada Bhavan, J.C.Road,
Bengaluru - 560 002
:
: 2010
: 1000
: xii + 1000
: . 180/-
: ..
Lakshmi Mudranalaya
ISO 9001-2000
, -18
: 2661 3123, 2661 8752
. . . , , . , - . , , , , .. . , .
', ', , ' ', ' . . .
. . . .. .
-..
. . , , , .. .. . .
|| .. . , , , , , . .. . ' . . . .. . . .. ; .
, , . .. . , , , , , , . .. .
, , ... . .. .
. .. . . . , (.), .. , , . .
, . .. . . .. . .
22-02-2010 ...
400 ;
? ..... 1
..... 6
.....34
..... 50
..... 74
'..... 91
':
.....100
..... 106
'..... 120
'..... 134
' ..... 155
'
- () ..... 164
- () .....170
- () ..... 176
- () ..... 182
- ...... 187
()
- () ...... 193
-
() ...... 198
- () ...... 203
- () ..... 209
- .. () ..... 214
- ( )..... 218
-.. () ...... 224
- () ...... 230
() ...... 235
- () ...... 240
- () ...... 245
- () ......251
-
() ...... 256
- () ...... 262
- () ...... 268
, ...... 276
...... 291
...... 319
...... 359
...... 370
, ...... 383
...... 389
...... 400
...... 440
...... 499
...... 570
: ...... 673
: ...... 717
...... 730
...... 775
...... 410
...... 785
-
: ...... 797
...... 804
: ...... 810
.. :
.. ...... 815
: ...... 819
: ...... 824
: ...... 829
: ...... 835
: ...... 842
: ...... 849
: ...... 854
: ......861
: ...... 866
. . : . .' ...... 871
: ...... 879
:
'...... 886
:
? ...... 891
: ...... 896
: ...... 902
: ...... 907
: ...... 912
: ...... 918
:
...... 924
: ...... 930
: ...... 937
: ...... 942
: ...... 948
: ...... 954
: ......959
: ...... 964
:
...... 970
: ...... 976
: ...... 980
: ...... 985
: ...... 995
1. 400 ;
, ?
. ?
- ? , ? ? . , . ? ? ? . As You Like It . They found the bed
untreasured of their istress. , untreasured . , ! ! : But soft,
what light through yonder window breaks ! It is the east and Juliet
is the sun! . , . : cold, cold, my girl! even like thy chastity! ,
! Soft you, a word or two, before you go ! , , , ! ? , , :
No, no, no life!
Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,
And thou no breath at all?
Thoult come no more,
Never, never, never, never never !
Pray you, undo this button: thank you, sir ;
Do you see this? Look on her,
Look, her lips,
Look there ! Look there!
, ! . , ! , , , . . ! , never ? , . ? . , ! Look there, look
there . - never, never, never, never, never ! ! , !!
, , ? - What is he to Hecuba or Hecuba to him? , ! - ! ! , ! , ,
: The fringed curtains of thine eye advance; . I have given my
eternal jewel to the common enemy of man; (the persons) who go the
primrose path to the ever lasting bonfare! : Love is not times
fool!
. ? . _ . . , . , ?
, , , , , , , , ? . , ! _ , , , , , , ! , ! , . . . , , ! , v
!
, . , , !
. , , ! ! ! , look there, look there ? . . , ? , , , ? ? , , , ,
, , ?
, ! . ! 5 ! ! , . , , , , , , , , , !
.
2.
1
. , , , , , , , ( ) , , , , , , . , , . ! , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , _ , . -. , , .
2
. , . , , , .
. , . . . .
( ) , , . . . , .
. , . . , . . _ . , . . . . . , , , (Chivalry ) ; , , ; . : , ,
! . , ? . , , , , , . : . . . , . . , . . . . , . , . , ; . , , . ;
; , , .
3
. :
No my good Lord ; banish Peto, banish Bardolph, banish Poins;
but for sweet Jack Falstaff, kind Jack Falstaff, true Jack
Falstaff, valiant Jack Falstaff and therefore more valiant, being,
as he is, old
Jack Falstaff, banish not him thy Harrys company; banish not him
thy Harrys company ; banish plump Jack, and banish all the
world.
. , . , . . . . . . , , , , . : , , ? . . ? ? , , ? , . , , , .
, , _ . . : , . , . . . . . , ? , , ; . , . . , . . , . , . . . _ !
, . . . . . . . , . , .
. _ . , . . . ! , . . . , . . . . . . , . , . , . , . .
!
4
.
. . , . - . . , ! , ? . , , ! , ! ! ! . . , _
, , ? . . : , . ? . . .
. . , . . : , . , . . , , . . . , , , . , , , . ? ; , , , , . _
: ; . , , , . , . . ? ? ,
! . . . . . , . , ? ? ? ? . . , ? ? . ; ! . ; . , . , . , , , ,
. . , . . , , , , : , , ! , . , (waste) , waste waist , (waist) ! .
! , ! . , , , . , : ? ! ? . , , . . . . : , . . , . . . , , . . ? ,
. . , , . ? ? : , , , , ? . ; ? . ..... !
, .
5
. . , I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is
in others ( , ) . . . , , , ; : . wool-sack ( ), bed-presser ( ),
huge hill of flesh ( ), trunk of humours ( ), reverend vice ( ),
grey inequity ( ), vanity in years ( ) . Monsieur Remorse ( ), Sir
John Sack and Sugar ( - ) . . . , , , . . . ; . . , , , , ? . ? : .
( ) ? ; . ; . ; , , , ( (I) went to a bawdy-house not above once in
a quarter-of-an hour,) ; , , . , ? , , , . . . .
, . , . . _ . . , , . , , . , . , , . . .
6
.
, . , . , . , . . . . . ( !). ? . . ; , . ; , . ! .
, . . , , . , . . . , . , . : ; . ? . .
. , . . , . . Sweet Wag ( ), the most comparative, rascallist,
sweet young prince ( , , ) . . ; () . . ; . zs . , : My royal Hal!
my sweet boy! my King! my Jove! , .
7
- , , . , . . , . . . , . . . , , ! , , . , . . . , , , , - . .
. , . ! , , . , , _ _ . ; , ( , ) . . , , . . . , , . , , , , . , ,
, , , , , , , !
. . - . , , , . . . , , ? , , , . , . ? , , : , , , . , , . . ,
, , , , , ! . ! . _ : , , . . . . , .
, , , . , _ . , , , . . . . . . ! ! , ? , , , ? ! , , . , ? . .
, , . .... . , , , ! When Arthur first in Court And was worthy King
. . , , ! . !_ , ? , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . !
! : You starvaling, you eelskin, you dried neats tongue, you
stock-fish ! : O! for breath to utter what is like thee!! : You
tailors yard, you sheath, you bow-case, you vile standing tuck . .
. ; , . ; (bonfire). . . . , , , ; , . , _ , , _ . , ; 29 ; , - . ,
. , , , .
8
, . . , , , . , ( . ) . , ; , _ ; . , , . . ? . , . . ; , ; . .
, .
, , . . , . ; , . ; ; . , . .
, . . , , , , . , , . , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , . . , , , - ( !) . , . , .
9
. . . . . , . . . , , . , . , , . , , , - - . . .
. , , . .
. , . , . . . , , , . z . , . . , . . . . . , . . . . . : . . .
. , , . . . . : , , . , . _ _ , , . , . _ , . . , , . : , , ? , ,
,
, , , - . . ? , . . . , ,
, . . ; ! ? . , , . , . ? . ? . ? . ? . ? . ? . . . .
: . : ! ..... . . . - ! . , , , , , . : . . , . . . , , .... . .
. . . ! . , . , . - , - , ! , that abominable misleader of youth (
) , . , , . - , - . , , , . (respectablitiy) , . . - -. . . . . . .
, , , , . , . . , , . . , . . . , , . , ; . . , , , . , , , , . , .
. (lawlessness) _ .
10
, , - ?
. , . , ? ? , ? , , , , . , , . , . . , . . - - , . . . . . , :
. , , :
, . , . , , . . , , , . . , , . . . , , , , , , - . - . .
. . . .
. , .
3.
. , . , . ; . , . , . , , , . .
. , . , , . . , . . . , .
. . . . . .
If it were now to die,
T were now to be most happy ; for I fear,
My soul hath her consent so absolute
That not another comfort like to this
Succeeds in unknown fate.
, , , . . , ; . , , . , , . . . . .
. . . . . .
O thou weed,
Who art so lovely fair and smellst
so sweet,
That the sense aches at thee, would thou
Hadst neer been born!
. . . , . , . . . ,
Cold, cold, my girl!
Even like thy chastity
. , .
.
? , ? , , ? . . . , (pathetic) (tragic) . , . , . () , . .
Speak of me as I am, nothing extenuate
Nor set down aught in malice then must you speak
Of one that loved not wisely, but too well
But yet the pity of it, Iago! O Iago the pity of it,
. , , . , . . . The story of one that loved not wisely, but too
well . . . . , ; , . , ,
. :
If it were now to die
T were now to be must happy.
:
Excellent wretch! perdition catch my soul
But I do love thee ! and when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again
z :
If she be false, o, then heaven mocks itself!
.
Yet Ill not shed her blood,
Not scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster,.
. . . , , . , . , . , . , . . , , , . , . , . , :
Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.
( , .) . , , . - . . . , . , ; .
................... there, where I have garnerd up my heart,
Where either I must live, or bear no life,
The fountain from the which my current runs,
Or else dries up.
, . . - . . ,
:
I have done the state some service, and they knowt,
No more of that.
, . , , . , , . . :
This not to make me jealous
To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company,
Is free of speech, sings, plays and dances well;
Where virtue is, these are more virtuous ;
Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw
The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt ;
For she had eyes, and chose me.
, , , . . . ? . . . , , . , . , . - I ? ? . :
Cassio, my lord! No sure, I cannot think it,
That he would steal away so guilty - like,
Seeing you coming.
, .
Iago : Indeed!
Oth : Indeed ! ay, indeed ; discernest thou aught in that ?
Is he not honest ?
Iago : Honest, my lord!
Oth : Honest! ay honest.
Iago : My lord, for aught I know.
Oth : What dost thou think?
Iago : Think, my lord ?
Oth : Think, my lord !
By heaven, he echoes me
As if there were some monster in his thought,
Too hideous to be shown.
- , . . . . :
Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore,
Be sure of it : give me the ocular proof.
. , . , , , . , . . ? , . : ! . : - , . . , ( , ), - . .
,
If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself!
Ill not believe it,
. , . . , O the world hath not a sweeter creature . , , :
But yet the pity of it, Iago!
O Iago, the pity of it, Iago.
, , , . , . . . Thou cunningst pattern of excelling nature . .
.
I must weep,
But they are cruel tears : this sorrows heavenly,
It strikes where it doth love.
. . , , ? . , . . (Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I
loved Rome more), . .
, . , . , . ( ). . . . . . . . i . ; ; . . horned man ( _ ) ,
cuckold me? ( !) . , . , - - . . . . , , , . . , . , . . , . . . .
.
, . , . . , , , - . zze? . ; ;
; , . . ? . . . . , , . . , . , , . . , . , . . . . , , . . - .
. , . , ,
. -, - . . , , - ; . . . , . , , - . - honest, honest Iago. ( .
, , ; !) , , . , , . . . ? , ? , . , , . . - , ,
.
, . , . - .
A maiden never bold;
Of spirit so still and quiet, that her motion
Blushd at herself.
: her motion blushd at herself , . . , ? . , . , . ! ,
So would not I ; my love doth so approve him,
That even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns,
.............. have grace and favour in them
. , ? , , . . , ! . , , ; . .
.* . . . , . , . ?
, . . , . , ,
. - . . .
. .
* , ?
. , . . . , . . , , . , . , ,
. :
Thou dost belie her and thou art a devil
,
If he say so, may his pernicious soul
Rot half a grain a day!
. most filthy bargain . , , . , ? . . , . , :
O murderous coxcomb! what should such a fool
Do with so good a wife ?
, . . . .
. . , . , . . , . . . , , . .
.
4.
. , ? , , 1 . , . , .
! . , .
. . . . . . . . . , . ,
1. : !
. . . , , .
. , . , , . . - :
Desdemona : Do you know, sirrah, where
Lieutenant Cassio lies?
Clown : I dare not say he lies any where.
Desdemona : Why, man?
Clown : Hes a soldier ; and for one to say a
soldier lies, is stabbing
Desdemona : Go to. where lodges he ?
Clown : To tell you where he lodges is to tell you
where I lie.1
, ? .
.
1. III iv, 1-9
!
, . , - _ .
- .
. . , , . , . . . , .
-- . . . . . , . , , . - . ( !) . . ; . ? - . , ? , ; ,
(prologue) . , . ? . , , . .
, . . ,- ;, , , , , , . . , . , . . . . .!1
, , . ?
, .!1
1. : 1.
, : ! , . , !
: , ! 1
, , . . ( ) . , . , . , , , , , , , , . _ (Peaseblossom),
(Cobweb), (Moth), (Mustard-seed) - . . _ ,
, ! . . . . , . ,
1. : 1.
. , ? . . . , , . - . , , . , , - , . . ( .) , . , , . - - , - ,
- , - (!) - - . , - 1 , , . - , - , - - . -
1. ...
. :
. , , , , , .
:
, , .
:
, .1
. , - , . , . ; ?1
. . , , , , ? :
, . , . . .2
1. .. : ()
2. .. : ()
, ! , ? . . ( , ?) ? ! ( cxxx, cxxxvii cxxxviii .)
. . , . . , . , . , . , sensible apprehend, secondarily, supect
. . tedious ( ) ? :
.................... If I were as tedious as a King,
I could find in my heart to bestow it all of your worship.1
1. Act III. V. 20-1 Much Also About Nothing
.
, :
, ! , , , .1
, , . , . . . , . . ( , .) , . , .
. , . , . . . . , , , . ,
1. , 1
, . . . .
:
. , , ? . . , , , . . , , . .
. .
, . , . , , , , ( . , , . . ,
, . ?) , . , . ,
, , .
, ,
, !, ! ?
- .
, - _ , ,
, , ,
, !
. . , , .
. , . . , . , . , . , . . . . :
; .
, Accost, Sir Andrew, accost os . :
. ( !) , .
. . , , ! ! .
, , , . . , ! , () ! . . ( , . ! .) . , , , . , . || : .
. . ! ( !) . . , . licensed fools . . . , , .
, . . || . || .
, : . , , , , , .!
. , .
For my part, I had rather bear with you than bear you ; yet I
should bear no cross if I did bear you, for I think you have no
money
in your purse.2
; , . .
. divine Rosalind . . , , , :
, ; . , ,
1. .
2. II. IV. 11-3
.
, . , , . . . , ! . :
, . , . , .
, , , . : , , , , , , . , . ,
, , . .
, . , . , .
. . , . , , , , .
. , . ; I am for all waters ( ) . . , . . , : ? . , . ? - . - .
. . . . :
In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, when
thou spokst of pigrogromitus, of the Vapians passing the
equinoctial
Queubus.1
1. II. III. 23-6
; ! , , , , . , ,
,
, ;
.
, z
!
. .
; . , , ; . .
, . . . . ! , . ? , . , , , , . , .
, . . ( , .) . (I am for all waters) , ; .
, . . , , , . . . , , ; , . . , . . . , , . , . . . . , ! . : ,1
, . .
, . , ; . , , (; crown, ) ! . ? ,
? .... ! . , ,
; . .2
. , ? ,
; ; , , ,
. ; . ; . , ? ? ?
1. :
2. :
, - . , . . . , . , , , - !
. . . . , . . , , , . ! . . , ! . , . . . . ..........and my
poor fool is hangd . . . , , , . . , , . ; ,1 . . , , , , . - Ill
go to bed at noon ( ).
, , , . . . :
.
, . .
1.
. , . , , , . ? ? , , , . , . , . , . ; . . , . ; . . , , . - -
. . , , , :
: .
:
,
,
. ,
,
,
1
, . , , , . , , . . , , , . , . , , . . , , . , , , . ; , , , ;
. , . , , . - - . , , . ( , , );
1. :
, , . . ( ,
. . .) , , , , , ; , , . , - -, , , . :
,
,
,
,
.
!
.
5.
1
: . . , . .
, , , ; , , . : , . . , , ; ; . . , , , . , . . .
. !
, ? .
, , . , . . . , , , . . . ; . , , . . . , . , - .
. . . , . , , , , , .
- , . . .
2
- .
( 28, 1828) , . . . . . .
. . .
. , . . . . -, . . . ( : , .
.) 19 . , . . , , . .
. . , - , , : , - . . . :
. : , , , . . . , . , -- , .
!
1851 . . . . : . . . , , . 1853 . . , , , . ( . . . , ; , , !) ,
, . , , . . , , . 1855 5 , . .
, .
. .
1856 , . , . . , , . . : , . : ! . . : , , .
. 28 .
? ? - . . , . . . . . . . , , . v, . ! ( .)
. ; . , , .
! .
1862 _ . . . !
. 34 . , . . 1862 .
. , . , . .
. ( .) ( .) , , ; .
.
?
.
. , . , , 20 , , , , , : ...... , ? () !
.
? , , ? , ?
, , , , _ .
. ?
, , , , . , . .
, , .
1876, 77, 78 - . , . - , . : ? , , . , .
. , . , - , , .
: , . : .
, , .
. , , . , , - .
1880 , .
, .
!
1881 . . . ; . . .
30 .
; . . . .
. , , . , , . . . . , .
, , . : , . , , . , , . .
. . . . , , , . . . , , . . . : , , .
. , , --, . - . .
, ; ? ? , .
. . . , . . , . . , . . . . . . . , , , , .
. . , , , .
- . ; . . , , . ; : ! ? , . , . , . , . . - . , .
, , . . . . . ( 20 .) . , . , ' ' . , 1881 . (' ' 1,20,000 .
).
1891 . . . 10,000 . . . ! ' ' , . -52 -- .
''- . 71 .
1901 ! .
1902 . . . . .
. . , .
1904 . . '!' . . . , . , . , . - , - . 1906 . . ; , -. , , , - .
, . . . 1908 . . . 80 .
- . 80 . . , , ; . . ; . .
1908 28 80 . . - 88 . : . . . . . , . ; , , . . . . . , , ;
.
- . . . 1908 2 . : ? . ? , .
5 . 1908 : . - - , .
- . . . .
? . ? , .
1908 2 1910 28 .
. , , . .
. . . . . , . ( ) . . . .
.
. . , , ? . . 1910 7 5-45 .
, : , . . .
.
, . . . ; (
!) , . . , , , , , . . - , , - 40 . , . ; .
, .
.
6.
(1749-1832) ( .) . 1773 1831 ! : ; .
. 1540 . . , . 1528 . 1535 . . , - , . 1587 . , ; , , , , . . ,
: , . . , .
. . .
- . - . - , . , . - . , , . . ; , . , . , . . . || , , , , . , .
.
, . . : , . . . . - (), , - . . ; , , . . .
- - . .
. . , . (). ( . ,
. , . , !)
1773 , . . ( 1795 .) 1797 . 1808 , - . 60 . 60 . - . . , . , . :
, . , .
. . , , . . ? . . , . . , , . - . ( .)
. . - - . . , , , . . . . . . . , .
. ( . .) . . , 24 , , .
, . , , . . . , - . , , , , , , , , .
. - . . , . . . , , . . , . . . . - - . , .
, , . .
. . , . . . . . , , , , . .
. , . . . ( ) , . , - . , . . , . , . . , . , . , , . . , . , ,
. , , . . . . . , . -- ; . . . . ' , !' . - .
, . . , . , . , - . . . . - . . . . , . , . . , , , , . , . . ,
. , . - . , . , , . , ; .
. , ' . .
, - . , , , , , - - - . , , - . , , , . .
, , - - . . , , . , . , . , . , , , (
), () .
' . ' . - . ' . , . ' , () . . , , , ' .
7. ,'
, , - !
" .
- ! . , , , , , - !
. . , . . - ! , ! ! ! ! !
' . , . . . . , - ! , ( , !) ! ; , ! ! , , , . , !
' , , , . , , , ! (30-11-1667). . . . , . . , , , ! , .
', . ', , , !' . . , . ' . .
' . ; , ; , . ; .
, . Houghnhnms ( !) . , , , ! ' . . . , , , , ! , , , , - . ( :
, !) . , , , , , : , , , , , , ! ( !) , . - , , , .
' . . , , - , , . , . ' . , , ?" . , : , , .
; , . !" . . , . , , . . . , , . ; ; . !!
.
8.
. ' ' (Six Characters in Search of an Author) . . .. . ( , , ,
.) . . , , , , .. . . , , , , , .
' : . . . . ; . . . , , . , . . , . .
....
'() , , , . . . , . , . . ' , . , ( ' ) , ' , , . , . ' . , , .
. ' , . ' ; Pi' . ' . . , . ' . - . ' - . , , , , . . , . ' ' . , ,
. ; !
' - -. . , , . , . . , - , ' . ; . , , . . , . , ; - . ; , , - .
.
:
. . . , , . . , , , . - (), (); . . . . . . . ; . . . . - . . .
. , . . , . , . . , , . . .
. . , . , , . , . ;
. ; . - . , , , , , . . ', . , . . ' . . . ? ? ' . , .
, , , - . 1867. . 1895 . 1989 . . , , . . . 1898 . . . , , . , .
1904- 37 - , . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1915 , . . . 1918, . 1921 '
. .
1918 . . . 1924 ' .
. . 1934 .
, . . . . . 1936 . .
- , - ( ) . ( ) - . ' (1946), . ' . . - , . . , ? . . . , ? ? .
( , . ; , . ', ' .)
- , - , . , ' , - . , , , . . , , . ( , : frozen time.) , , , .
, , . - , ! , . ( . , , , . , , , .) , , , . . . ( , . .) . , . . .
. ' . , . , . . ( , .) . , . , , . , ! - . , ( ) , ? ( , , ?) ' , .
. - (), .
, . . . - . , , ! !' , . , .
. . ' ? . ' . ( ) . ', , , , z , . . , - , : . - ', . , . ; , he
builds himself up.
' . - . , , - - . . - , ? '
? ' ? . ? ? , ? , () . ? , . . , . . ? , . ? , ? , . ' ? :
? , , . , . , , ? , , ."
- . , , , ? ? , ? . , , ; . . ' ; . ; . , ' . - - . . , ' . ( ;
, .) . : , : ?' ; : !' :
, . , . (somebody). ( ) (may very well be nobody)."
:
! . , (it is fixed). . , , , , ; , ; , ."
, . . . ' . , ' . . ! , (passion)'. . . , ?
- . . . . ' ', . . ( , . ' : . (a nobody) . (somebody) ; . : !
") .
- - - - - - : . . : , . . , , , . , (crisis) , '. . .
. :
The playwrights who follow Pirandello are frequently better
artists, but none would have been the same without him. Pirandellos
influence on the drama of the twentieth century is immeasurable, In
his agony over the nature of existence, he anticipates Sartre and
Camus ; in his insights into the disintegration of personality and
the isolation of man, he anticipates Samuel Beckett ; in his
unremitting war on language, theory, concepts, and the
collective mind, he anticipates Eugene Ionesco ; in his approach
to the conflict of truth and illusion, he anticipates Eugene ONeill
(and later, Harold Pinter and Edward Albee) ; in his experiments
with the theatre, he anticipates a host of experimental dramatists,
including Thornton Wilder and Jack Gelber; in his use of the
interplay between actors and characters, he anticipates Jean
Anouilh ; in his view of the tension between public mask and
privateface, he anticipates Jean Giraudoux ; and in his concept of
man as a role-playing animal, he anticipates Jean Genet.
(The Theatre of Revolt)
: , , , - !'
9. '
. , . . .
' . . . , , , .
. ' . 41 ' ( ) . 1907 .
. . . .
. ' , . . . ' , . 1876 . . . . . - , . . . . .
. . . . , . . . - , , , , . . .
. . . , . , . . . . ( ' 1903 . . ) , . . , , . , , . .
1903 ' . - . 1907 . ( .) , .
!
, , - . . . , , . .
. .
, . .
, . - , , , . , .. , , , , , . . , . , . . ' , .
, '. . , , , . '. . , , ? ? . . - .
. . . . . . '. ; , ; - . . . , - . 14-15 27 , , . , .
:
. . . (' ' ) . , . . . . . . . . , - . , , . .
. . , , , ' . , , .
. . . . . , . . . . . , , . , , , . . ; . . ; . . . ; . . . . ,
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . - '. . - . , , , .
. . . . . . .
. . , . . , , , , , '.
. . , ?' . 1892 ( 3 .) . - . . , ? ? . , . ! . ( ) ( ) ! . ; , ,
, , - . , 1901 . ( , )! - ? .
. . . : 1902 (vote) . .' : . . ...... '. , .
, -- , . . ; : . , , - . :
: . . . , . - .'
. . , , . . . ,' . ; .'
1900 1,752,187 .'
: , . .'
: , , .'
.
, .
... ' . ... .... , , .... ; .... , . . . .'
, . . ! . , , , , , - .
' , . . - , - . ' . , . , - , . ( , .) , . , . . , . . . , , , .
( ) . , , ' ( ) . . . .. ' ; () : Democracy if sound, must produce
not only the democratic ordinary man, but the democratic
extraordinary man... All one can say is that democracy, if it is
to survive, must produce the Uncommon Man who understands and
serves the common man, with all his weaknesses and strengths. As
Mr. Lindasy has put it, A modern democratic state is only possible
if it can combine appreciation of skill, knowledge and expertness
(and may we not add character and personality) with a reverence for
the common humanity of everyday people.
( Uncommon. Man ' , .)
. . , , , . . . , . ' -
. . , : , . . . . ? , , .' ( ). , .
' . , . , . , - . , - , -, ( ?' : The test of truth is, will it
work? will you trust your life to it? '-. ?) . '.
.
10. '
- . ' . .... .
1967 ' . , . . : ', ' '. . . ' . . , ', ' ' . , ; .
' . . ' .
' . : . . . - . , . . :
, , , . (' .) .'
. ' . . , .
. . ' . ' (). ' (') . ' . ' . ' . ' , . , . ' . . , , . .
, , ; , .'
. ; . , . , . . . , . . , . , . ' , . . . , - . . , , . . :
- . . ! . . ; . .'
: , , . , . . . . ' . . . . , .
. . .
, ' . . , , . . - , . . . , , , . . , .
. . . . ( ) :
. , . . , . , - , , .'
, ' . . , .
' (allegory) . . , . , ; , , .
. ' . ' (') .
, ' . ? : ; , .' ' : ' . ( ' ( ) ( - ) . , . , , , , , . - ' . ,
; ' ( ) . - , , ; ; , . . , . ; ; . ; ' ' ( ). : (finite) , . (In
Ks relationship with Frieda the full satisfaction with the circle
of spiritual inwardness and the urge to outward clarity of
realization stand opposed to each other). , ', , z , . : (), a
casebook in abnormal psychology . ' . ? . ( .) . : The Castle is
perhaps a theology in action, but it is first of all the individual
adventure of a soul in quest of its grace...........
. . .
. , . . , . ? ?' . , ...... . ' . ' .
' , . ( , . ; , .) ? , ? ( .) , , ? ?' ? ' . ? , , . . , . , ' .
? , ? , , , . ? ( ostensible land surveyor ( ) ' ? . , ' . , ( ) .
. . . ; . ; . , , ; , . , . . ( . , , ' . . .) , ' ; : Unmoored
from his spiritual and social anchorage, expelled from his once
secure place in the cosmos, modern man, as the Existentialists
point out, has to make his own existence instead of assuming it as
given. Kafkas fragmentary novel depicts the tragic irony and
ultimate impossibility of this enterprise. . , . , . .
, , . . . . , . . , . . , .
. (? .) . , , ... , , . , . . .
. . ?
' . . . . , . . - . . , . , , ' , . . , . , , ; . - ? , , , , .
( : . . , , , ' ) , ? , ; ; . . . . . , . , . . . . . : . ( ) , . .
. . . . , . . . . , , . ; ; ; , ; . , , . ; . . , . . . . .
' . , , .
.
1883 3 . 1924 . . ' 1925, '
146 . .. / .6
1926, ' 1927 , 1931 . , . . . . . . . , . , . . , . . - . . , '
!)
. . , . 1906 , - . .
- , . 1913 , . . . :
; , ; ; , , , , - . 1917 . ( , , , .)
. . . . , . . . . . 1924 .
. . , , , . , . ; . ; . 1919 ( ) :
, .... . . ( ) , , .
. . , . , . . . . 1920 . . , . . -- . . 1922 . . , .
. . . , , , . .
.
. . : . . , , . . , . , , . , . . . . ' - . . . ' . . , . ,
.
, , ' . ( : , ? ? , ' , ?) . , , .
. , , , , . . , . . , , , . . . . , . . ( , ', ',
' .) , ? ?' . , . , . . , . , . . . , . . , , , , . ' . . , ' ,
. . . . , , , . : , . , , . . . , . . . . ( .) . . . , . . . , . ,
, ? . . , . . , . .
. , .
In the bar, which was a large room with a vacant space in the
middle, there were several peasants sitting by the wall on the tops
of some casks, but they looked different from those in K's inn.
They were more neatly and uniformly dressed in coarse yellow-gray
cloth, with loose jackets and tightlyfitting trousers. They were
smallish men with at first sight a strong mutual resemblance,
having flat bony faces, but rounded cheeks. They were all
quiet, and sat with hardly a movement, except that they followed
the newcomers with their eyes, but they did even that slowly and
indifferently. Yet because of their numbers and their quietness
they had a certain effect on K. He took Olga's arm again as if to
explain his presence there.
, , , , , - . , , - . . .
I say, cried K suddenly.... I am surprised that you have the
nerve to drive me round on your own responsibility. Are you allowed
to do that?....When K saw him (Gerstacker) at such close quarters -
the sledge
had slid forward a little - this stooping and somehow ill - used
figure with the thin red tired face and cheeks that were different
- one being flat and the other fallen in-standing listening with
his mouth open, displaying only a few isolated teeth, he found that
what he had said out of malice had to be repeated in pity, that is,
whether Gerstacker was likely to be penalized for
driving him about. ( .)
, . . ( ) : ? ? , ! : . , , ? (
. ?) - , , ' . . ( . , . ' , - ? . , 1944 1955 .. : ()
. I do not see how one can possibly take him for either a great
artist or a moral guide . ' , , . , , , . (
(i) Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Castle : Ed. P. F.
Neumeyer
(ii) Kafka : Twentieth Centuary Views : Ed. Ronald Gray
(iii) The Disinherited Mind : Erich Heller.)
.
11.
" . , . .
There was an old person of Slough,
Who denced at the end of a bough,
But they said, if you sneeze
You might demage the trees,
You impudent old person of Slough.
If all the world were paper
And all the sea were ink
If all trees were bread and cheese
What should we have to drink?
? ? ?
? ?
, . . . , , ' ( ) . , . . : , ' . . , , - - ? , . . . .
Let's think of eggs,
They have no legs,
Chickens come from eggs,
But they have legs.
The plot thickens,
Eggs come from chickens
But have no legs under them.
What a conundrum !
. , . . ' . ' . , , , , - . .
. , ; ; ; , , , , , , ; ; , , , ; ; ,
- .
, ( ) . . . . . , , . . , ; ; , - . . . , . , , . . , , , , , ,
, , , . , , . , . , , , . (The writing of nonsense poetry.... was
an attempt to find a world where the divisions of class, sex,
occupation did not operate W.H. Atuden) . . , . , , - - , , . . , ,
, . , . . (
. . .) , - . . . , .
. .
'' ; Peter piper picked a peck of peckled pepperies ( " ). .
, . . , , . , , . . . .
: - ? ? ? , , ? , , ? . ,
. , , . , , . , , , , . . , , . , , , .
.
. . .
. .. . . ... . . .
.. . .
. . .
? .
12.1.1995 ..
1. :
, .
(1804- 64), -. . - .
, , . ( , , - . , . . . . . .)
- . . . . . . .
. . (, , ) , ( , . ) . . . . , . . . ( , .) . , , . , . , , .
.
. . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . .
. , , . , . . , . , .
. . . , . . .
. , , . , . , , .
.( .) , .
, , . , . , . . , ? . . .
. , . , () (), () .
, . , . .
. , , , , . . . .
. . .
. , , . , , , , . .
. .
o . - , - . , , . , .
(), . , , . (, , . .)
. . . ( . , .)
, . . . . .
- , . . . . . . .
. , . . . . . - .
.
2. :
(1812-1870) . . , . . . . . ( ).
, . ( ) ( ) . .
. . . . , . , .
. . . , . . . . . . , , . . , , . . . . .
. . . . . , . , , . , . , . . , . . .
.
. . . . . , , , . , , .
; . , . , . , , , . , . .
. , , . , ? . , . ? . . .
. . . . , , . .
. . . . . , . . . , , . .
. . , , , , . . . . . . - . , .
. ( . .) . , . . , , .
. , , , , . , . . . , - . .
, . , . . . . . , . ! .
. . , . . . . . ( ) . , . , , . . , . . , , , .
. , . , . . , , . .
. , .
, . . . -- . . . , .
, . , , . , , . , , , . - ; . - . , . , ---- .
.
3. :
(1816-55) . . , . . 1824 . . . ( ) . . .
1847 . ( . 1848 , g- .) . 1855 . . , .
, . . . . , , , . . . . .
. I . . , , . , . . , . . . . - , . . , . () , , - . . , , .
. . . . - . . . . . , . , .
. . , ( ) . . , . . . . - . , , . . . , . , . . , . . . , . . .
. , .
. , , , . . . . . , . . . . , . . . , .
. , . . . . , . ; . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . .
. . . . . . . , . . .
, . , . () . . (, ) . , . . ( , .) , .
, , . - . , . , . -. , . , . . . , , . . , .
. ( . .) , - . , . . , , . . , , , . .
. . , . . - . - , . , , . , . ( . )
. () () . , , , . .
.
4. :
- , - ( ).
(1818-1848) . . , .
. . . . . . - . . . . . . . .
, , - . ; , . ; . . . , . .
, , , . . . . , .
. . . . . . . , .
. . . . . . ( , ) .
.
. - . , . , . . () . , . , .
. , , . , , , . . . . - , .
. . , . . . . .
. . . . , . . . , , . .
, , . . , . . , . - , . . . , , , , - . -- .
. , . - . , . ! . - . . - . , . . , ui . , , , . (, ), ( ) . . ,
. . , , .
. . ( , ). . : . . . . , . ! , . . ! . -
, .
27 , , . . , . , . . , , .
. - , ( , , . , ) . ( , ) . . , . ! , . (, , - , .)
, , . . . ,
.
5. :
. ; , , . . . . .
(1821-1881).
, ( ) : , , .
.
. . . .
, ; . , . . ; . . . , ( ) , .
. , .
; . ; . , ; . . .
.
. . z ;
. . , ? . .
, . . . , .
. .
, . , . .
, . . . , . . . . . . , . , . . ; , . . . - , . , . , , . . , .
. . .
. . . , .
. . . ; . , , , . ( . .)
, , , ; . , . ; , . . , ,
; , (), - . . . . . . . . . , . .
. ; . , . ; . , , . . , . , , , . . . , . . .
, . . ,. . .
.
.
6. :
(1828-1910). . . .
. z . . . . . . . .
. . , . , . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . , .
. . . .
, . . , . . . . . , . , . ? . , , . . . .
. , , . , . . , . . . ; . , , . . . .
- . - , . ' .
. ( .) . , , , , . , . - , . - , . , , , , . .
. , . , , - . . ( , , , ') . . . . . , . . , , , , . , , , , . ,
. ( , .) , . , , . , , .
' ' . . . - . . , . . , , , ? . , , , . , .
. . .
, . . . , . : ' .' : ' '. . . . - ; . . . , . , . . . . . . . ,
. . . . . .
. - , . ? . '' . . - , .
, , . - , , , - - . . . . , ' ' .
.
7. :
' '.
(1840-1928). '' ( ) . , - . 88 , 55 . .
, . , , . , , . . , .
( ) . . . . . . . , . . - , . .
. . , . ( .)
, . . . . (, ) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . .
. . . . . , . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . , . . . , , , !
'' ' ' . . . . . , , . . , , , -, . . '' . .
. ( .) . . , . , , . . . , , . ; . , , .
'' ( , ) , . , - . , . . . , . ( , .) , . , .
'' . , , . () , . .
. , . .
' '. . . .
. . , . , , . . . . , , . . . . , , - , , . , '' ; , ' ' .
.
8. :
(1840-1928), . ' ' 55 ; . , . , . \ .
' ' z .
. ; , .
, . . . , . . , . , . . . . . .
. . , . , . . .
, . . , , , , . . . . .
, . . . . . .
, , . . .
. , . . , . . , . . . . . . . .
, .
- , , , , . ( .) . . , ' '.
- , . . ' ' - . . . . , .
, , " . ". .
''. : . . , . , .
, . , . ''. . . .
? , . ; . , . , .
, . . ; , , . , . . .
, , . . . . , , '' .
. , , . , . . . , . .
. . ; , . . ' ' . . . . , , '' . . , . , - - . . , . , - , . , -
. , . , '' , , ' ' .
, . - . - - . , .
, ' '.
.
9. :
, (1883-1924). ( ) ; , , . ( ). .
' ' . . . , . . . '' . , , . , , . .
. , . , , , . . , , .
, . .
. . . .
.
: . , . . , . . . . . , . .
. . . . . " , , " . . . , .
, . , , , . , . . .
. . . " . ( . . . .) : . . , .
. . . . .
. . ? ? ? .
. , . . , . , . . . . . . . , . .
. . ? . , ? .
. , : , , . . (1844-1900) ' ' . . . , . . . . .
. , . , , . , . .
() . , . . . , , , . (, .. .) . ( ) , , ' ' ( ) . . , .
' ' . , ( ) . , , , . . . , , , , . .
, , , . . . . . . . .
' '.
.
10. .. :
.. (1885-1930) ' ' : .
. , . . . , . '' - . . . , . , . ' ' , , . . . . . . . . . - . ,
. . . . .
. . . . - . . . . . . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . - ,
.
- , . - ' ' .
. . . , . . ' ' . . . ' ' , , . . . . . . . . . , . , .
. '.
, , . , . . . - -. , , , . . . . . . . .
, , . : . , . . . . , . ' ! !' . . , .
. ", " . . . . , , , , . .
, , ; ' ' ' ' .
. , . .
.
11. :
.
. ..484 406 . . . 92 . 19. '' .
. . .
. . . . . . , . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . .
.
. . , . . . . . . . , . ( .) . , . . , . . , , . .
. . . . , , , , , . , , . , , . . .
. . , . . . . , . . , . , . . . , . . . .
. . . . , , . . , . . , . , , , . , , , . .
, , , , . '' . , . . , . . , . . . . .
, . . ? , , . , ?
, , . - . , . . . . . ( , .) . . , , . , , ! , ? ,
" , " . ( ) : " ". . ; ? ? ' ' !
. - , . ( !) . . . , . , . , : . , , , ?
. ', , , . . , , -- , , . , - . ( .) . , . . '' ? ?
, . , . , , '' .
.
12. .. :
' ' '' . . . .. (1888- 1965); ' ' '.
. . , . ' '. 1935 , . '' ; , . ( 12 , ; .)
. ; , . , , - . '' . . . . , . . . . . . . . - . ' . ?' . ,
(1170). . . (1174 ).
. ( .) . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . ( - - . .) , , . . . . (
. .) , , . , . . . . , . . , . . , - . , ; . . . . , . . : . . - .
. () . ! ! . ? , .( , .) . . " , . . . , " . . , , , . , , . . ; ,
; .
. . " . . . - " .
. . . . . . . . , . ; . . , , . \ . . . . , . . .
. . 12 20 . . , . , . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . .
, ' ' . . , . . - , - . ; . . . , , , . '' .
' ', ' ' . ,, . ( ) . : ( ). , ( ) . ( , .)
'' ' '. '', , , , . , . . . ( '' .) , . , , . , . ( , ). . ( )
.
, , . . , ,
.
.
13. :
(1905-1980) ' ' (1946) . ( ' ' .)
. () . . , , .
, (, ) (, , ) . . , . , , , , , (). . . , . , . . . . . ' '
.
, . ' ' ,
. . , . . , , . .
. (, , .)
, . . '' . 1850-70 . ( .) . . . . '' . , , '' . . ,
. , . ' ?' . ' ' .
. ( , ). , . . . .
, . . . . , . . . . . . . , . , , , ,
. , , , . . . . . , . .
, . . , , , . . . ; . . . . , . . . . . '' .
. , . . , . .
, , , . . . . . ' . ( , '' .) , , . . : , , , .
. , . , ( ) . . . . . . . . . , , , ; , , , ( ), , . .
. .
'' . . , . , . '' . '-' . ( ) . . , .
.
14. :
(1911-1983) ' '. (' ' .) . , , . . , ' ' . .
. .
. . . . , . , , - v . , ''; . .
. . , , .
, , , , . . . . .
. , . . , . . .
, . , , . , , . . ; - . , , , -- .
. , . , . , . . . , , . . . . . . .
, . , . , . . , . . , .
, , , . .
. . . . . . , , . .
( ) . . ; '' . . . . . ! . . . . - . . . , . . .
( . .) , , , , - , . , , , . - . . , - . , , , , , . , . (
.) . , . . . '' . , . . ( .) , .
. . , , . . . . . . , , . . , . . ( .) , , . , .
'' . . , . . . .
, . . ' ?' . , .
, - . - . , . , ; , . , . , , , . . .
'', () , . .
.
15. :
(1265-1321) ' ' . .
, , . ; '' .
. ; , .
, . ; . ' ' . ' , ' ( , . . . , . , . ).
. . . .
, . . - . . . , . , . . , .
' ' . . , ; ''. ''. , , . '' .
. . . . . , , . . ( '' ) . . . , .
('' ) . : . . ('') . . .
( !) . . . () . () . . . , . . - .
. . , ? . , . ( ) . . . . , , , , , . .
, , , , . ( ) , ,
. , , , . (); . , . , - . -. , , . , . . . : . . . - - . . . ( ,
, .) , , : , . , , . .
, . , .
; . .
. , . , , . , . ; . , , . , . ( ) ; . , . .
' ' - . -, , - .
.
16. :
(1340-1400). , . , ' '. , , . .
' '. . '' . '' ( '' ) , , . . ( '' .) 32 . 128 . 24 . . , '
'.
. , . . . , .
( ) . ,
. - . () , (), , , (), (), , , , , , , , , , , , , .
, , '' o . . , . , . , , , . , , . '' ; : . ( .) , , , . . . ''
( ) . '. : . . , , '' () ; . . . . : ' ( ). . . ; ; . . . , . . . ,
. : ' ?' . '' . ' ' ( ). , ! ' . , . ' (), . , . ; z ; , . ('') . .
, . : . ; . . , . . , . ' '. , . . . ; ! , , , , , ( )! .
. . . . . '' , ''
( ) , , . . . , ''. ( , !) .
, , . , , , . ; , '; . , ; ; . . . ; ; ; , ; ; , . . . ; , ; , ;
; , ; , . . ( . ? , !)
, , , , , . . , , , , . .
.
17. :
. , ! , . ' ; '' . .
(1573-1631) . ' . . , - . . . . . .
. , . . .
, . .
' ' . , . , , .
' ' . . . . , , . , , , , . , . : ? . . . . - , .
ui . , o. . ( '
' .) . ( , !) . , .
, . , . , , ; . . .. 950 . . . , . , , . , . . . . . . . .
; . . . . . . . .
' - . ( ' ') '' . - . , . . . , . . , , , , . ,
? ? . .
, (, ) () . . , . '' ; . , . ' ' . , . '' .
. , . '' , . . : (, .) , ! , , . . , , ?
' ' . . . . , ' , . ! .' : ' !
. , , . .'
: ' . , .' : ' . . .'
, . .
.
18.
:
' '. .. (1772-1834).
. . ' , .' , , ' ?' . . ; , . . , ' ' . ' ' .
: z . .
. . . ( , . . , .) . . , . . () . ' ' . . . . , '. , . . , - , .
.
. . . . . . , . ( .) . . . , , . . , . . , , . , , . . , , . . .
. . . , - . , , . - . . ; ; . ; . , .
. , . . . . . . . . . ( . - .) , . . .
. . , , - , . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , .
. . . . . , . . . ; ; . . . . . , . . , . :
He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all.
( , , .)
.
a sadder and a wiser man.
, 1798 ' . - , () , . , ', ' . . . : . . . , . , . , , ( ), , ,
. :
The fair breeze blew,
The white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
:
Nor dim nor red, like God's own head,
The glorious Sun uprist.
.
. . . . .
. . . . . , . --- . , i . . . . , . , .
' '.
.
19. :
, ,
- , . , , . . ( . , .)
. (1812- 1889) .
. - , . , . , . .
' '. . , . . . . ' ' . . . , . .
'' ' .' . . . . . ( ' ' ..) . ! ( .) : , . . . . , , , . . . . ,
. , , , , . , . . . , . . ; .
.' . . , . . . . .
, . , . , . , . , . . . ! .
. , . , , ; ; , , , . .
. . .
. , ! . ? , , , ? . ( .
That's your Venus, whence we turn
To yonder girl that fords the burn.
. , , . !) , , , , ? . ? , ? . , . , , !
, ' ', , ' !' . 45-50 . , . . . . . . , . . .
- . ? . , , , . , , . , , .
. . . , . . . . . ( . , , , ' !' !'). . . ' : ,
Then a light, then thy breast,
O thou soul of my soul ! I shall clasp thee again,
And with God be the rest !
.
. , . , , , . . ; , , , . . . ? , ? On the earth the
broken arcs, in Heaven a perfect round ( ; ) - .
.
20. :
, (1865- 1939) . . . - , .
() . . . . . , , . , , . .
' ( ). . . . , .
. . . . . . . ' ' - . , ? , .
. ? . . , . ( !) . ( ) , . , . ' . ( ' ). .
' - . . , . ' ', , .
. . , . , . , . , () , , - , , .
. . ( , .) . , (, ) . ' , . . , ,
.
. , , () . , . '' '', .
. , . .... . . . . , . . . . .
, , , . - . . , . , , - . ' ' . ' , . ', , . ' ' . , , , .
. - .
Others,
Because you did not keep
That deep-sworn vow, have been friends of mine,
Yet always when I look death in the face,
When I clamber to the heights of sleep,
Or when I grow excited with wine,
Suddenly I meet your face.
'' () . : - - . , , , - . , '', ' ',
.
, . . . , , , , . , , . . . . , ' '. , . '' ; . . ' ', . .
.
. . - . . ; .. ; . .
..
1 ,
- , . ..... - 1967 .
. . , . . . . , , .
, 1883 3. . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . , . , . . ; .
- . , . . . , . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . , . , ( ). : . . , .
. - - , , . , _ , , , , . : _ . . , . ( ) . , . , . . . , ? , . ? ,
. : , .
. .
, , . . .
.
. , . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1908 . . , . , . . (1919) .
. . . , . , ( ). . , . . . , , , . . . .
. . . . , .
. . , .
1909 . , . ! . . , . . , .
1912 , . . . , ! . 1913 . .
. . 1913 . . . . . , . , ! : , , : . . 1914 . . . , , , , _ , .
. 1916 . 1917 . 1917 9 . . . , . ( - - ).
. . , . . 1920 . - . . . . . . 1920 . . . 1922 . .
. . . .
. . . . - , . .
. , 1922 . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . 1924 3 . .
, , . . . . - . . . , .
. . . . , , . , . , - , , , , , . - . , . . : . , . , . - . . ,
. , . .
, .
. . . , 1918 ; , . , , . , . . . , . , - . . , . - . . . , . , .
. . . . , , . ; , . , , , , , .
- . :
. . , . : , . ? , , . , . . . , .
:
? , , () . . . , . , . , . ; . ; . . . ? ? . , . ? , . , , .
.
. . , , . 1925 , 1926 ,1927 . 1926 , .
. . . . , . . : ; . :
- () , .
; , . .
. , ; .
.
. . , , . . .
. : ? : . .
. * (Soren Kierkegaard) (Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche). (1813-55)
. . (1770-1831). . , . . , . , , . , . . (cause) . . . . , .
. . , , ? .
* -: - .
- , . , . . , . (angst) . . . . . . . . , . , . . , . () .
. 1859 . , . , ,
. . , , ; , .
(1844-1900) (1788-1860). . . ; . , . , . , . , , . , ; . . , . ,
, ! , .
, angst , . , , - .
.
2.
. - - . ? -
. , - . - .
