Name: ____________________ Period:___________

Spring PAP Final Exam Review Key

1. Define and be able the identify and give examplea. Mutualism: both organisms benefit-bees and flowersb. Parasitism: one organism is helped, the other is harmed-fleas and dogsc. Commensalism: one organism is helped and the other isn’t helped or

harmed-whales/barnaclesd. Predation: predator/preye. Competition: organisms who need the same resources-food, space, mates

2. Lord Howe Island is a volcanic island in the Tasman Sea that is about 11 km long and 2.8 km wide. The island has two species of palm trees, Howea fosteriana and the more abundant Howea belmoreana. The two species do not interbreed even when they grow very close to each other. Which evolutionary process fails to occur?

A. Genetic drift of Howea fosterianaB. Natural selection of adaptive traits in both speciesC. Gene flow between the two species

3. Emigration is moving out-of an area and immigration is moving in-to an area?

4. Put the pond succession below in order. B,C,A,D

Use the pyramid above to answer the following questions5. Where is the largest biomass found? bottom-producers6. Where is the least amount of energy found? top/tertiary comsumers7. List one of each Producer-plants Primary consumer-grasshopper Secondary Consumer-opossum Tertiary consumer-wolf 8. If there is 20,000 kcal of energy at the producer’s level, how much energy would be available at the Primary consumer level ___2000________________?Secondary consumer level ___200_______________Tertiary consumer level _____20______________9.What organism would be most affected if grasshoppers were killed off by insecticides?____Frogs_______________10. Which sequence shows increasing ecological levels of organization?

(big to small) 2-community, 1-ecosystem, 3-population, 4-organism

11. Which of the following is the correct order of sequence from largest to smallest?

5- Atoms, 3-macromolecules, 2-organelles, 1-cells, 4- molecules

12. What are each of the four Macromolecules (biomolecules) made up of? (Monomers)And what is their function?

a. Carbohydrates-glucose/main source of energyb. Lipids-fatty acids and glycerol/long term stored energyc. Nucleic Acid (DNA & RNA)-nucleotide/used for genetic material which codes for traitsd. Protein-amino acids/enzymes, antibodies, cell structure

13. What are the 3 most abundant elements in the body? C, H, O

14. What color does starch solution change in the presents of iodine? Blue black

15. Which cell is prokaryotic? How can you tell?

X-no membrane bound nucleus

16. What is the main function of a cell membrane? To control what goes in and out of the cell

17. What part of the cell contains the genetic material? nucleus

18. What is the function of mitochondria? Converts chemical energy stored in food to smaller compounds that cells can use.

19. The concentration of solute outside the cell is greater than on the inside: ____Hypertonic___

20. The concentration of solute inside and outside the cell are equal: ___Isotonic_______

21. What is the function of an enzyme? Speed up reactions, use less activation energy

22. If several pea plants with the genotype TTYy are crossed with pea plants with the genotype Ttyy, what percentage of the offspring will be expected to have the TTYy allele combination? (Draw a Punnett Square) TTYy: 4/16=1/4=25%

23. In cocker spaniels the allele for a black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for a brown coat color (b). If a brown cocker spaniel is crossed with a heterozygous black cocker spaniel, which of the following genotypic ratios can be expected? (Draw a Punnett Square) BB: 0 Bb: 2 bb: 2

24. How does DNA code for an organism’s traits? DNA-mRNA -codes for proteins-traits

25. Which process produces gametes? meiosis

26. Which amino acids are coded by the DNA sequence below?Original DNA strand sequence5’AGT CGC ATG TCA 3’: UCA GCG UAC AGUmRNA sequence: _Serine_-_Alanine_-_Tyrosine_-_Serine___

This diagram shows the DNA fingerprinting of a baby and 4 couples:

27. A hospital wants to identify the parents of a baby. Bases on the DNA fingerprinting, which couple is most likely the parents of the baby? W X Y Z

28. Place the following in the order that leads to genetic expression?2 RNA-3 amino acid-1 DNA- 4 protein-5 genetic expression

28. The only way a mutation can be passed to an individual’s offspring is if the mutation is in the ___gametes____.

29. Homologous structures provide evidence of _common ancestry ____ because they have the same basic _structure_.

Use the following cladogram to answer the question below.

30. The diagram shows a model of species divergence among some primates. If this model is correct, the least genetic differences would be found in the DNA sequences of which two species?

A. Tarsius bancanus and Cebus albifronsB. Macaca sylvanus and Macaca mulattaC. Hylobates lar and Pongo pygmaeusD. Pan troglodytes and Lemur catta

31.Give an example of the following:a. Convergent evolution-sharks and whalesb. Divergent evolution-finchesc. Coevolution- hummingbird/cardinal flower-Cardinal flower’s pollen structure

perfectly placed for hummingbird to pick up pollend. Gene flow-migration-transfer of genes from one population to another

The diagram shows a dichotomous key and a picture of a fruit.

32. According to the key, the fruit comes from which species of tree?A Fraxinus americanaB Fraxinus nigraC Acer platanoidesD Acer negundo

33. List the taxonomic terms in correct order from largest to smallest:

34. Which two organisms are least closely related? Fly and dog

Use the information below to answer the following questions:

35. Based on this information and the data table, which animal is most likely a reptile?A. Animal 1 B. Animal 2 C. Animal 3 D. Animal 4

36. Based on the information in the data table, which of these animals is most likely an amphibian?A. Animal 1 B. Animal 2 C. Animal 3 D. Animal 4

37. Gorillas and lemurs belong to the order of Primates. The smallest organism in this order is about 85 – 160 millimeters long, while the largest member is stands close to 10 feet tall. Which of these lists best describes this order?

A. C.240 families 30 genera1,568 species

B. D.

30 genera240 families1,568 species

38. Define:a. Phototropism-grow toward light

b. Hydrotropism-grow toward water

A. B.

240 families2 genera1,568 species

30 families240 genera1,568 species

C.

39.The projections on the surface of this virus allow the virus to –attach to other cells

40. Which of these illustrates a bacteriophage?41. A certain viral disease can be transmitted through the

air. In each of the groups below, one person is sick with the disease. In which groups are all the other individuals exposed to the disease?

a. People working in the same building. b. People riding to work in the same car. c. People working for the same company. d. People riding to work in the same train.

42.What is the difference between a bacteria cell and a virus? V-can’t reproduce on their own

43. In the experiment shown, bubbles of gas are seen to be formed when pondweed photosynthesizes. How may the rate of photosynthesis be increased?

a) By adding acid to the waterb) By adding more waterc) By increasing the lightd) By cooling the water

44. Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced years of insufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have experienced a dry period will

a) Be softer.b) Grow at a faster rate.c) Be thinner.d) Photosynthesize at a faster rate.

45. The seed type shown in Figure 24–1 that is generally dispersed by wind is(are) …a) A.b) B.c) Both A and B.d) Neither A nor B.

46. The diagram shows the reproductive system of a plant.Pollen released from the anther is transferred to the stigma of the same plant. A pollen tube forms in the style and the pollen travels down through the tube until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary. The egg is fertilized by the sperm.

What process was described? _self-pollination _____

47.Which of the following is the correct order for levels of organization from largest to smallest?

I II III IV

A. I, II, III, IV C. II, III, I, IVB. III, II, I, IV D. IV, I, II, III

48.Which body systems work together to protect the body from pathogens?A Muscular and vascularB Digestive and excretoryC Circulatory and immune

D Endocrine and reproductive

50. Animal body systems often coordinate their actions to carry out specific functions for the whole animal. Which of these correctly describes the interaction of two biological systems for a specific purpose in the human body? B

51. Define the following:

Commensalism - one organism is helped and the other isn’t helped or harmed. Example: whales/barnacles

Mutualism- both organisms’ benefit from the relationship – Example: bees and flowers

Parasitism- one organism is helped, the other is harmed. Example: fleas and dogs

Predation- predator & prey relationship. Ex: Deer and Wolves

52. Briefly explain the effect of non-native species being introduced into an ecosystem. The non-native species have no natural enemies in the ecosystem.

53. What would be the first organism to appear in an area after a recent volcanic eruption? Lichen

54. The major function of DNA is to – provide instructions to make proteins

55. What term is used to describe the plasma membrane in regards to allowing some molecules to easily pass through the membrane while other molecules do not?

selective permeability

56. What is the function of a cell’s lysosomes? break down molecules with in the cell

57. Define the following:

Homozygous Dominant – when an organism has two identical alleles of a particular gene that are capitalized

Heterozygous - when an organism has two alleles of a particular gene that are different (one capitalized and one lower case)

Homozygous recessive – when an organism has two identical alleles of a particular gene that are lower case

58. Circle the term that means that an allele is expressed - Dominant or Recessive

59. Some organisms have genes that improve their ability to survive and reproduce. If the genes also help their offspring survive and reproduce, then which of the following will most likely increase?

A. The frequency of the genes in one individualB. The frequency of the genes in the populationC. The number of genes in one chromosomeD. The number of genes in the species

60. Explain how mimicry can be advantageous to an organism. It is an adaptation where a species evolves to resemble another species. This will help protect the species from its predators (Ex: Scarlet King Snake and Coral Snake).

61. If a daughter cell has 24 chromosomes after mitosis how many chromosomes would it have after meiosis? 12

62. What is the significance of events that occur from Meiosis? The chromosomes are exchanging genes during crossing over in order to increase genetic variation in the cells produced.

63. How does DNA in a cell determine and organism’s traits? DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism

64. In protein synthesis, what is the job of t-RNA? Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes (Anti-codon).

65. The technique known as chromosome painting is the result of scientific research. Scientists use chromosome painting to make the locations of genes on human chromosomes with fluorescent tags. It is also possible to apply this technique to the chromosomes of many different species. Chromosome painting allows for which of the following?

A. A comparison of the genomes of different species

B. The sequencing of proteins from many species

C. An increase in mutations in many species

D. The extraction of amino acids from different species

66. Explain the importance of the sequence of bases in DNA. Sequences of bases in DNA is responsible for storing the genetic information within the molecule, which in turn provides the instructions to build proteins.

67. Explain the process of transcription, make sure you include where transcription takes place and what is the result of transcription. Takes place in the nucleus, the result of transcription is a mRNA molecule that is a copy of the original DNA strand

68. Explain how mutualism can result in co-evolution. Mutualism creates relationships in which two organisms are dependent upon each other for survival. As evolutionary pressures cause change in one species the other species in the relationship will evolve as well. Ex: moth’s proboscis is just the right size to reach the nectar in a flower and the moth’s head picks up the flower’s pollen, which is transferred to other flowers for pollination. This allows the moth little competition for food

69. What is gene flow? Transfer of allele or genes from one population to another. Example: moving a bull from one pasture to the next. (increases genetic variation)

70. List the characteristics of marsupials. Mammals are warm blooded, give birth to live young, have fur and produce milk for their offspring.

71. Which level of taxonomy is the most specific level? Which level of taxonomy is the broadest most inclusive level? Most specific = Species, broadest = Kingdom

72. Explain how you could tell how closely related two organisms are if you only look at their levels of taxonomy. The more levels of taxonomy that two organisms share (from kingdom Species) the more closely related the two organisms are.

73. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1. A company that wants to develop antiviral drugs would ask a research immunologist to study –

a. the mechanism used by the virus to infect cellsb. how closely related the virus is to cold virusesc. the metabolism of the virusd. meiosis in the virus

74. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness caused by coronavirus. Symptoms including a high fever, headaches, and body aches typically occur two to seven days after infection by the virus. SARS is more serious in elderly patients. This information suggests that the reproductive cycle of the SARS virus is— (two to seven days is considered to be a quick incubation period)

a. lysogenic, because the virus is a coronavirusb. lytic, because the virus causes quick onset of symptoms after infectionc. lysogenic, because the virus primarily affects older peopled. lysogenic, because of the quick onset of symptoms after infection

75. What is the name of the process that bacteria cells use in order to reproduce? binary fission

76. Explain the importance of pili to a bacteria cell. They attach to other bacteria cells to exchange genetic material and they help the cell attach to surfaces.

77. Are antibiotics effective against a viral infection? NO, because viruses are not living.

78. What does xylem in plants transport? The water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots Why is xylem important in the process of photosynthesis which takes place in the leaves of plants? Photosynthesis requires water as a reactant

79. What are the tiny openings on the underside of leaves called that allow gas exchange to occur? Stoma (stomata)

80. What color would iodine change to in the presence of starch? Blue-black

81. What is the function of stomata in a plant? Allow gas exchange for photosynthesis to occur in the leaves of the plants. (transpiration) (H20 vapor)

82. What is thigmotropism? Plant’s response to touch Ex: plant collapsing leaves when touched

83. Explain how the different body systems would interact together to allow a rabbit to outrun a coyote? The respiratory system increases the breathing rate, and the circulatory system increases the blood pressure to provide tissues with more oxygen.

84. What moves food through the digestive system? muscular contractions

85. Toxoplasmosis is an infection producing brain lesions caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondi. Mice with their gonads removed are more resistant to T. gondii and develop very few lesions on their brain tissue. The graph shows the results of scientific study of normal mice infected with T. gondii.

Which systems most likely interact and cause the severity of infections to vary?

A. Muscular and skeletalB. Immune and endocrineC. Excretory and respiratoryD. Nervous and integumentary

86. What is a positive feedback loop, and provide an example. The response is moved away from the target set point. Ex: Childbirth (Labor)

87. What is a negative feedback loop and provide an example. The response is moved to the target set point.

Ex: Glucose (Blood sugar regulation), body temperature regulation

88. Co r a c i a s g ar r u l o us is a blue bird with an orange-brown back. The offspring of this bird have an effective defense mechanism. The young birds vomit and cover themselves in a foul- smelling orange liquid when they sense a threat by predators. Which two systems alert the young bird to the danger and help produce the vomit it uses as a defense?

A. Nervous and digestive systemsB. Integumentary and muscular systemsC. Immune and respiratory systemsD. Excretory and reproductive systems

Define each of the following terms, use the definitions from your notes

89. Secondary crime scene An alternate location where additional evidence of a crime may be found

90. Physical evidence Any evidence found at a crime scene in the form of a physical object

91. Suspect Person thought to be capable of committing a crime

92. Primary Crime Scene The original location of a crime or accident

93. Testimonial Evidence Evidence that includes eyewitness accounts of an accident or crime scene

94. Alibi Statement of where a suspect was at the time of the crime

95. Accomplice A second person associated with committing a crime

96. Trace Evidence Physical evidence that is found at a crime scene in small but measurable

amounts

97. Fingerprints Can be classified as arches, loops, or whorls

98. Arson Intentionally setting a fire to cause damage or destroy evidence of another crime

99. DNA Type of evidence found in blood, body fluid, and tissues that contains genetic information and can be used to link a suspect to a crime

100.CODIS Combined DNA Index System used by law enforcement agencies to compare DNA samples to known suspects