Unit 1 : Biochemistry1. Give an example of an element.

2. Give an example of a compound.

3. Describe each of the following types of bonds:a. ionic

b. covalent

c. hydrogen

d. peptide

4. List the 5 properties of water.

5. Give the pH values for an acid and a base.

6. What do buffers do?

7. Define monomer and polymer.

8. What process makes a bond? What must be given off?

9. What process breaks a bond? What must be absorbed?

10. Define organic.

11. What are the most common elements in living things?

12. List the four types of organic compounds.

13. Fill in the following chart : Organic CompoundsElements Monomer Functions Examples indicators

found unitCarbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids xxx

14. What is an enzyme and what does it do?

15. Summarize how an enzyme functions.

16. List the three factors that affect enzyme functioning.

17. What does denaturation mean?

Unit 2 : Cell Organelles

18. Write the three statements of the Cell Theory.

19. Which type of microscope has the greatest magnification?

20. What are the two main types of cells?

21. Fill in the following chart : Types of CellsProkaryotic Eukaryotic

Examples

List organelles present (for eukaryotic differentiate between plant and animal)

22. Fill in the following chart: OrganellesOrganelle Function Cells that have itPlasma membrane

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Mitochondria

Golgi Body

Lysosome

ER

Organelle Function Cells that have itVacuole

Chloroplast

Centriole

Cilia

Flagella

Contractile vacuole

Eyespot

Pseudopod

23. Label the following cells:

24. List three reasons why cells are small.

25. What is a stem cell?

26. How does a stem cell become differentiated (specialized)?

27. Fill in the following chart : Cell DifferentiationMuscle Cell Skin Cell Nerve Cell Sperm Cell Connective

CellsRed Blood Cells

Structure that allows them to function

Unit 3 : Homeostasis and Cell Transport

27. Define homeostasis.

28. How does our body maintain homeostasis of our pH?

29. How does our body maintain homeostasis of our temperature?

30. What does our body do if our blood sugar becomes too high?

31. What does our body do if our blood sugar becomes too low?

32. How does our body maintain water balance?

33. What are the three functions of the plasma membrane?

34. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?

35. Describe the three parts that make up the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

36. What is a concentration gradient?

37. Fill in the following chart: Types of TransportDirection Is ATP required? Is equilibrium

reached?Active Transport

Passive Transport

38. Fill in the following chart: Passive TransportDirection Is ATP required? What is being

transported?Is a membrane protein needed?

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

39. Fill in the following chart : Osmotic Pressure

Higher conc of solutes

Higher conc of water

Direction of water mov’t

Change in cell size

HypOtonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

40. What is turgor pressure?

41. Define dynamic equilibrium.

42. What would happen to a freshwater fish placed in salt water? Why?

43. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in distilled water? Why? (Distilled water = 0 solutes)

Unit 4 : Photosynthesis, ATP, and Cellular Respiration

44. Fill in the following chart : Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Which organisms undergo this?

Where does this occur? (organelles)

What is used?

What is created?

What factors affect the rate of this process?

45. Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

46. Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.

47. Write out the chemical equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in animals.

48. Write out the chemical equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in plants and yeast.

49. Which process makes the most ATP?

50. Which process makes ATP?

51. Where is energy stored within the ATP molecule?

52. How is energy released within the ATP molecule?

53. List 2 processes that require the use of ATP.

Unit 5 : Cell Cycle

54. Define the cell cycle.

55. List the 5 stages of the cell cycle in order.

56. Describe what happens in each of the following stages :

a. G1

b. S

c. G2

d. Mitosis

e. Cytokinesis

57. What is interphase?

58. Why must S occur prior to mitosis?

59. Give the relationship between chromatin, chromosomes, and doubled chromosomes.

60. What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative?

61. Fill in the following chart : MitosisForm of DNA Summary of what

happensDrawing

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

62. What is the end result of mitosis?

63. Which cells undergo mitosis?

64. What happens during cytokinesis?

65. What is the purpose of mitosis in unicellular organisms?

66. What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

67. What causes cancer?

Unit 6 : Protein Synthesis

68. What are proteins made up of?

69. How many amino acids are there?

70. How are different proteins made from amino acids?

71. What bond holds amino acids together?

72. Fill in the following chart : DNA vs. RNADNA RNA

Sugar

Number of strands

Nitrogen Bases

Made up of

73. What is the function of mRNA?

74. What is the function of tRNA?

75. Fill in the following chart: Protein SynthesisTranscription Translation

Where it takes place

What happens

What is the end result

76. Differentiate between a codon and an anticodon.

77. What do start and stop codons do?

78. What is a mutation?

79. What causes a mutation?

80. Describe each type of DNA mutation listed below.a. point (substitution)

b. deletion

c. insertion

81. What causes sickle cell anemia?

82. Summarize each type of chromosomal mutation listed below:a. insertion

b. deletion

c. duplication

d. inversion

e. translocation

Unit 7 : DNA Technology83. What does gel electrophoresis do to DNA?

84. Give 2 uses for gel electrophoresis.

85. What does PCR do to DNA?

86. What is biotechnology?

87. What is genetic engineering?

90. What is recombinant DNA?

91. What is a clone?

92. What is the name of an organism that contains recombinant DNA?

93. What is used to cut out a gene from an organism’s cell?

94. List 2 applications of creating a transgenic organism.

95. Define bacterial transformation.

96. Why is the Human Genome Project significant?

97. Give the gene therapies used to treat the following:

a. SCID -

b. Cystic Fibrosis –

98. What is the significance of stem cell research?

99. Where can we find stem cells?

100. What is a GMO and give an example.

Unit 8 : Reproduction and Genetics101. Give 2 ways that asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction.

102. Describe each of the four types of asexual reproduction.a. binary fission –

b. mitosis –

c. regeneration –

d. budding –

103. Complete the following chart : Mitosis and MeiosisMitosis Meiosis

Occurs in which type of cell?

Produces what type of cell?

Produces how many cells?

How many divisions? (PMAT)

Asexual or Sexual reproduction?

104. What is a zygote?

105. Give 2 differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

106. Give 1 similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

107. What is crossing over?

108. What is nondisjunction?

109. Rewrite the following rules of genetics in your own words :

a. Rule of Independent Assortment

b. Rule of Segregation

c. Rule of Dominance

110. Summarize Gregor Mendel’s experiment involving height in pea plants.

111. Define the following genetic terms :

a. allele -

b. homozygous (pure) -

c. heterozygous (hybrid) –

d. dominant –

e. recessive –

f. genotype –

g. phenotype -

112. Be able to complete the following punnett squares. Simple Monohybrida. In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant to white fur. If a female guinea pig heterozygous for black fur is mated with a male that is homozygous recessive for white fur, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their offspring?

Key : Parent cross : Punnett Square:

Answer: ___________________________________________________________

Testcrossb. In plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. Perform a testcross on a plant that is purple and produces some purple flowers. What is the missing parent’s genotype?Key : Parent cross : Punnett Square:

Answer: ____________________________Incomplete Dominance4. In tulips, red flowers are incompletely dominant to white flowers.What are the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the cross of a pink flower and a white flower?Key : Parent cross : Punnett Square:

Answer: _________________________________________________________________

Codominance5. In guinea pigs, white fur is codominant to black fur. Cross a black guinea pig with a heterozygous guinea pig. What is the percent chance that an offspring will be black?Key : Parent cross : Punnett Square:

Answer: ____________________________

Blood Typing6. Karen has blood type A. Her son, Jonathon has blood type O. The possible fathers for Jonathon are Jeff (blood type AB) and Jason (blood type A).

Based on Jonathon’s blood type, what is Karen’s genotype? ______________________

Which man is the father of Jonathon? ___________________

What is his genotype? _____________________

Sex-Linked7. In fruit flies, eye color is sex-linked. Red eyes are dominant to white eyes. Cross a white eyed male and a heterozygous red eyed female.Key : Parent cross : Punnett Square:

What is the percent chance that they will have a white eyed male? ___________________

What is the percent chance that they will have a white eyed female? _________________

113. When is a testcross used?

114. How is incomplete dominance different from codominance?

115. Which chromosome carries sex-linked traits?

116. Which gender has a higher frequency of sex-linked traits? Why?

117. Define and give an example of a polygenic trait.

118. Give an example of a human trait that has multiple alleles.

119. Complete the following chart: Human Genetic Disorders

Trait Characteristics Mode of InheritanceColorblindness

Hemophilia

Cystic fibrosis

Tay Sachs

Phenylkentonuria (PKU)

Huntington's Disease

Sickle Cell Anemia

Albinism

120. Label the following pedigree by giving each person a genotype.

121. What 2 pieces of information can you see from a karyotype?

122. What causes monosomy or trisomy?

123. List 3 factors that influence your genes.

124. Give 2 examples of how environmental factors can impact the expression of genetic traits.

Unit 9 : Evolution

125. What is evolution?

126. What was early Earth like?

127. What is hypothesized to be the first living organism?

In humans, free earlobe (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e).

128. Why does mitochondria have its own DNA?

129. Differentiate between abiogenesis and biogenesis.

130. Why was Lamarck’s theory, Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, not widely accepted?

131. Summarize Darwin’s theory, Natural Selection.

132. Describe the following examples of natural selection.a. Peppered Moth –

b. Antibiotic Resistance -

133. What must be present in order for natural selection to occur?

134. What are two sources of variation?

135. How are fossils an evidence of evolution?

136. Fill in the following chart : Shared Anatomical StructuresDescription Example

Homologous

Analogous

Vestigial

137. What does similar DNA sequence between two organisms indicate?

138. Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution.

139. What happens during adaptive radiation?

140. What is co-evolution?

141. Define a species.

142. Define speciation.

143. Give two causes of speciation.

144. List the two time frames in which speciation occurs.

145. Draw a graph for each of the following types of selection in nature:a. stabilizing b. directional c.

disruptive

146. List 4 things that drive evolution to occur.

147. List 3 examples of adaptations that aid in the survival of an organism.

148. What allows some species to be more resistant than others?

149. Give an example of resistance.

150. How can active and passive immunities be achieved?

151. What is a vaccine and how does it build active immunity?

152. What is the relationship between antibodies and antigens?

153. What does our body in response to the presence of an antigen?

Unit 10 : Classification and Kingdoms

154. What are the two taxonomic names given to all living things?

155. List all 7 taxonomic names in order from broadest to most specific.

156. Define a species.

157. If two organisms belong to the same order, what other taxonomic categories do they share?

158. When would you use a dichotomous key?

159. What do phylogenetic trees tell us?

160. In the phylogenetic tree below, which organism is most closely related to birds?

161. Fill in the following chart : 6 kingdomsArchaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type

Cell NumberNutrition

Example (1-3)

Unit 11 : Microbiology

162. Define the following life functions:a. Transport -

b. Excretion –

c. Respiration –

d. Nutrition –

163. Define the following forms of reproduction: a. sexual reproduction –

b. asexual reproduction –

c. hermaphrodite –

d. internal fertilization –

e. external fertilization –

164. Give 2 reasons why viruses are included in any of the 6 kingdoms.

165. Why is the shape of the virus relevant to it’s function?

166. Give 3 examples of viruses.

167. Summarize a viral invasion.

168. Which kingdoms contain organisms that are prokaryotic, unicellular, and may be either autotrophic or heterotrophic?

169. Draw and label a bacterial cell.

170. How do antibiotics work?

171. Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

172. List 2 ways that bacteria reproduce.

173. List 3 ways that bacteria make positive contributions.

174. Which kingdom includes eukaryotic cells, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms? (hint : most biodiverse kingdom)

175. Fill in the following chart : Protist PartsOrganelle Function/Description Protists that have

thisContractive vacuole

Pseudopodia

Flagella

Cilia

Spores

Eyespots

176. Which kingdom contains eukaryotic cells that are either unicellular or multicellular and are heterotrophic (decomposers).

177. What does it mean to be a decomposer?

178. Give an example of fungi that is unicellular and one that is multicellular.

179. List the two ways that fungi reproduce.

Unit 12 Plants and Animals

180. Which kingdom contains organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic?

181. What are the major functions of the roots?

182. How are root hairs an adaptation?

183. Define the two types of vascular tissues found in the stems.a. xylem

b. phloem

184. What does a nonvascular plant use to transport water and glucose?

185. Which organelle is found in the highest concentration in the leaves?

186. What purpose does the cuticle serve for the plant leaves?

187. Define transpiration.

188. What happens through the stomata?

189. What controls the size of the stomata?

190. List the adaptations of moss that aid in their survival.

191. What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

192. What do gymnosperms use for reproduction?193. What do angiosperms use for reproduction?

194. Label and give the functions to all the parts of the flower below.

195. What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization?

196. What is a fruit?

197. Give 2 differences between a monocot and a dicot.

198. How are seeds an adaptive advantage?

199. List the parts and functions of a seed.

200. Which kingdom contains organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic?

201. How is being a hermaphrodite an adaptation for some organisms?

202. What is the difference between an exoskeleton and a endoskeleton.

203. What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?

204. What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?

205. Fill in the following chart : Invertebrate PhylaExamples Reproduction Excretion Respiration

Porifera

Cnidaria

Mollusca

Annelida

Arthropoda

206. To which phyla do all vertebrates belong?

207. Which form of reproduction do all vertebrates have in common?

208. Fill in the following chart : Vertebrate Classes

Examples Respiration Heart Temperature FertilizationFish

Amphibia

Reptile

Aves

Mammalia

209. List and describe the three kinds of mammals.

210. What are the two kinds of animal behavior?

211. Fill in the following chart : Animal BehaviorsInnate or Learned

Description Example

Reflex

Fight or

flight

Courtship

Aggression / territorial

Dominance hierarchy

Migration

Hibernation

Estivation

Circadian rhythm

Taxis

Suckling

Pheromones

Habituation

Imprinting

Trial and error

Classical conditioning

Insight

Unit 13: Ecology

212. Define the following terms :a. abiotic

b. biotic

c. population

d. community

e. ecosystem

f. consumer/hetertroph

g. producer/autotroph

h. niche

213. Define and give an example of each the following types of consumersa. carnivore

b. herbivore

c. omnivore

d. decomposer

e. scavenger

214. List the ways that carbon enters the atmosphere.

215. List the only way that carbon can leave the atmosphere.

216. Define the greenhouse effect and how it impacts the environment.

217. How does nitrogen convert from a gas to a solid?

218. Why do plants need nitrogen?

219. How is the nitrogen returned back to the soil after animal consumption?

220. How does water move up into the atmosphere?

221. How does water come down from the atmosphere?

222. How is matter recycled within the ecosystem?

223. Label the following food chain:

224. Which organism in the above food chain contains the most amount of energy?

225. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

226. What happens to the energy that is not transferred?

227. Where does all energy originate from?

228. What do all symbiotic relationships have in common?

229. Define and give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships.a. mutualism

b. parasitism

c. commensalism

230. What do organisms compete over?

231. In the predator/prey relationship, which organism gets eaten?

232. Give 3 requirements for increasing a population.

233. Give 3 requirements for decreasing a population.

234. What is a carrying capacity?

235. What determines an ecosystem’s carrying capacity?

236. Draw and label a graph showing exponential growth?

237. Draw and label a graph showing a population reaching its carrying capacity.

238. What is the carrying capacity based on?

239. How do humans increase global warming?

240. What is the impact of global warming on polar species?

241. How does an increase in human population impact global warming?

242. What do CFCs cause?

243. A population with which characteristic would have rapid growth?

244. What causes acid raid?

245. What impact does acid rain have on the environment?

246. What causes eutophrication?

247. What impact does eutrophication have on the body of water?

248. Define bioaccumulation.

249. List 3 chemicals that can bioaccumulation in a food chain.

250. Define and give an example of an invasive species.

251. What is a leading cause of habitat destruction?

252. What is sustainability?

253. Define a sustainable agriculture practice.

254. List ways of using renewable energy.

255. List two ways you can reduce your carbon footprint.

256. What is the purpose of natural parks?

257. Define stewardship.

258. Describe one practice of sustainable fishery.