APUSH UNIT 4 PRACTICE TEST Dr. I. Ibokette

Chapter 9Jacksonian America

1. Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true?A. The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males.B. The right to vote was restricted to property owners.C. Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office.D. Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west.E. Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements.Page: 236

2. In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted inA. new laws that actually further restricted voting rights.B. federal troops occupying the state capital for two years.C. an effort within the state to secede from the Union.D. two governments claiming control of the state.E. female and black male suffrage for a brief period of time.Page: 237

3. The lawyer and activist who led the campaign to expand voting rights in Rhode Island wasA. Amos Kendall.B. Joseph Story.C. Daniel Webster.D. Roger Taney.E. Thomas Dorr.Page: 237

4. By 1828, in all but one state, presidential electors were chosen byA. state legislatures.B. popular vote.C. lottery.D. Congress.E. state governors.Page: 237

5. By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded asA. being in the control of special interest factions.B. unnecessary to the political process.C. a dangerous threat to the democratic process.D. a desired and essential part of the democratic process.E. an aberration.Page: 239

6. In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest inA. Virginia.B. New Jersey.C. New York.D. Rhode Island.E. Pennsylvania.Page: 239

7. In the 1830s, one argument in favor of political parties was the idea thatA. the parties would provide the training ground for candidates.B. a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people’s will.C. the present system of government had little effective organization.D. inexperienced political candidates would be less likely to gain office.E. parties could create a broader form of consensus than individual leaders.Page: 239

8. Today, the oldest political party in the United States is theA. Green Party.B. Socialist Party.C. Libertarian Party.D. Republican Party.E. Democratic Party.Page: 239

9. According to Andrew Jackson’s theory of democracy,A. there should be one national political party.B. all white male citizens should be treated equally.C. all white Americans should eventually be given the vote.D. slavery should not extend into the West.E. the South and West deserved special privileges as growing areas.Page: 240

10. President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles by first targetingA. the wealthy New England aristocracy.B. the southern planter class.C. federal officeholders.D. his Whig opponents.E. the Five Civilized Tribes.Page: 240

11. The “spoils system” refers toA. making illegal payoffs to political supporters.B. giving away land taken from Indians to white settlers.C. the destruction of land by overly aggressive settlement.D. giving out jobs as political rewards.E. parceling out federal land to the highest bidder. Page: 240

12. In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order toA. force the opposition to make their case in public.B. bring more public attention to their candidate.C. have greater control of the nominating process.D. shore up Jackson’s shaky support among voters in the Northeast.E. make the nominating process more democratic. Page: 240

13. As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal governmentA. should be reduced.B. should be expanded.C. was supreme over individual states.D. should be expanded and was supreme over individual states.E. should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states. Page: 240

14. When John C. Calhoun put forth his doctrine of nullification, he wasA. a congressman.B. a senator.C. secretary of state.D. vice president.E. governor of South Carolina. Page: 241

15. In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullificationA. to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson.B. as an alternative to possible secession.C. as a means to end the national bank.D. to support trade tariffs.E. to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North. Page: 241

16. John C. Calhoun drew his doctrine of nullification ideas from theA. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.B. United States Constitution.C. Missouri Compromise.D. ideas of Madison and Jefferson, and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.E. United States Constitution and the Missouri Compromise. Page: 241

17. In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued thatA. states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws.B. all laws related to a state’s economic development should come from that state. C. states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution.D. there should not be a federal court system.E. a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state. Page: 241

18. Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair?

A. DeWitt ClintonB. Martin Van Buren

C. Isaac HillD. Francis BlairE. John C. Calhoun Page: 241

19. The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson’s administration was thatA. the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended.B. John Eaton’s ties with the administration were strengthened.C. Martin Van Buren had a political falling-out with President Jackson.D. the political strength of President Jackson was weakened.E. it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation’s divorce and coverture laws. Page: 241

20. The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute overA. the value of the two-party system.B. the sale of public land.C. slavery.D. trade with England.E. relations with Indian tribes. Page: 241

21. Senator Robert Hayne represented the state ofA. New York.B. Ohio.C. Pennsylvania.D. Virginia.E. South Carolina. Page: 242

22. In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne’s arguments to be an attack on

A. free states.B. the nation’s tariff policies.C. President Jackson’s leadership.D. federal authority.E. the institution of slavery. Page: 242

23. In 1830, what political figure said, “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved”?A. Andrew JacksonB. Robert HayneC. John C. CalhounD. Daniel WebsterE. Henry Clay Page: 242

24. In 1830, what political figure said, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”?A. Andrew JacksonB. Robert HayneC. John C. CalhounD. Daniel WebsterE. Henry Clay Page: 243

25. In 1833, the nullification crisis came to an end after President Andrew JacksonA. authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed. B. raised the tariff.C. threatened to arrest supporters of nullification.D. agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states.E. acceded to John C. Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification. Page: 243

26. The primary goal of the United States’ policy toward Indians in the early 1800s was toA. spread the Christian faith among tribes.B. protect Indians from attacks by white settlers.C. assimilate Indian tribes into white society.D. acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes.E. preserve disappearing Indian traditions and culture. Page: 244

27. The Black Hawk WarA. constituted a major, although temporary, Indian victory.B. occurred in New England and upstate New York.C. was notable for vicious behavior by the American military.D. was sparked by the kidnapping of the leader of the Fox Indians.E. resulted in the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to the West. Page: 244

28. Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson decided

A. that Georgia could remove the Cherokee tribes if it served the “public good.”B. the Cherokee had no right to file a legal claim in U.S. courts.C. the entire process of Indian removal was unconstitutional.D. that the Cherokee tribes could only be removed if they were properly compensated.E. the Court could not enforce the order. Page: 245

32. As a result of the U.S. government’s Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s,A. violence between white Americans and Indian tribes ended.B. all Indian tribes were forced to intermingle on one large reservation.C. new federal attempts were made to assimilate Indian tribes into white society.D. the United States gained control of ten million acres of Indian lands.E. nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi. Page: 246

33. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because

A. he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned.B. the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce.C. the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed.D. he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection.E. he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier.Page: 247

34. In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United StatesA. was financially sound and profitable.B. exercised little influence on state banks.C. restricted credit to growing enterprises.D. prohibited the existence of state banks.E. had to borrow credit from state banks to stay afloat. Page: 248

35. In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed byA. “soft-money” advocates.B. “hard-money” advocates.C. Henry Clay.D. both “soft-money” advocates and “hard-money” advocates.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 248

36. In the debate over the Bank of the United States, President Andrew Jackson agreed withA. the “soft-money” advocates.B. the “hard-money” advocates.C. Henry Clay.D. both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 248

37. In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily toA. politically embarrass President Jackson.B. help his reelection to the Senate.C. promote his “American System.”D. boost his presidential candidacy.E. exact revenge on Nicholas Biddle for a perceived slight. Page: 248

38. Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE?A. The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836.B. Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.C. The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election.D. President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter.E. President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who

would help him weaken the bank. Page: 243

39. President Andrew Jackson’s success in abolishing the Bank of the United StatesA. caused serious political damage to his administration.B. led the nation into a period of long economic decline.C. left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years.D. led him to lose the political support of Roger B. Taney.E. seriously damaged his support within the Democratic Party. Page: 249

40. The Supreme Court ruling in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)A. outraged supporters of Andrew Jackson.B. was a victory for federal authority.

C. continued the constitutional interpretation set forth by John Marshall.D. affirmed the inviolability of contracts.E. reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity. Page: 249

41. Jacksonian DemocratsA. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I.”B. faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s.C. were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast.D. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I,” were strongest among the merchants and

manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 250-251

42. In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to supportA. the chartering of banks and corporations.B. territorial expansion.C. established wealth.D. federally supported internal improvements.E. the abolition of slavery. Page: 251

43. The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s wereA. radical Democrats.B. defenders of monopolies.C. southern slaveholders.D. western farmers.E. radical abolitionists. Page: 250

44. The political philosophy of WhigsA. opposed industrialism as a source of concentrated wealth.B. favored expanding the power of the federal government.C. encouraged the rapid western expansion of the nation.D. allied the party with the abolition movement.E. celebrated “honest workers” and “simple farmers.” Page: 251

45. Of the following groups, support for the Whigs was weakest amongA. wealthy southern planters.B. substantial New England manufacturers.C. small western farmers.D. aristocratic Americans.E. evangelical Protestants. Page: 251

46. In the 1820s, Whig support for the Anti-Mason Party demonstratedA. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters.B. the intention of the party to refrain from political mud-slinging.C. their conviction that Masonry encouraged radical egalitarianism.D. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters, and the party’s

intention to refrain from political mud-slinging.

E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 251

50. The Whig Party was LEAST successful atA. defining its political position.B. attracting a loyal constituency of voters.C. connecting with evangelical Protestants.D. competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races.E. uniting behind a strong national leader. Page: 251

51. Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 becauseA. he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson.B. federal spending had supported an economic boom.C. the political opposition offered multiple candidates.D. land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson.E. his opponent openly advocated ending Indian removal. Page: 251

52. In 1836, Congress passed a “distribution” act that required the federal government toA. apply a higher tax to foreign bondholders.B. parcel out Indian land to the states.C. reward loyal Democrats with government jobs.D. make pension payments to veterans of the War of 1812.E. disperse its surplus funds to the states. Page: 252

53. In 1836, President Andrew Jackson’s “specie circular”A. resulted in a severe financial panic.B. was defeated by Congress.C. was of considerable political benefit to Martin Van Buren.D. required foreigners doing business in the United States to pay their debts in hard currency.E. caused a significant rise in prices, especially the price of land. Page: 252

54. President Martin Van Buren’s “subtreasury” systemA. was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States.B. created a new national bank.C. never became law.D. quickly failed.E. did not pass until his successor’s administration. Page: 252-253

55. The presidential election campaign of 1840 sawA. Martin Van Buren drop out of the presidential race.B. the first influence of the “penny press” in politics.C. Henry Clay chosen as the Whig presidential candidate.D. the emergence of the Republican Party.E. William Henry Harrison serve as the Democratic candidate. Page: 253

56. William Henry HarrisonA. was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency.

B. was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name.C. died before he took office.D. was a Republican.E. had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy.Page: 253

57. As president, John TylerA. was a Whig who had once been a Democrat.B. favored the recharter of the Bank of the United States.C. considered Andrew Jackson to be his political role model.D. approved several internal improvement bills.E. forced John C. Calhoun out of his cabinet. Page: 254

58. In 1841, the British governmentA. supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole.B. seized the Creole because it carried slaves.C. briefly declared war on American shipping in response to the Creole mutiny.D. refused to trade with American shipping companies that carried slaves.E. returned mutinous slaves from the Creole to Virginia, at the request of President Tyler.Page: 255

59. Which statement about the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty is FALSE?A. It settled the Aroostook War.B. It resulted in new territory being added to the United States.C. It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports.D. It included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships.E. It significantly improved Anglo-American relations. Page: 255-256

Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution

1. Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United StatesA. rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health.B. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase.C. increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe.D. remained relatively constant.E. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America. Page: 262

2. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United StatesA. was the most significant factor in the nation’s population growth.B. consisted mostly of people from southern Europe.C. was at its peak for the century.D. consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia.E. was not a significant contributor to the national population. Page: 262

8. Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United StatesA. generally arrived with more money.B. were less likely to migrate with entire families.C. were more likely to remain in eastern cities.D. came in greater numbers.E. generally moved on to the Southeast. Page: 265

9. Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by

A. the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture.B. fears of political radicalism.C. the ability of immigrants to command high wages.D. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.E. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves. Page: 268

10. The “Know-Nothing” movement was partially directed at reducing the influence ofA. Catholics.B. abolitionists.C. Democrats.D. Jews.E. free blacks. Page: 268

11. After 1852, the “Know-Nothings” created a new political organization called the A. Copperheads.B. Republican Party.C. Nativist Party. D. Libertarian Party.E. American Party. Page: 268

12. Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation?A. Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation.B. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction.C. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports.D. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation.E. New York was the first to finance turnpike construction. Page: 270

13. The Erie Canal wasA. limited to flat land.B. built entirely by private investors.C. built without either locks or gates.D. a tremendous financial success.E. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia. Page: 270

14. In the 1820s and 1830s, railroadsA. played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system.B. standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables.C. saw their greatest development in the southern slave states.D. became the dominant form of transportation in the nation.E. had not yet been constructed in America. Page: 272

15. Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE?A. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South.B. Most railroad “trunk lines” were reduced or eliminated.C. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River.D. Chicago was the railroad center of the West.E. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development. Page: 272-274

16. During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT theA. creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization.B. technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint.C. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press.D. introduction of the telegraph system.E. dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers. Page: 274

17. Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only byA. an act of Congress.B. presidential executive order.C. state legislatures.D. a public vote.E. a state governor. Page: 275

18. In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, whichA. protected the stockholders’ full investment in a company.B. restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess.C. prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders.

D. protected corporations from liability lawsuits.E. meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment. Page: 275

19. By 1860, factories in the United StatesA. were concentrated in the Northeast.B. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output.C. employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force.D. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing

labor force.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 276

20. Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the US government resulted in theA. turret lathe.B. universal milling machine.C. precision grinder.D. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 27623. In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States A. saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs.B. consisted mostly of European immigrants.C. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.D. consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory

jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 277

24. American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted ofA. families and rural, single women.B. single men.C. unskilled urban workers.D. young immigrants.E. slaves. Page: 277

25. When the Lowell factory system began,A. craftsmen were part of the production system.B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories.C. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale.D. the workday ended when production quotas were met.E. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement. Page: 281

26. As the Lowell factory system progressed into the 1840s,A. wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours.B. female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions.C. the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force.D. a paternalistic management system was developed.E. many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system. Page: 282

28. As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s,A. the workday grew shorter and wages declined.B. payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage.C. women and children were more likely to earn more than men.D. safety conditions began to improve.E. the workday grew longer and wages increased. Page: 282

29. The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of theA. skilled artisan.B. yeoman farmer.C. industrial entrepreneur.D. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer.E. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur. Page: 283

30. The rise of the American factory systemA. complemented the nation’s traditional republican ideals.B. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers.C. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans.D. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition.E. led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies. Page: 283

31. The early union movement among skilled artisansA. was weakened by the Panic of 1837.B. was generally supported by state governments.C. attempted to create one collective national trade union.D. welcomed working women as members.E. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers. Page: 283

32. The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared thatA. labor unions were lawful organizations.B. labor strikes were illegal.C. child labor laws were unconstitutional.D. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade.E. unions must admit working women as members. Page: 283

33. All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPTA. the large number of immigrant workers.B. the political strength of industrial capitalists.C. ethnic divisions among workers.D. the question of whether to include women members.E. hostile laws and hostile courts. Page: 284

34. The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted inA. increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.B. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans.C. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.

D. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 284

35. Prior to 1860, American urban societyA. considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior.B. saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities.C. included a substantial number of destitute poor.D. saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 285

36. In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks couldA. vote.B. attend public schools.C. use public services available to whites.D. compete for menial jobs.E. All these answers are correct. Page: 285-286

37. Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United StatesA. increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.B. increased as the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened.C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.D. decreased as immigration diversified society.E. increased as a result of geographical mobility. Page: 286

39. The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without

A. a professional education.B. producing a product or service.C. owning land.D. capital.E. marrying. Page: 287

40. Before 1860, American middle-class familiesA. were typically renters.B. rarely employed servants.C. usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home.D. became the most influential cultural form of urban America.E. had to cook their meals over an open hearth. Page: 287

42. Early American Victorian homes were characterized byA. spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light.B. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture.C. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space.D. all members of a family sharing one bedroom.E. a lack of parlors and dining rooms. Page: 287

43. Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American familiesA. had a declining birth rate.B. were more likely to see their children leave home in search of work.C. were more likely to see income earners work outside the home.D. had a declining birth rate, and were more likely to see income earners work outside the home

and see their children leave home in search of work. E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 288

44. By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the “cult of domesticity,” A. unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities.B. women became increasingly isolated from the public world.C. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family.D. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized.E. women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy. Page: 291

45. All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT that

A. Shakespeare was the nation’s most popular playwright.B. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans.C. minstrel shows were increasingly popular.D. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic.E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class. Page: 290, 292

46. In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcasedA. nature and natural history.B. American artists.C. human oddities.D. past American leaders and heroes.E. European artists. Page: 292

47. In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) wasA. the owner of a family farm.B. a marginal farmer.C. a farmhand who did not own his own land.D. an industrial worker.E. an urban artisan. Page: 293

48. For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period ofA. economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers.B. rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products.C. extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand.D. economic growth in the West but decline in the East.E. increasing economic connections between the North and South. Page: 293

Chapter 11Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South

1. The historian who wrote “The South [prior to the Civil War] grew, but did not develop” meant that

A. the southern population increased, but new technology had bypassed the region.B. agriculture remained the leading industry of the South, but the plantation system was

declining.C. the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy.D. the South had expanded as a geographic region but had developed little prosperity.E. the South had created a prosperous plantation system but had not expanded its borders.Page: 298

2. Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the SouthA. was in Charleston, S.C.B. remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South.C. remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South.D. shifted from the lower South to the upper South.E. shifted from the upper South to the lower South. Page: 299

3. Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum SouthA. was easy on the soil.B. was gradually moving westward.C. enjoyed a stable market.D. was centered in the lower South.E. never made a profit. Page: 299

4. Rice and sugar production in the antebellum SouthA. had short growing seasons.B. were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area.C. had difficulty sustaining profits for growers.D. was in considerable decline by the 1850s.E. threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South. Page: 299

5. Short-staple cottonA. helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region.B. was less coarse than long-staple cotton.C. was easier to process than long-staple cotton.D. was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton.E. was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South. Page: 299

6. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the “cotton kingdom”A. was already losing ground to other staples, such as rice and tobacco.B. saw wealthy planters outnumber small planters.C. did not rely on large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa.D. was the dominant source of the income of the lower South.

E. still had not adopted the cotton gin, despite the time and resources that could be saved.Page: 300

7. Between 1840 and 1860, the American South’s slave populationA. could not meet the South’s labor needs.B. changed little.C. dramatically shifted into the Southwest.D. declined in overall numbers.E. became concentrated in the upper South. Page: 300

9. By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American SouthA. was nonexistent.B. had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years.C. had declined in value throughout the 1840s and 1850s.D. was equal to one-third of the value of cotton exported that year.E. had come to dominate the South’s economy. Page: 300

10. The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championedA. southern economic independence from the North.B. southern commercial and agricultural growth.C. closer economic ties with the North.D. southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural

growth.E. closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth.Page: 301

11. The South failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT

A. the humid climate.B. little access to liquid capital.C. the profitability of cotton.D. cultural values.E. a shortage of labor. Page: 302

12. In the late 1850s, many of the great landholders of the lower South wereA. still first-generation settlers.B. part of a wealthy leisure class.C. from longstanding aristocratic families.D. rooted to one plantation for many generations.E. former Old World aristocrats that emigrated from Europe. Page: 303

13. Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE?A. Wealthy southern whites adopted an elaborate code of “chivalry.”B. Dueling became a prominent facet of southern planter life.C. Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism.

D. Wealthy southern whites pretended to avoid such “coarse” occupations as trade and commerce.

E. Wealthy southern whites often gravitated toward the military. Page: 303

14. Prior to 1860, affluent southern white womenA. had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South.B. occupied a significantly different role from their northern counterparts.C. commonly held income-producing jobs.D. typically played an important role in public activities.E. centered their lives in the home. Page: 304

15. Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that theyA. tended to have more formal education.B. were expected to be more subordinate to men.C. had fewer children.D. generally had a lesser engagement in the economic life of the family.E. were more likely to take a role in public activities. Page: 305

16. In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that womenA. had an obligation to obey.B. were like children.C. had the single right to be protected.D. were like children, had an obligation to obey, and had the single right to be protected.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 305

17. Prior to 1860, southern white womenA. had about the same access to education as northern white women.B. were not expected to engage in manual labor, whatever their social standing.C. generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world.D. had a birth rate that was lower than the national average.E. were more likely to see their children grow to adulthood than northern white women.Page: 305

18. Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves wasA. virtually unheard of.B. against the law in all slave states.C. encouraged by proponents of slavery such as George Fitzhugh.D. an accepted cause for divorce in the southern court system.E. a common practice. Page: 306

19. Most “plain folk” of the Old SouthA. owned at least one slave.B. were subsistence farmers.C. were passionately antislavery.D. were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave.E. were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery. Page: 306

22. Southern whites who did not own slavesA. rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations.B. openly opposed the planter elite.C. were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood.D. generally opposed the institution of slavery.E. were largely dependent on the plantation economy. Page: 307

23. Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was theirA. kinship relationships.B. contempt of northern capitalism.C. perception of white racial superiority.D. fear of federal authority.E. intense national pride. Page: 307

24. Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE?A. They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class.B. They were known variously as “crackers” or “sand hillers.”C. They supported themselves by foraging or hunting.D. They suffered from pellagra, hookworm, and malaria.E. They were forced to resort at times to eating clay. Page: 307

27. Within the American South, the institution of slaveryA. isolated blacks and whites from each other.B. created a unique bond between masters and slaves.C. encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own.D. created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from

each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 308

28. The slave codes of the American SouthA. defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black.B. legalized slave marriages.C. were rigidly enforced.D. considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave.E. banned blacks from attending church. Page: 308

31. Most enslaved blacks livedA. on small farms.B. on medium- to large-sized plantations.C. in urban areas.D. in rigidly-controlled circumstances.E. in Virginia and the Carolinas. Page: 308

32. Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true?A. Slaves had to grow all of their own food.B. Slaves were not given medical care except by their own efforts.

C. Slave children did no work until they turned twelve years old.D. It was uncommon to divide slave families for long periods of time.E. After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined. Page: 309

33. Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE?A. Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers.B. Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks.C. Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves.D. Urban slaves had little working competition from European immigrants.E. The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct. Page: 311

34. Prior to 1860, free blacks in the SouthA. were concentrated in the Deep South.B. were required by law to leave the South.C. increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free “surplus” slaves.D. occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves.E. avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention. Page: 312

40. Regarding religion, American slavesA. were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites.B. had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century.C. were usually not allowed to attend a church at all.D. shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa.E. often incorporated African features into their Christianity. Page: 315

41. As compared to nineteenth-century white practices, religious services for American slavesA. were not allowed, by law, to mention freedom.B. were often more emotional.C. were generally more despondent and melancholy than white services.D. denied all references to their African heritage.E. emphasized subservience and submission to God. Page: 315

42. Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage includedA. singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo.B. keeping family diaries and other written personal records.C. wearing clothing that incorporated traditional African designs or colors.D. speaking in their native African languages when out of the presence of whites.E. celebrating traditional African feasts and rites of passage, in defiance of white law. Page: 316

Chapter 12Antebellum Culture and Reform

1. Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of aA. pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals.B. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change.C. belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions.D. fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation.E. declining importance placed on religious piety. Page: 321

2. In the mid-nineteenth century, romanticismA. was consistent with traditional Calvinist assumptions.B. considered instincts to be sinful and necessary to repress.C. had its origins in the American Midwest.D. had its origins in the American Midwest and was consistent with traditional Calvinist

assumptions.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 322

3. In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature

A. was one of growing respect and admiration.B. was that American artists had little to offer Europe.C. included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues. D. included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism.E. was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism. Page: 322

6. Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River School?A. canvases that tended to be very large in sizeB. an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than EuropeC. a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillmentD. the exceptional popularity many of its artists enjoyed with the American publicE. portraits of some of the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas Page: 322

8. Through novels such as The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of

A. America’s westward expansion.B. the American free-enterprise system.C. religious spiritualism in America.D. racism in America.E. slavery in the democratic mind. Page: 322

9. Walt WhitmanA. intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists.B. rejected much of romanticism.C. celebrated the liberation of the individual.

D. was a strong critic of American democracy.E. became a strong defender of southern institutions, especially slavery. Page: 323

11. The writings of Edgar Allan Poe wereA. primarily sad and macabre.B. mostly ignored during his lifetime.C. largely focused on southern society.D. acclaimed by many American writers in his time.E. completely ignored in Europe after his death. Page: 323

12. Prior to the Civil War, southern writersA. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people.B. romanticized the institution of slavery.C. brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature.D. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people; brought a robust,

vulgar humor to American literature; and romanticized the institution of slavery.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 324

13. TranscendentalistsA. rejected European intellectuals.B. regarded reason to be the most important human faculty.C. argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals.D. believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism.E. argued for the liberating potential of “understanding.” Page: 324

14. The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo EmersonA. believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals.B. asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment. C. was a leading critic of the American political system.D. asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society.E. remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life. Page: 324

15. The transcendentalist Henry David ThoreauA. was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson.B. felt every individual should balance society’s expectations with one’s own instincts.C. argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism.D. established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond.E. argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States. Page: 324

16. The transcendentalist movementA. anticipated the environmental protection movement of the twentieth century.B. understood the interconnectedness of species.C. made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment.D. understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of

preserving the natural environment.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 325

17. The primary goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was toA. create a society where individuals did not have to work.B. allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior.C. eliminate social sexual discrimination through the practice of celibacy.D. permit all members to realize their full potential as individual beings.E. show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life. Page: 325

20. In redefining gender roles, the experimental 1840s Oneida CommunityA. put women in charge of all major aspects of the community.B. was a controversial experiment in “free love.”C. demanded celibacy from all its participants.D. carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women.E. put fathers in charge of child-rearing and taking care of the home. Page: 326

21. Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism?A. the admittance of women onlyB. communal raising of childrenC. polygamyD. free loveE. complete celibacy Page: 326

22. Shaker societiesA. asserted that God was female.B. established most of their communities in the South.C. saw women exercise more power than men.D. first began in the United States in the 1840s.E. were eventually forced to move to Utah. Page: 326

23. MormonismA. believed in human perfectibility.B. emphasized individual liberty.C. was founded by Brigham Young.D. began in the Midwest.E. always rejected polygamy. Page: 328

24. Which statement about Mormonism is FALSE?A. Its founder was murdered.B. It advocated sexual equality.C. Early Mormons practiced polygamy.D. The first Mormons were generally marginally poor.E. Early Mormons met with much persecution from their neighbors. Page: 328

25. Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalistsA. sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism.B. believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation.

C. took the lead in the cause to end slavery.D. formed a crusade against personal immorality.E. believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements. Page: 329

26. In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United StatesA. linked alcohol to crime and poverty.B. grew largely out of immigrant communities.C. was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans.D. remained a minor social movement.E. spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants. Page: 329

27. In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United StatesA. were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats.B. led many cities to build water treatment facilities.C. were diminished, as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria.D. typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 328

28. According to the nineteenth-century “science” of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual’s skull?

A. life expectancyB. likelihood of succumbing to infectious diseasesC. future earning potentialD. chances of having childrenE. character and intelligence Page: 330

29. During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was the

A. absence of regulations in the medical profession.B. absence of basic knowledge about disease.C. low social status of medical professionals.D. difficulty of medical experimentation.E. apathy of the general population towards preventive health. Page: 331

31. Prior to 1860, public education in the United StatesA. did not exist. B. gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world.C. was legally denied for all non-whites.D. was funded by the federal government.E. emphasized independence and creativity. Page: 332

34. Prior to 1860, prison reform in the United StatesA. included the practice of solitary confinement.B. led to widespread calls to end capital punishment.C. focused on punishment, not on rehabilitation.D. began largely in the West and spread to the East.

E. decried the racial bias of the judicial system. Page: 333

35. The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to

A. isolate and protect Indians from white society.B. help “regenerate” the Indian.C. allow Indians to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society.D. isolate and protect the Indians from white society, help “regenerate” them, and allow them to

develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 336

37. The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women’s rightsA. issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence.B. asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men. C. refused to allow men to attend.D. called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality.E. shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time. Page: 336

40. In the early nineteenth century, the American Colonization SocietyA. was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery.B. called for an immediate end to slavery.C. opposed the idea of compensation for owners who freed their slaves.D. carried out a large-scale resettlement of freed slaves.E. was strongly supported by American blacks. Page: 337

42. William Lloyd Garrison believed the abolitionist movement shouldA. stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites.B. seek the gradual elimination of slavery.C. demand freedom for slaves, but deny them citizenship.D. organize slave rebellions throughout the American South.E. join forces with the more established American Colonization Society. Page: 338

43. Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to beA. deeply antagonistic toward William Lloyd Garrison.B. indifferent to slavery in the South.C. anxious to leave the United States.D. in favor of the “back to Africa” movement.E. strongly opposed to southern slavery. Page: 338

45. Frederick DouglassA. was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth.B. wrote for William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper.C. spent years lecturing in England against slavery.D. was an ordained minister.E. argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality. Page: 339

46. In the 1840s, abolitionists in the United States constitutedA. a small percentage of the national population.B. approximately one-quarter of the national population.C. the majority of the population in the North.D. the largest reform movement in the nation.E. approximately one-third of the national population. Page: 339

48. In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were dividedA. by radicals and moderates within their ranks.B. over whether or not to use violence.C. by calls for northern and southern separation.D. over the question of female equality.E. All these answers are correct. Page: 340-343

49. In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke againstA. equality for women.B. defensive wars.C. ending the asylum system.D. northern disunion from the South.E. extreme pacifism. Page: 341

50. The Supreme Court ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)A. prohibited the interstate slave trade.B. led to the passage of “personal liberty laws.”C. angered abolitionists.D. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia.E. forced state officials to assist in the capture of runaways. Page: 341

51. Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty PartyA. supported the rights of slave owners.B. opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850.C. promoted “free soil.”D. focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws.E. campaigned for outright abolition. Page: 341

52. The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the nation was toA. spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience.B. reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America.C. ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union. D. offer the first written history of American slavery.E. help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers. Page: 342

Chapter 13The Impending Crisis

1. Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT thatA. the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size.B. the United States should create a vast new “empire of liberty.”C. United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada.D. the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic.E. None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of

Manifest Destiny. Page: 349

2. In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United StatesA. enjoyed considerable political support.B. found their greatest support in the “penny press.”C. warned it would increase the controversy over slavery.D. warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes.E. All these answers are correct. Page: 349

3. By 1830, Texas A. was an independent republic.B. saw the United States unsuccessfully attempt to purchase it, twice.C. barred slavery within its borders.D. had a population with more people from Mexico than from the United States.E. still had no legal American settlements in its borders. Page: 349

4. In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas wereA. white southerners and their slaves.B. white northerners.C. free blacks.D. Far West whites.E. recently-arrived European immigrants. Page: 349

5. In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of MexicoA. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas.B. consistently favored American immigration into Texas.C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas.D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas.E. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas. Page: 349-350

6. In 1836, the Battle of the AlamoA. saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered.B. saw the death of Davy Crockett.C. began the Mexican War.D. led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico.E. was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas. Page: 350

7. In 1836, the Battle of San JacintoA. was a victory for General Santa Anna.B. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops.C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin.D. led to independence for Texas.E. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner. Page: 350

8. In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States becauseA. Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico.B. the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood.C. President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions.D. England had forged its own political ties to Texas.E. Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States. Page: 351

9. In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific NorthwestA. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire.B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain.C. contained many more English settlers than Americans.D. was of little interest to the American government.E. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease. Page: 351

10. Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generallyA. relatively young people who traveled in family groups.B. over the age of thirty.C. from the eastern seaboard states.D. wealthy. E. domestic servants and prostitutes. Page: 352

12. Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trailsA. experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death.B. usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months.C. rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot.D. found the journey to be a very communal experience.E. saw men generally working harder during the trip than women. Page: 354

13. The presidential election of 1844A. was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren.B. was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists.C. was won by a Democrat.D. saw a northerner win the presidency.E. was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler. Page: 355

15. As president, James K. PolkA. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute.B. won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas.

C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel.D. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute, and won congressional approval for

the annexation of Texas.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 354-355

16. In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico wasA. a border dispute.B. tariffs.C. Mexico’s debt to the United States.D. the issue of slavery.E. the Alamo. Page: 355-356

17. The Mexican War resulted fromA. the United States provoking Mexico to fight.B. Mexico provoking the United States to fight.C. Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces.D. Mexican forces attacking Americans in California.E. Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces. Page: 357

18. During the Mexican War,A. President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico. B. President Polk personally plotted military strategy for the United States.C. victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated.D. the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico.E. President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives. Page: 358

19. The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War wasA. Zachary Taylor’s taking of Monterrey.B. the Bear Flag revolution in California.C. Stephen Kearny’s capture of Santa Fe.D. Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City.E. Nicholas Trist’s diplomatic maneuvering. Page: 358

20. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United StatesA. officially acquired only Texas.B. gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas.C. established an open border with Mexico.D. established an American protectorate over Mexico.E. agreed to pay millions to Mexico. Page: 358

21. When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, heA. readily accepted the treaty.B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico.C. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions.D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City.E. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories. Page: 358

26. In the California gold rush,A. most of the participants were seasoned miners.B. a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold.C. upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men.D. few of the participants ended up staying in California.E. Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work. Page: 359

27. The Chinese who came to California during the gold rushA. typically planned to remain permanently in the state.B. usually came with their families.C. more often worked as merchants than miners.D. had aspirations similar to those of American participants.E. found themselves banned from working in the mines. Page: 359

28. As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, A. Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve.B. California had a large surplus of labor.C. California had a very diverse population.D. California had a population larger than any state in the Union.E. California became virulently antislavery. Page: 359

29. In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting CaliforniaA. as a free state.B. as a slave state.C. with no determination on the issue of slavery.D. as a territory.E. as two separate states, one slave and one free. Page: 361

30. The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue becauseA. westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California.B. California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states.C. most Californians opposed entry into the United States.D. California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery.E. lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation. Page: 361

31. During the debate on the Compromise of 1850,A. Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise.B. John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state.C. Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state.D. Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate.E. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died. Page: 362

32. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of CaliforniaA. as a slave state.B. along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act.C. along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad.

D. with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years. E. as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states. Page: 361

33. The passage of the Fugitive Slave ActA. intensified the debate over slavery.B. upset southerners as much as northerners.C. was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise.D. upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the

spirit of compromise.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 363

34. In the election of 1852,A. neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.B. the Free-Soil Party gained strength.C. the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate.D. the Whigs were united.E. the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Page: 363

35. In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern statesA. called for secession from the South.B. proposed a national referendum on the slave issue.C. passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves.D. forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state.E. began actively funding the underground railroad. Page: 363

36. In the 1850s, the “Young America” movementA. called for a national resolution of the slave controversy.B. supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world.C. was promoted by Whigs.D. called for a constitutional ban on slavery.E. believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion.Page: 363

37. The 1854 Ostend ManifestoA. enraged southern slaveowners.B. was directed at limiting England’s influence in the Caribbean.C. was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba.D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery.E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands. Page: 363

38. In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as

A. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor.B. non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route. C. British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States.

D. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S.

E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 363

39. The 1853 Gadsden PurchaseA. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South.B. was made with England.C. advanced the interests of southern railroads.D. fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War.E. cost the United States government $25 million. Page: 364

40. Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE?A. It divided and destroyed the Whig Party.B. It led to the creation of the Republican Party.C. It created two new territories.D. It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise.E. It was sponsored by Henry Clay. Page: 364

42. In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas sawA. President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory.B. John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers.C. the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas.D. federal troops take military control of the region.E. a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. Page: 365

43. The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States SenateA. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given.B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives.C. was strongly condemned in the South.D. resulted in Sumner’s death from his injuries weeks later.E. All these answers are correct. Page: 365

44. The ideology of Free-Soil includedA. opposition to the expansion of slavery.B. a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible.C. the use of military force to suppress slavery.D. the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks.E. an argument for black male suffrage. Page: 365-366

45. Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT thatA. southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers.B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves.C. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully.D. black codes protected slaves from abuse.E. the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world. Page: 367

46. In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery wasA. likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years.B. a “necessary evil.”C. a “positive good.”D. likely to end in the United States within fifty years.E. the “American way of life.” Page: 367

48. The election of 1856 sawA. no significant third party in the field.B. the Whig Party make a strong comeback.C. the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader.D. former president Millard Fillmore in the running.E. the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements. Page: 368

49. The Supreme Court held in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)A. that Scott must be freed under federal law.B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state.C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders.D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person.E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Page: 368

50. James BuchananA. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision.B. supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state.C. pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution.D. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision, supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state,

and pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 368

51. The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution wasA. twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters.B. rejected, then approved by Kansas voters.C. antislavery.D. written by Stephen Douglas.D. approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters. Page: 368-369

52. Kansas entered the United StatesA. after several southern states had left the Union.B. as a slave state.C. well after the Civil War ended.D. during the administration of Abraham Lincoln.E. at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union. Page: 369

53. In the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates,A. Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery.B. Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate.

C. the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable.D. Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral.E. Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor. Page: 369

54. During the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, it became clear that LincolnA. believed slavery was morally wrong.B. was not an abolitionist.C. did not believe racial equality was feasible at the time.D. believed slavery was morally wrong, but he was not an abolitionist and he did not believe

racial equality was feasible at the time.E. None of these answers is correct. Page: 369-370