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Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment i FINAL WMDP ESMF

Republic of UgandaMinistry of Water and Environment

Environmental and Social Management Framework

Water Management and Development Project (WMDP)

FINAL REPORT

20 March 2012

E3002 v1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project description

The World Bank is supporting the Government of Uganda (GOU) to implement a Water Management and Development Project starting in 2013. In order to aid various stakeholders to identify and effectively manage potential environmental impacts of the proposed project, certain due diligence environmental instruments, namely (i) SESA (ii) Environment and Social Management Framework and (iii) Resettlement Policy Framework have to be prepared in accordance with international good practice as well as the World Bank safeguards and GoU requirements. These instruments will provide practical guidance for management of potential environmental and social issues associated with future sub-projects under the WMDP.

In order to obtain the Environmental Approval Certification and Funding Approvals, the proposed WMDP has to prepare Environmental and Social Due Diligence Instruments, which ensure compliance of WMDP with the environmental procedures of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and with the safeguard policies the financing institutions, namely the World Bank and DANIDA.

Objective of the ESMFThis document provides an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), which is to be used by the WMDP in order to ensure that all environmental and social safeguards are adequately addressed. The main purpose of the ESMF is to (a) Establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under the project; (b) Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to project investments; (c) Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and (d) Provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.

Legislative frameworkThe National Environmental Act, 1995 is the principal law governing environment management and conservation in Uganda. A number of supporting regulations are also applicable to water resources management and include:

• Waste Discharge Regulations, 1999; • Regulations on Environment Impact Assessment, 1998,• Regulations on Waste Management, 1999;• Standards for Discharge of Effluent or Wastewater, 1999;• Draft Standards for Air Quality, 1997;• Draft Standards for Noise and Vibration, 1997;• Minimum standards for the management of soil quality, 2001;• National Environment Instrument (delegation of waste discharge functions) 1999;• National Environment Notice (designation of Environment Inspectors 2000;• The National Environmental Statute, 1995;• National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources, 1995; and• the National Environment (Wetlands, River banks and Lake shore management) Regulations, 2000.

In regards to World Bank safeguard requirements, the following Operational Policies have been triggered by the Project and will require specific safeguard provisions. The policies include: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50).

Institutional roles and responsibilitiesUnder the proposed ESMF, there are several agencies that will play a key role in ensuring that mechanisms and recommendations provided in the ESMF are implemented effectively. These include at the national level, the implementing agency the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), and the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). At the local level, District and Municipal government offices (D/MEOS) will also have roles in implementing provisions of the ESMF.

EIA/EMP preparation, review and appraisal processThe ESMF the environmental impact assessment procedures, reporting systems, and responsibilities to be adopted by the implementing agencies during the WMDP. The tools and mechanisms provided include:

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Screening of proposed sub-projects Steps to be taken for an EIA, including an application for environmental approval; An annual environmental and social audit of the WMDP; Guidelines on the environmental and social impact of potential subprojects; Compliance mechanisms; and Descriptions of roles, accompanied by terms of reference.

Main environmental and social impacts of the WMDPThe proposed WMDP subprojects are not likely to result in significant adverse environmental or social impacts if carefully managed as their main objective is to provide local communities with adequate financial and technical support for local level development linked with integrated water resources management, improved water supply and sanitation. However, if not carefully designed and implemented, these types of subprojects can lead to negative environmental and social impacts, particularly those which entail investments in infrastructure development and new construction (e.g. water and sewerage supply). Furthermore, weak or inadequate capacity for designing, managing and monitoring subprojects can lead to poor design and implementation and exacerbate adverse impacts.

Impacts can be divided into environmental and social impacts associated with construction and operation which depends specifically on the size and nature of the subproject and the environmental and social context where the subproject will be situated. The implementation of the proposed WMDP will result in a number of environmental and social impacts for the program as a whole. Some of these impacts may be negative or adverse while others are positive and beneficial. The potential adverse environmental and social impacts (both direct and indirect) of the proposed WMDP include the following:

Temporary disturbance of the land surface during construction of the water facilities and offsite facilities;

Land surface uptake and occupation of the land surface with permanent water structures and offsite facilities;

Displacement of settlements in order to set up dam, water reservoirs and their support facilities;

The construction and rehabilitation works for the dams and reservoirs will generate huge volumes of cut to spoil materials whose transportation and disposal can be a challenge in the projects;

Disturbance of the water sources during the construction of water intake and discharge structures and during any maintenance dredging that may be required for the intake and discharge;

Maintenance of some of the infrastructures such as dams will generate dredge materials whose disposal can pose environmental and public health challenges;

Impacts of water intake and discharge structures on the water bodies especially with respect to the operations and running of navigation and on fishing equipment;

Abstraction of substantial quantities of water from the water bodies for project related activities which can bring about hydrological impacts on the main water bodies;

Generation of particulate matter (dust) and emission of exhaust combustion gases products into atmosphere during construction and operation of facilities affecting ambient air quality;

HIV/AIDS concerns will likely increase due to influx of people to the areas in search of employment opportunities thereby contributing to the levels of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the areas;

Increasing generation of solid waste during construction and operation of the planned facilities;

Employment (and attraction into the local site area) of substantial numbers of workers for water facilities construction and operation which can trigger social conflicts in terms of housing and supply of basic necessities amongst the communities;

Potential conflicts over water use especially amongst pastoral communities can arise especially where those with large herds tend to dominate the small herd owners. Furthermore, some of the valley and small dams areas supply water for domestic use to the communities. The project should plan to provide alternate water sources for the local communities in such locations;

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Indirect and induced impacts associated with accelerated socio-economic development due to improved water supply, sanitation and irrigation services;

Potential risks of livestock disease proliferation amongst the pastoral communities due to communal watering from valley tanks and dams;

It is also envisaged that, if the construction of valley tanks and dams does not include support public health facilities such as toilets, areas around such dams will face challenges of human waste management especially when herdsmen congregate to water their animals yet they have no public toilets in the vicinities.

The following are the likely positive environment and social (direct and indirect) impacts of the Program and will contribute to other beneficial initiatives supporting the Project including the Kalagala Offset Management Plan.

Overall, the concept of basin-wide management of environmental resources as advanced in the program has a number of benefits especially its holistic approach to the conservation and protection of ecosystem goods and its services. It builds complementarity, synergy and eliminates duplication of effort in environmental management;

The WMDP is cognizant of the transboundary nature of environment hence, it seeks to bring related and key stakeholders responsible for the management of given natural resources in neighbouring districts and countries on board in the management of the project interventions;

Investments towards climatic data management and forecasting will help in developing fairly precise climatic forecasting which will equally be of use to the farmers in timing crop regimes and production;

Investments geared towards developing capacities of the stakeholder institutions that manage the natural resources will go along way to ensuring good environmental governance of the natural resources, hence ensuring their sustainability;

Construction and rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities will have significant positive impacts on the health of the communities and populations in the targeted project areas. This will go along way towards attaining the millennium development goals (MDGs);

The boreholes, wells and supplies derived from springs will make safe water fully available to the populations as well as their assets emanating from projects in livestock watering points and associated animal tracks (reducing or eliminating prevailing agriculturalist/pastoralist conflicts) and small scale agricultural activities and essentially improve their quality of life;

Investments in river banks stabilization will protect the rivers from siltation and sedimentation from run-off;

Rehabilitation and construction of community roads will improve safety and access to markets and social services centres amongst the communities thereby improve their livelihoods;

The contour bands will help in checking erosion on hilly areas and this will lead to improved productivity in the areas;

Investments in rainwater harvesting will ensure availability of water supply for domestic and agricultural use including livestock production. This will help communities move from rain fed agricultural production and also reduce water use conflicts during the rainy seasons;

Afforestation programmes will have a multiplicity of social, economic and environmental benefits in terms of contribution to carbon sequestration, supply of firewood and source of income at household and local government levels;

The plans to have in place irrigation technologies will ensure efficient use of water resources which is consistent with environmental sustainability principles;

The activities of the program will help to identify and to implement the necessary measures for the protection of biodiversity areas thus conserving the wealth of the species at the local and national level. Also, these investments will contribute to combating desertification; enhancing reforestation, soil restoration and the implementation of national conservation activities.

The water catchment basins will be better used for the socio-economic benefits of the communities whilst at the same time establishing sound management practices to conserve water resources.

WMDP subprojects may individually have minimal adverse environmental and social impacts. However, several subprojects in combination, or in combination with other government or private sector activities, could have a larger and more significant cumulative impact. This is likely to be the case in terms of potential deforestation, groundwater depletion, or surface water pollution.

Mitigation plans

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As part of the EIA process, Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) will need to be prepared and implemented. Effective implementation of EMPs will ensure that the appropriate mitigation measures have been employed to avoid and/or minimize any potential impacts resulting from the proposed activity. The MWE should agree with NEMA and D/MEOs on the supervision of the EMP within the overall plan for the project. Accordingly, the supervision arrangements for the EMP should summarize key areas on which supervision will focus such as critical risks to implementation of the EMP and how such risks will be monitored during implementation and agreements reached with the Proponent. If identified as a requirement of the subproject through the screening process, a Resettlement Action Plan, a Pest Management Plan, and/or a Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan, dam safety measures or a combination of these, is prepared alongside or as an integrated part of the EMP.

Public consultationsIn order to ensure that key interests of the public, at various levels of governance, are addressed and incorporated into the design and implementation of the WMDP safeguard tools, stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the ESMF and RPF process. The MWE conducted rapid stakeholder consultations at various levels of governance to solicit information on the implementation of WMDP subprojects. This was undertaken between March 5 to 8, 2012 for the following districts:

Mukono District which represents the Victoria Water Management Zone; Mbale, Butaleja, Kumi, Ngora, Lira and Nakasongola Districts which represent the Kyoga Water

Management Zone; and Kamwenge District in Western Uganda which shares the largest part of the Mpanga Water catchment

that falls under the Albert Nile Water Management Zone.

Consultations were undertaken through the use of key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Questionnaires were developed to guide the discussions and community meetings were held at the village level.

Based on the consultation findings, it is clear that the WMDP is supported by stakeholders especially where project investments will have a positive impact on improving social and public welfare and addressing environmental concerns primarily those related to wetland degradation, pollution of water resources and water shortage. Social concerns highlighted in the consultations relate to displacement of households, land availability and ownership, land conflict, destruction of cultural sites, and employment related to labour camps. Resettlement is typically addressed during the sub-county development plan as is the environmental screening and impact assessment. EIAs are not commonly undertaken due to the size of subprojects (generally district level), so EMPs are prepared during project design and costed for in the Bill of Quantities. Monitoring is carried out as part of the subproject’s monitoring schedule. A consistent concern across the districts is the need to address gaps and build capacity within the district, municipal councils and sub-counties to improve environmental management and ultimately support the development and implementation of water management projects. These concerns will be addressed in the WMDP through the various training and capacity building initiatives proposed under Component 3 which are budgeted for under the ESMF.

Grievance Redress MechanismIn order to ensure transparency and accountability, a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established as part of the ESMF implementation. The GRM will have a clear set of goals and objectives and a well-defined scope for its interventions and will contain set of procedures for receiving, recording, and handling complaints.

Institutional Strengthening, Capacity building and TrainingUnder the current WMDP arrangements, a Focal Point (FP) for the DWRM reporting to the Director will be appointed for the overall component and will be responsible for coordinating activities of the three departments and the WMZs. Supporting Focal Point Officers will be assigned to each WMZ. However it will not be efficient to extend the duties of the FP to include management and supervision of the safeguard provisions (the ESMF and RPF). Hence, it will be important to support this capacity with an Environmental Coordinator who will be able to manage and monitor the implementation of the ESMF and RPF and liaise with the FP and other stakeholders (federal, regional and district) on environmental and social issues related to the WMDP.

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It is recommended that funds allocated to Component 3 of the WMDP be used to provide the technical assistance to support the capacity needs of the implementing agencies to apply the ESMF tools and requirements. Funding under this component would be used to undertake workshops, trainings and ESMF monitoring which are needed to ensure effective implementation of the ESMF throughout the life of the Project. Targeted training and workshops should also be provided under Component 1 to support capacity needs under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan.

MonitoringThe ESMF outlines a number of indicators as part of the ESMF implementation which will be included in the overall project monitoring. In addition, an Annual Audit on ESMF Implementation will be prepared by the Focal Point with support from the DEA and delivered to NEMA.

Proposed implementation budgetIt is estimated that the implementation of the ESMF including the required provisions, training and capacity building will cost approximately $2,000,000. This entails:

Component 1: Investment in IWR Development and Management ($500,000)Component 2: Investment in UWSS Services and Catchment Source Protection ($1,200,000)Component 3: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Project Implementation ($300,000)

The provisions proposed under Component 1 and 2 account for the majority of the costs in line with the proposed Project budget.

The costs of preparing and implementing the safeguards aspects of the project are estimates as the size, type and location of the subprojects are not fully determined at this stage. It is not expected that there will be any significant land acquisition as part of the project; however, some financial provision has been made under contingencies in case there is any need. In there is a need for land acquisition, RAPs will be prepared and the project will consider any further re-allocation of budgets as needed when the project is reviewed at supervision and mid-term stages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Terms of Reference 11.2 Methodology 1

2. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION........................................................................................32.1 Purpose of the Project32.2 Project Components 32.3 Proposed Investments 62.4 Project Target Areas 7

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICES.................................273.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies and Requirements 273.2 Ugandan Policy and Legal Framework for Environmental Management 283.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines 293.4 Environmental Categories for WMDP Interventions 333.5 International Conventions and Treaties 33

4. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS...............................................................................354.1 Institutional and Implementation Arrangements 354.2 Project administration mechanisms 35

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5. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................................. 375.1 Roles and responsibilities in the ESMF Implementation 37

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS.............................................................................................................................426.1 Approach to the Consultations 426.2 Methodology and Identification of Stakeholders 426.3 Summary of Consultation Findings 43

7. IMPACT ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION............................................................................497.1 Potential Negative Environmental and Social impacts517.2 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts 537.3 General Environmental and Social Concerns during Construction and Operation 547.4 Potential Cumulative Impacts 547.5 Proposed Mitigation and Monitoring Measures 55

8. PROCESS FOR SUBPROJECT PREPARATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING...568.1 Screening and Review Process 568.2 Appraisal and Approval 578.3 Disclosure of subproject information 598.4 Monitoring and Annual Reports 598.5 Annual reviews 608.6 Issues Related to Resettlement, Pest Management, Physical Cultural Resources and Dam Safety 618.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism 64

9. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE..............................................669.1 Institutional Strengthening 669.2 Capacity Building and Training 67

10. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET.......................................................................................................69

Annex A: Stakeholder Consultations March 5 – 8 , 2012.........................................................................72

Annex B: ESMF Screening Form..........................................................................................................................78

Annex C: Sample Terms of Reference for an EIA.........................................................................................84

Annex D: Terms of Reference for an EMP.......................................................................................................85

Annex E: Examples of Contract Clauses for Civil Works..........................................................................87

Annex F: Format of an Annual Environmental Report for the WMDP...............................................91

Annex G: Impact and Mitigation Guidelines For Proposed WMDP Investments...........................92

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AfDB African Development BankADB Asian Development BankBADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in AfricaCAS Country Assistance StrategyEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanEAAPP-APL1A East Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL1 Uganda ProjectCP Catchment PlanDANIDA Danish International Development AgencyDEA Directorate of Environmental AffairsDWD Directorate of Water DevelopmentDWRM Directorate of Water Resources ManagementFIRRI The Fisheries Resources Research InstituteFPO Focal Point OfficerIWRM Integrated Water Resource Management JICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyKOSMP Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management PlanLGMSDP Local Government Management and Service Delivery ProgramMWE Ministry of Water and EnvironmentMFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic DevelopmentNWSC National Water and Sewerage CompanyNDP National Development PlanNFA National Forestry AuthorityNEMA National Environmental Management AuthorityNEMP National Environment Management PolicyNWSC National Water and Sewerage CorporationRAP Resettlement Action PlanRPF Resettlement Policy FrameworkSESA Strategic Environmental and Social AssessmentSIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation AgencyPIT Project Implementation TeamUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUWA Uganda Wildlife AuthorityUWASNET Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO NetworkUWSS Urban Water Supply and SanitationUWCAS Uganda Water CASWUC Water user committeeWMZ Water Management ZonesWMDP Water Management and Development ProjectWSDF Water Sector Development Fund

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1. INTRODUCTION

This document presents an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the Water Management and Development Project (WMDP) [the Project] prepared under a consultancy for the Ugandan Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The ESMF has been developed in tandem with a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) as one of a set of due diligence instruments required to address and manage environmental and social impacts associated with the WMDP.

The framework has been prepared to meet the World Bank safeguard requirements and Ugandan environmental procedures and will be disclosed as part of the project appraisal process. The MWE is the agency responsible for implementing the provisions and recommendations outlined in the ESMF.

1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE

The World Bank is supporting the Government of Uganda (GOU) to implement a Water Management and Development Project starting in 2013. In order to aid various stakeholders to identify and effectively manage potential environmental impacts of the proposed project, certain due diligence environmental instruments, namely the (i) SESA (ii) Environment and Social Management Framework and (iii) Resettlement Policy Framework have to be prepared in accordance with international good practice as well as the World Bank safeguards and GOU requirements. These instruments will provide practical guidance for the management of potential environmental and social issues associated with future subprojects under the WMDP.

In order to obtain the local Environmental Approval Certification and Funding Approvals, the proposed WMDP has to prepare environmental and social due diligence instruments, which ensure compliance of WMDP with the environmental procedures of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and with the safeguard policies the financing institutions, namely the World Bank and DANIDA.

The objective of the ESMF is to provide a framework for effective management of environmental and social issues in the proposed WMDP. It seeks to both enhance environmental and social development benefits of the project and mitigate any adverse impacts, in line with GOU and World Bank policies and guidelines on management of environmental and social development issues. Moreover, since the precise locations and potential negative localized impacts of future subprojects could not be identified prior to appraisal, it provides the basis for the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and/or Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) (through the preparation of the RPF) as needed for subproject investments.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The ESMF has been developed as a tool to be used in implementing recommendations for addressing environmental and social concerns and priorities identified in the WMDP SESA. Its purpose is to: (a) establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under the Project; (b) specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to project investments; (c) determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully

Ugandan Ministry of Water and Environment 1FINAL WMDP ESMF

implement the provisions of the ESMF; and (d) provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.

This ESMF largely draws from a number of project preparation studies (refer to WMDP SESA) that have already been carried out on environmental and social aspects, particularly on the implementation plans and ESMFs developed for the proposed physical activities (water resource management). The ESMF has been developed using guidance from the “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Projects with Multiple Small-Scale Subprojects: A Toolkit”.

The framework also takes into account findings of the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for 2010-2015, the Uganda Water CAS (UWCAS), the Country Environmental Analysis (Oct 2011) and similar environmental and social assessments and frameworks undertaken for related initiatives such as the Nile Basin Initiative and the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Projects. The framework also builds on existing environmental management tools prepared for the Local Government Management and Service Delivery Program (LGMSDP) and East Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL1 Uganda Project (EAAPP-APL1A).

In order not to duplicate existing tools and frameworks already prepared in Uganda, this ESMF focuses specifically on issues related to the WMDP as identified in the SESA and should be used by relevant authorities and environmental/district officers for that purpose.

1.2.1 Consultations

Stakeholder consultations were undertaken at various levels of governance to solicit information on the implementation of WMDP subprojects. The consultations were carried out between March 5 to 8, 2012 in the following districts:

Mukono District which represents the Victoria Water Management Zone; Mbale, Butaleja, Kumi, Ngora, Lira and Nakasongola Districts which represent the Kyoga

Water Management Zone; and Kamwenge District in Western Uganda which shares the largest part of the Mpanga Water

catchment that falls under the Albert Nile Water Management Zone.

Consultations were undertaken through the use of key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Questionnaires were developed to guide the discussions and community meetings were held at the village level. The ESMF has incorporated these consultations into the framework and will ensure that through the ESMF tools, concerns raised during the consultation are addressed. Where capacity building and training needs have been identified in these meetings, the ESMF has proposed a budget under the Project to accommodate these concerns.

1.2.2 Public Disclosure

For projects such as the WMDP, the World Bank’s Access to Information Policy requires that the ESMF, RPF and SESA are prepared and publicly disclosed in-country and at the Bank’s Infoshop prior to project appraisal. This allows the public and other stakeholders to comment on the possible environmental and social impacts of the project, and for the World Bank Appraisal Team to strengthen the frameworks, particularly measures and plans to prevent or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts. Towards this end, this document will be publicly released through the World Bank’s InfoShop, and in public locations in Uganda prior to project appraisal.


2. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

In 1999, the GOU began a series of reforms aimed at making Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) the foundation for water sector management and development. The sector is currently taking steps to build an appropriate policy and institutional framework for IWRM, including regulatory, planning and development capacity for information management, planning and infrastructure financing. The MWE has established four decentralized Water Management Zones (WMZs) under the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM).

The proposed WMDP is included in the current CAS of 2010-2015. The CAS supports the Government of Uganda's water and sanitation sector goals for 2015, which are outlined in the National Development Plan (NDP). The indicators for these goals include: access to safe water, water infrastructure functionality, per capita investment cost, access to sanitation, gender, management, water quality, compliance with water permits, and hand washing. The NDP also highlights the role of water as an input to the economy, primarily in relation to agriculture (including livestock and fisheries), but also tourism, industry, commerce, and energy. Both the NDP and CAS highlight prudent natural resources management – including water – as critical to sustainable growth.

In support of the CAS, the Bank prepared a Uganda Water CAS (UWCAS) that outlines priorities for Bank engagement in Uganda’s water sector. The UWCAS identifies limited development of water infrastructure and inadequate water resources management – coupled with natural challenges of hydrological variability and transboundary water resources – as key reasons for the inefficient utilization of water, rising unmet demand, declining water quality, and high vulnerability to water shocks. Environmental degradation and climate change are expected to place additional pressure on Uganda’s water resource base. The World Bank is well placed to assist the Government in implementing this reform package due to its: long history of support for sector reforms with MWE in both the water and environment sectors; ability to package financing, technical assistance and analytical support; and comparative advantage in addressing cross sectoral issues and working on joint programs with other partners.

Based on these findings, the WMDP will support the Government’s efforts to introduce IWRM by creating an enabling analytical, infrastructural and institutional platform to improve water resource management, improve productivity and service delivery, and reduce vulnerability to water shocks. The World Bank has played a catalytic role in introducing transformational reforms in Uganda. For example, the World Bank funded Small Towns Water Project piloted reforms that have now been rolled out to 75 towns; and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit series supported a system of fiscal transfers to local governments that have now been mainstreamed. The WMDP will scale up support for IWRM currently being introduced at a smaller scale through the Nile Basin Initiative and the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project I & II.

2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The Project aims to strengthen key institutions to enable effective water development and management; to support the implementation of integrated water resources management through select investments in one or more WMZ; and to finance investments in sustainable expansion of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (UWSS) services, including catchment protection. The team


will consider the option of a Sector Investment Loan as well as a results based financing which may complement the MWE’s use of performance based instruments (e.g. delegated contracts in the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and output based contracts in DWD).

The Project Development Object is to improve (i) integrated water resources planning, management and development; and (ii) access to and reliability of water and sanitation services in priority areas. The project will contribute to higher-level goals of sustaining natural resources, improving service delivery, and increasing economic productivity.

It is proposed that WMDP activities will be grouped under three components as follows:

Component 1: Investment in Integrated Water Resources Development and Management (USD 40.4 million)

Component 2: Investment in UWSS Services and Catchment Source Protection (USD 103 million)

Component 3: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Project Implementation (USD 3 million)

Component 1 - Investment in Integrated Water Management and Development (USD 40.4 million)

a. Sub-component 1.1: Identification, preparation and implementation of selected priority investments through a participatory planning process at the WMZ level. (USD 28 million): This sub-component will support investment in selected water infrastructure as outlined indicatively in the Table below. Priority investments would be identified in an integrated and comprehensive catchment plan prepared in “hot spot” catchments (see Figure 1) with the participation of representative stakeholders. Investments costing less than $400,000 (UGX 1 billion) would be implemented through WMZ, using the existing Water Sector Development Fund (WSDF), and larger investments would be implemented through the concerned line department in MWE. The subcomponent would also develop capacity of newly established WMZ organizations to carry out participatory water resource planning in at least one catchment in each WMZ, and to carry out environmental and social due diligence for the proposed investments, including consideration of potential cumulative impacts. It would strengthen the capacity of the WMZ to carry out stakeholder identification, analysis and consultation through the establishment of Catchment Management Organizations (CMO) in each catchment.

b. Sub-component 1.2: Improvement of water resources monitoring and information system covering the whole country (approximately USD 7.4 million). This sub-component will strengthen and expand the existing monitoring network and develop a comprehensive water information system that will enable the country to make informed decisions regarding water development and management. Activities will include: enhancement of networks for water quality and pollution monitoring; hydrometereological; and surface and groundwater monitoring. They would also include: equipping the national reference laboratory; and installing or upgrading key elements of the water information system at national level and in each of the WMZs. The development of the water information system would be phased, starting with a detailed study on optimizing its design, and then followed by implementation.

c. Sub-component 1.3: Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan (approximately USD 5 million): This sub-component will support priority activities implementing the environmental offset that complements the Bujagali Hydropower Project. These activities


are planned out in the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan (KOSMP) that was launched by the Government on May 5, 2011, and covers important ecosystem in the catchment of the upper Nile near Jinja. These include afforestation and reforestation, restoration of native vegetation, conservation of sensitive habitats, restoration and protection of Nile banks, promoting environmentally sustainable livelihood strategies, and enhancing the capacities of the national and sub-national entities responsible for implementation of the management plan. These include the water and environment, tourism, local government, gender and social welfare ministries, as well as National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and National Forestry Authority (NFA).

Component 2: Investment in UWSS Services and Source Protection (USD 103.0m)

a. Sub-component 2.1: Water Supply and Sanitation under NWSC (USD 55.6 million): This sub-component will construct, improve and expand priority water supply infrastructure and sanitation/sewerage services in the municipalities of Arua, Gulu, Ishaka-Bushenyi, and Mbale. It will also ensure the long-term availability and improved quality of water supply through better source protection. Activities will include: undertaking new or updating existing feasibility studies in each of the respective towns including environmental and social due diligence (EIA/EMP and RAP if needed); detailed engineering designs and the preparation of tender documents for the rehabilitation and construction of new water supply and sanitation infrastructure systems. Priority infrastructure improvements will be identified and a phased approach implemented to ensure sustainable water supply for the years to come. The provision of water and sanitation services for the urban poor will be a key element of the design for each of the four towns, building on lessons from Kampala.

b. Sub-component 2.2: Small towns Water Supply and Sanitation implemented by DWD (USD 47.4 million) – This sub-component will construct, improve and expand existing water supply infrastructure and sanitation/sewerage services in eight towns: Butaleja-Busolwe, Budaka-Kadama-Tirinyi, Kumi-Nyero-Ngora, Rukungiri, Busia, Pallisa, Katwe-Kabatoro and Koboko. In a similar manner to sub-component 2.1 above, activities will involve updating or preparing feasibility studies in each of the respective towns including environmental and social due diligence (EIA/EMP and RAP if needed); detailed engineering designs; tender documents for the rehabilitation and construction of new water supply and sanitation infrastructure systems; and implementation of priority investments. In addition to design and construction of infrastructure, the projects will ensure that efforts to protect the raw water sources and ensure sustainability of the infrastructure are undertaken. The main types of interventions in these towns will include water supply works, sanitation improvements, storm water drainage, community mobilization, health education, institutional support, engineering services - for design and construction supervision, land acquisition, and source protection. As several of these towns will be in catchments serving NWSC towns identified in 2.1 above, arrangements for coordinating the design and implementation of sub-project activities will be agreed between DWD and NWSC.

Component 3: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Project Implementation (USD 3 million)

a. Subcomponents 3.1-3.5: Support implementing agencies to effectively implement the project: This sub-component will enable MWE to provide oversight to the project and its directorates, DWRM, DWD, DEA and NWSC, to effectively implement and manage the project on a day-to-day basis (including procurement of computers and vehicles, vehicle operations and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, facilitation of project supervision and review missions, etc.). These sub-components will also support capacity building


activities for all key stakeholders including MWE, WMZs and WSDFs, catchment management organizations and District officials. Activities will include support for awareness and training on catchment planning and management, stakeholder engagement and training, and raising community awareness of catchment protection. Other cross-cutting activities will include training in procurement, support to annual financial audits, and implementation of the ESMF, RPF and Governance Action Plan.

2.3 PROPOSED INVESTMENTS

Most of the project physical investments in water resources management and development would include the preparation and implementation of targeted investments in water-related sectors (including construction or rehabilitation of dams, reforestation, re-vegetation of river banks, soil erosion control, other sustainable land management measures as well as small civil works for office construction and rehabilitation).

Water supply and sanitation investments would focus on priority water supply and sewerage investments in NWSC towns including Arua, Gulu, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Mbale and investments in approximately 10 Directorate of Water Development (DWD) town water supply and sanitation systems (including limited sewerage and sludge management). The implementation of selected activities under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan would take place in Kalagala.

Table 2.1 Indicative Range of Investment Options Typically Considered in Catchment Plans


Option Description

Valley Tanks Small water storages used primarily for livestock, groundwater recharge for drinking water and livestock limited irrigation and fisheries

Dam & reservoir Larger multi-purpose water storage – possible purposes include agriculture production, urban and industrial water supply, energy production, flood risk reduction.

Sand dams Sediment capture and water infiltration and storageSub-surface dams Prevention of excessive sub-surface outflowRainwater harvesting (off-farm) Small dams, ponds and tanks that harvest rainwater runoff used for small

scale irrigation and flood managementWater off-take (from river or water body) & distributary canal for irrigation

Diversion and delivery of bulk irrigation water supplies by gravity

Pump & distributary pipe/canal for irrigation

Pump diversion and delivery of bulk irrigation water supplies by gravity

Small scale irrigation (including drought protection)

Treadle pumps (shallow groundwater) or small pumps (dug wells, water bodies) with low pressure pipe water distribution

Water saving irrigation technology

Introduction of drip (especially for orchard crops) and sprinkler irrigation on a selected basis with private sector participation

Mini- & micro-hydropowerSolar power for pumps refrigeration (fisheries)Check dams Small dams to stop gully erosionContour bunds Small raised bunds aligned with the contour to slow or stop surface runoff

of rainfallFlood risk management and preparedness

Flood proofing, measures flood warning and communications, relocation of activities from flood risk zones

Drain and waterway improvements

Reconstruction and stabilization of degraded waterways

River bank stabilization A combination of revetments (stone, gabions) and vegetative planting (trees, shrubs) to stabilize degrading river banks

Reforestation and afforestation Tree planting to reestablish forest cover, reduce soil exposure to erosion, reduce runoff rates and increase groundwater recharge

Wetland restoration Restoration and improvement of environmental services

The project will contribute to overall environmental and social sustainability. In addition to including safeguards in all subprojects, it will finance environmental improvement measures, designed to address degradation, improve conservation, protect ecosystems, etc.

2.3.1 Subproject Exclusions

The World Bank Operational Policies set out subproject investments which are ineligible for investment as these may conflict with World Bank safeguard policies and the Bank’s operational mandate. These include:

Religious infrastructure; Headquarters for cooperatives, groups, or executing organizations; Acquisition of equipment for government services. This will be financed if government

services means services to be provided by the new water management zone offices. Administrative buildings (except accommodations for health workers, and primary school

teachers)1; Activities already covered by other sources of financing or are already included in other

national, regional public development programs and where financing has been secured; Purchase of mechanical equipment (e.g. trucks, tractors)2; Salaries to any persons other than providers of frontline services; Contributions to political parties, trade unions or any other interest groups; and Projects that may lead to pollution, deforestation, or other significant environmental

1 Water Management Zone offices will be built / refurbished with IDA financing.2 Under the WMDP, some equipment may need to be financed and will be identified during pre-appraisal.


problems.

The actual activities included in the list will vary according to the project and country context and should reflect the views of the major stakeholder groups.

2.4 PROJECT TARGET AREAS

The project will be implemented at national and sub-national levels all over Uganda divided into the four WMZs. The following section outlines the key geographical, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic features of each target area.


Figure 2.1 Water Management Zones and Priority Hotspots Catchments


2.3.1 Lake Kyoga WMZ

Source: Uganda Water CAS, World Bank, 2011

Feature(s) DescriptionSocio-economics Commercial rice production in the Butaleja area started in 1976 with the Doho

Rice Scheme, a government run enterprise involving the local communities. Rice is grown in the wetlands of the R. Manafwa basin. Expanding rice production in the wetlands is likely to cause further deterioration to the freshwater ecosystem in the area and may reduce wetland functionality in the future if no alternatives emerge in the medium and long-term.

In Nakasongola, fish and livestock are the major economic activities. Livestock production is characterised by over-stocking leading to reductions in forest and grassland cover. The fisheries economy has attracted illegal practices such as dumping of sand bags and overfishing. Also as the fishing communities grow, waste management becomes more of a challenge, reducing the quality of the water and also threatening their livelihoods.In Bududa, a small subsistence economy exists where production and marketing of agricultural goods sustains the non-farming community. Demographic and economic indicators suggest that this balance is unlikely to remain in the near future. Unemployment and low-value agricultural production will be unable to sustain the population. Already there are signs of increasing encroachment on the forest reserve to provide for basic needs.

The other lake systems in the Kyoga WMZ are the Bisina and Opeta Lakes which very important for the surrounding communities in terms of fishing, transport and supply of water for domestic use and livestock. A rhizome of the Nymphea genus also acts as a source of food during the dry season. With the changing seasons and extreme weather patterns as a result of climate change, the dry seasons in this region pose potential challenges for wildlife, livestock and farming systems. Most of the wetland fringes have been converted into rice schemes while other areas are being continuously degraded through over use by livestock. On the ecotourism front, currently there is no significant activity by way of tourism and recreation. However, the area is a potential


Feature(s) Descriptionsite, especially given the proximity to the Kyoga minor lakes. The districts should take the initiative to develop the tourism sector.

The various dimensions of poverty in the Kyoga catchment area include landlessness, large families, inadequate access to water and sanitation, access to education, and the degradation of land and natural resources.

Physiography and Land Use Pattern

Lake Kyoga Catchment area is part of the larger River Nile Basin, which stretches from the Great Lakes region (Burundi, Rwanda, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya) to North Africa. The Nile flows through Sudan, with tributaries in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia and connects to the Mediterranean Sea through Egypt. The Lake Kyoga catchment includes a series of lakes: Kyoga, Bisinia and Kwania and the numerous wetlands in central Uganda. The main inflows are the Victoria Nile and river flows from Mount Elgon to the east. Lake Kyoga is downstream from Lake Victoria. It drains out through the Kyoga Nile connecting to Lake Albert.

The Lake Kyoga catchment is among the largest catchments in Uganda. It covers about 22 districts: Nakasongola, Iganga, Namutumba, Pallisa, Tororo, Butaleja, Kaliro, Kamuli, Lira, Kaberamaido, Kumi, Apac, Mbale, Manafwa, Bududa, Kayunga, Katakwi, Sironko, Luwero, Kapchorwa, Kotido and Nakapiripirit.

The four major ecosystems in the Lake Kyoga catchment area include freshwater systems (consisting of the Lake Kyoga complex, several permanent and seasonal rivers and wetlands); forests; grasslands; and agro-ecosystems.

Land use practices vary considerably across the Lake Kyoga catchment. In the drier areas pastoralism is a common livelihood and a large portion of the land is composed of grasslands. In the drylands unsustainable use of the grasslands has been exacerbated by the large herd sizes. In addition, the frequent droughts negatively impact agriculture. Charcoal production has been a dominant feature in many of the wooded areas. The NFA is engaging individual and group investors in tree production in the central forest reserves. Monocultures of pine forests have been planted in Kasagala and Katuugo central forest reserves.

The well watered lands of Mt Elgon region support agriculture. Commercial production of Arabica coffee and vegetables are the main forms of land use. Livestock is kept under zero-grazing practices so as to maximize the land use. Mt. Elgon is of national importance as regards biodiversity. The abundance of forest and wildlife resources has brought the National Forestry Authority and the Uganda Wildlife Authority together into joint management of the resource. Nowhere else in the Kyoga catchment does such a wealth of biodiversity exist.

The lowlands of Butaleja district are dominated by farms in the wetlands. The arable land is used for production of grain crops such as maize, sesame, and other crops such as cotton and beans. Livestock production is relatively low in these parts. Working through farmer field schools, several institutions including the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Makerere University and the National Agricultural Research Organisation have been engaged in activities to improve the soil fertility. However, the efforts have only had a small response. The poor rains in the area have discouraged farmers from moving out of the wetlands.

Hydrology The principal inflow to Lake Kyoga is from the Nile which drains Lake Victoria and contributes an average of 25.6 billion m3 of water each year. The


Feature(s) Descriptionother affluents are much smaller, the most important being the Mpologoma, which brings some 610 million m3 of water from southeast Uganda each year, and the Okere which contributes an average of 373 million m3 water/yr, and drains much of the north and central eastern parts of the country. The Sezibwa discharges some 217 million m3 of water to Lake Kyoga each year, while the Omunyal contributes a further 40 million m3/yr, and the Adip and Abalang Rivers jointly discharge a similar volume into Lake Kwania. Direct precipitation over the major lakes amounts to about 6 billion m3/yr, while the mean annual outflow from the system is 27 billion m3.

Ecology Forest ecosystems range from the undisturbed forests in the east to extremely degraded forest reserves in the western part of the Lake Kyoga catchment. As one moves away from Lake Kyoga, the seasonal rivers disappear and the volume of the forested area expands.

The forest ecosystem in Lwampanga is composed of dry woodlands.The water hyacinth is still a major concern in Lake Kyoga. Large sections of the lake shore are covered by the weed, which reduces the volume of fish captured. Siltation is also encouraging further growth of the hyacinth. In the cattle corridor there is an increasing proliferation of termites. The termites are attributed to the frequent drought that limits the volume of below- ground biomass. The result is that they attack all vegetation causing the drying up of crops and trees.

Environmentally and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Opeta-Bisina Kyoga Wetland System: Located in Eastern Uganda, this system is a combination of the Lake Opeta Ramsar site and Lake Bisina Ramsar site were designated as Ramsar sites in 2006 and are both Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Together, this wetland system covers an area of about 123,141ha and is shared by the districts of Kumi, Katakwi, Soroti, Bukedea, Nakapiripiriti and Sironko. This system consists of one of the remaining most important and intact wetland marshes in Uganda. It is predominantly an extensive swamp of Hippo grass (Vossia cuspidata) graduating into dry Hyparrhenia grassland savannas. The wetland is very important for the conservation of dry land bird species especially the Fox’s Weaver Ploceus spekeoides, Uganda’s only endemic bird that breeds in this wetland. Part of the system covers the Pian-Upe Wildlife Reserve that provides a refuge for the local animals during the dry season. Pian-Upe constitutes the drier parts of the Karamoja region and hence is richer in the drier-terrestrial biodiversity. It is adjoined to the Bisina-Opeta wetland system by a series of marshes and papyrus swamps.

Specifically, Lake Bisina is a shallow lake covering an area of 192km2 with a flood plain of 30km long and 6.5km wide. The wetland system is also home to Uganda’s endemic Fox’s Weaver P spekeoides for which 47 nests were counted in the area in early August 1996 (Byaruhanga et al, 2001). Other species of conservation concern with previous records in the area include seven Lake Victoria Biome species; Papyrus Gonolek Laniarius mufumbiri, Norther Brown-throated Weaver P.castanops, White-winged Warbler Bradypterus carpalis, Carruthers’ Cisticola Cisticola carruthersi, Papyrus Canary Serinus koliensis among others. Lake Opeta and its marshes are the only significant wetland in Karamoja area. Like L. Bisina, it is home to at least five L. Victoria Biome species but the Shoebill Baleaniceps rex and the Papyrus Gonolek L. Mufumbiri are outstanding as Near-threatened species of bird in this wetland system. Fox’s Weaver P.spekeoides has also been recorded to breed here (Byaruhanga et al, 2001). Several human activities with negative impacts in the catchment including rice growing, livestock grazing, papyrus harvesting and fishing among others take place within this area. However, the wetlands are also home to migratory birds and other species of conservation concern such as the Shoebill (B. rex).


2.3.2 Lake Victoria WMZ


Feature(s) DescriptionSocio-economics Lake Victoria fisheries provide employment, income, and export earnings to

the riparian communities besides being the nucleus activity. It is Africa's largest inland fishery and the most productive freshwater fishery. Fishery yield from the lake is of the order of magnitude of 800,000 – 1,000,000 tons valued at 350 – 400 million US$ at the beach, with export earnings estimated at US$ 250 million. The fishery is supported by three main important fish stocks, the Nile perch, Rastrineobola argentea (Dagaa, Omena or Mukene) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Over 75% of the Nile perch is directed to the fish processing factories for export while Dagaa and tilapia are serving the regional and local markets.

The Socio-cultural and economic values of the Sango Bay EcosystemThe SAMUKA system is of high socio-economic, national and international importance to the people living in the surrounding and distant areas. system is a source of fish to the people of the area, source of medicinal plants, raw materials for building and making crafts including luxurious sofa chairs and mattresses. The plains are also used for grazing and tourism has been developed on Musambwa Island.

Many forest trees and wetland shrubs and herbs are used as medicine. The Phoenix poles are used for fencing and also crashed to form fibrous materials used for making luxury sofa chairs and mattresses. The wetland is also important as source of raw materials for handcrafts, building materials, fuel, and for hunting.

Fisheries in wetlands, and especially based on the Clarias spp, is socially very important. The wetlands are targeted for the Clarias, which are used as bait for catching Lates niloticus from Lake Victoria. There are huge catches of Protopterus aethiopicus(Mamba), which is considered a local delicacy, from the wetlands fringing the Kagera and Lake Victoria. There has been a long history of cultural attachment to Musambwa islands, where women are not allowed to stay overnight. The Musambwa islands are important for the breeding of the Grey-headed Gulls. During periods of drought the local


Feature(s) Descriptioncommunities use the floodplains for grazing their cattle. Sango Bay Forest Reserve area contains one of the World’s Stone Age Sites. The Site internationally known as the Sangoan Archaeological Site is located both in the wetland areas of the woodland forest and has some of the tools which were used by Stone Age men approximately 200,000 years ago. The Site has archaeological and religious importance.

Tourism potential in Sango Bay Forest Reserve: The area has tourism potentials ranging from bird watching, site seeing, community visits and a number of cultural sites.

Transportation: Since the 1900s Lake Victoria ferries have been an important means of transport between Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. The main ports on the lake are Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell and Jinja.


Lake Victoria has a surface area of 68,800 km2 (26,600 sq mi), making it Africa’s largest lake by area and the largest tropical lake in the world. It contains about 2,750 cubic kilometres (2.2 billion acre-feet) of water. The largest stream flowing into the lake is the Kagera River, the mouth of which lies on the lake's western shore. There are two rivers that leave the lake, the White Nile (known as the Victoria Nile as it leaves the lake), flows out at Jinja, Uganda on the lake's north shore and the Katonga River flows out at Lukaya on the western shore connecting the lake to Lake George. Lake Victoria has a maximum depth of 84 metres (276 ft) and an average depth of 40 metres (130 ft). Its catchment area is 194,200km2, which extends into Rwanda and Burundi. The lake has a shoreline of 4,828 kilometres (3,000 miles), with islands constituting 3.7% of this length. It has a water retention time of 140 years. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in the East African Plateau, and has a maxiumum depth of 84 metres (276 ft) and an average depth of 20 metres (66 ft). Its catchment area covers 184,000 km2 (71,040 mi2). The lake has a shoreline of some 4828 kilometres (3000 mi), with islands constituting some 3.7% of this length, and is divided between three countries: Kenya (6% or 4,100 km2), Uganda (45% or 31,000 km2) and Tanzania (49% or 33,700 km2).

Lake Victoria Basin: The lake basin has the fastest growing population in East Africa, of over 30 million, a third of the combined population of the East African States. Much of this population derives its livelihood directly or indirectly from the lake resources. The three East African partner states designated Lake Victoria and its basin as an economic growth zone because of its great economic potential, which includes a productive fishery, freshwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use, hydropower generation, aesthetic value, recreation and tourism, transport and the unique biodiversity along the shorelines and on the islands.

Fish stocks: The Frame survey data done by Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation indicates that fishing effort has been increasing substantially between 2000 and 2006. The number of fishers increased by 52%, from 129,305 to 196,426; number of fishing crafts increased by 63% from 42,493 to 69,160; number of fishing crafts using outboard engines increased from 4,108 to 12,776, a 211% overall increase in motorization. This suggests that the fishers go far in search of fish. Over the same period, the total number of gillnets also increased by 88%, from 650,653 in 2000 to 1,222,307 in 2006 and longline hooks by 61% from 3,496,247 to 9,044,550 hooks respectively.

The total fish catch from the lake has been increasing over the years with


Feature(s) Descriptionchanges in the contribution of different species. There was a declining trend in the mid 1990s due to reduction in the contribution of Nile perch. In 2000, the estimated annual landing was about 620,000 tons, of which Nile perch contributed 42%, Dagaa 40%, Tilapia 17% and other species 1%. The estimated total catch in 2005 was 804,000 tons, of which Nile perch contributed 29%, dagaa 48%, haplocromines 13%, tilapia 9%, and other species less than 1%. In 2006, the estimated total catch was 1,061,107.6 tons, of which Nile perch contributed 24%, dagaa 54%, tilapia 7%, haplochromines 13% and other species less than 1%.

The standing crop of fish in Lake Victoria has remained fairly constant over the years. The mean standing stock for Lake Victoria was estimated at 2.17 m tons during LVFRP II hydro-acoustic surveys (1999 to 2001) and 2.12 m ton during the IFMP hydro-acoustic surveys (2005 to 2006). However, the mean standing stock of Nile perch is observed to have declined from 1.29 million tonnes in 1999/ 2001 to 0.82 million tonnes in 2005/2006 surveys and its contribution from 59% to 39% of the total standing stock. The mean standing stock of dagaa is estimated to have increased from 0.48 to 0.83 million tonnes and that of other species from 0.37 to 0.47 million tonnes during the same period. Fish densities were generally higher in inshore compared to offshore waters.

The historical and current information generated through the different resource and socio-economic monitoring studies conclude that:

Nile perch stock is probably at about 40% of the unexploited level. This is approximately at the desired management level.

Nile stock is below the level which will provide maximum sustainable yield, but above a level at which recruitment to the stock is likely to be significantly impaired as the stock size has been declining since 2000.

Continued fishing at current effort levels will most likely lead to decline in catches and biomass.

Allowing effort to continue to increase is likely to result in over-exploitation of the stock and effort should be halted.

Dagaa is considered underexploited as the current biomass is probably greater than 50% of unexploited biomass.

Although tilapia lacked long term series data, it appears to be fully exploited. It proposed to prohibit fishing within 200m of the lake shore to create a buffer within which to monitor Nile tilapia

Lake Victoria has undergone successive disruptions since the early 1920s. Major changes in the ecosystem are: intensive non-selective fisheries, modification of the vegetation in the drainage basin, Nile perch (Lates niloticus) invasion and introduction of other exotic fish species, and the progression of physico-chemical changes in the lake. One of the dramatic changes is the development of a seasonal and lake-wide anaerobic hypolimnion which now threatens the integrity and biodiversity of this ecosystem. The endemic fish community of haplochromids has undergone a reduction in abundance and species diversity. The exotic Nile perch currently dominates the commercial catch together with the exotic Oreochromis niloticus and the small endemic cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea. Periodic fish kills in the lake raised serious concern about the environment of Lake Victoria and the impact of developmental activities in the lake basin (Ochumba 1987). Pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources has increased significantly and the physical alteration of the lake shores through construction is proposed.


Feature(s) Description

Hydrology Lake Victoria receives almost all (80%) of its water from direct precipitation. Average evaporation on the lake is between 2,000 - 2,200 mm per annum, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. In the Kenya Sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi and the Migori. Combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single in-flowing river, the Kagera, which enters the lake from the west. The only river flowing out of the lake is the White Nile.

The lake exhibits eutrophic conditions. In 1990-1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960-61, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. Oxygen concentrations in hypolimnetic waters (i.e. the layer of water that lies below the thermocline, is noncirculating, and remains perpetually cold) were lower in 1990-1991 for a longer period than in 1960-1961, with values of <1 mg per litre occurring in water as shallow as 40 m compared with a shallowest occurrence of >50 m in 1961. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass and productivity. These changes have arisen for multiple reasons: successive burning within its basin, soot and ash from which has been deposited over the lake’s wide area; from increased nutrient inflows via rivers, and from increased pollution associated with settlement along its shores.

Ecology Before 1954, Lake Victoria’s ecology was characterized by enormous biodiversity. It was inhabited by over 500 species of fish, 90% of which were Cichlids belonging to the Haplochromis species ‘flock’. They are known for their extraordinary ability to evolve rapidly to suit extremely localized and diverse environments, a characteristic termed ‘evolutionary plasticity’ . This ability has made the cichlid species of Lake Victoria an extremely successful fish. Haplochromis species accounted for some 80% of the fish biomass of the lake, an abundance which led Graham to believe that this species flock could support a trawler fishery of up to 200 boats. It also meant that Lake Victoria at one time boasted one of the most diverse fish environments on earth . With such diversity, the cichlids of Lake Victoria managed to exploit virtually every food source available, including most detritus, zoo- and phyto-plankton.

On the whole, however, Haplochromis species are a small and bony species, and were generally not favoured in catches. Riparian populations preferred the lake’s two endemic species of tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus and O. variabilis). Hence, by the late 1940s, British colonial authorities were debating the overall ecological efficiency of the lake. For many authorities at this time, the lake needed a large and efficient predator to turn Haplochromis fish stocks into something more economically valuable. The prime candidate was the Nile perch (Lates niloticus). This argument is central to what would eventually occur on Lake Victoria, and is therefore considered in some detail.

Evidence from other African lakes suggested that the Nile perch could do well commercially, and if the fish were introduced into Lake Victoria, it would no doubt eat the Haplochromis, and hence improve the overall value of the fishery. In addition, it was suggested that by introducing such a fish, fishers might turn their attentions to catching it, so easing some of the pressure on tilapia stocks. Because the Nile perch can weigh as much as 200kg, it was argued, fishers would be encouraged to use large mesh-sizes to capture it. Furthermore, the perch was said to prefer off-shore habitats, and this would serve to relieve pressure on the in-shore tilapia fishery.


Feature(s) DescriptionThe introduction of the Nile perch, had a decisive impact on Haplochromis stocks which it favoured as its prey, affecting both their abundance and diversity. It is believed that the contribution of this species flock to the fish biomass of the lake has decreased from 80% to less than 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch, and that some 65% of the Haplochromis species were driven to extinction in the process, an event which may well represent the largest extinction event amongst vertebrates in the 20th Century.

Freed from their evolutionary predators, populations of the diminutive endemic Silver cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea (omena in Dholuo, mukene in Luganda and dagaa in Kiswahili), flourished, developing into huge shoals. In turn, Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) populations that had hitherto fed on Haplochromines, exploded in response to this new food source. Similar and other impacts have reverberated throughout this previously unique ecosystem.

The water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, a native of the tropical Americas, was introduced by Belgian colonists to Ruanda to beautify their holdings and then advanced by natural means to Lake Victoria where it was first sighted in 1988. There, without any natural enemies, it became an ecological plague, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish reservoir, and hurting the local economies. By forming thick mats of vegetation it causes difficulties to transportation, fishing, hydroelectric power generation and drinking water supply. By 1995, 90% of the Ugandan coastline was covered by the plant. With mechanical and chemical control of the problem seeming unlikely, the mottled water hyacinth weevil Neochetina eichhorniae was bred and released with good results.

In the late 1990s, the surface area covered by the Hyacinth reduced dramatically. It is unclear why. It is probable that the introduced weevils did serve their purpose, although El Niño weather in 1997/1998 was probably also a contributory factor. It is thought that an improved light climate, an ever increasing supply of nutrients and a potentially unstable weevil population will allow a resurgence of this plant.The water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, a native of the tropical Americas, was introduced by Belgian colonists to Ruanda to beautify their holdings and then advanced by natural means to Lake Victoria where it was first sighted in 1988. There, without any natural enemies, it became an ecological plague, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish reservoir, and hurting the local economies. By forming thick mats of vegetation it causes difficulties to transportation, fishing, hydroelectric power generation and drinking water supply. By 1995, 90% of the Ugandan coastline was covered by the plant. With mechanical and chemical control of the problem seeming unlikely, the mottled water hyacinth weevil Neochetina eichhorniae was bred and released with good results. In the late 1990s, the surface area covered by the Hyacinth reduced dramatically. It is probable that the introduced weevils did serve their purpose, although El Niño weather in 1997/1998 was probably also a contributory factor. It is thought that an improved light climate, an ever increasing supply of nutrients and a potentially unstable weevil population will allow a resurgence of this plant.


Feature(s) DescriptionEnvironmentally and Ecologically Sensitive Areas

The Sango Bay Forest Reserve and Sango Bay-Musambwa Island-Kagera Wetland System (SAMUKA) Ramsar site constitutes on of the Wetlands of International Importance’ known as Ramsar Sites in Uganda and in the Lake Victoria Basin areas. It is located 310 39’ – 31052’E and 00059’ – 00049”S, with an altitudinal range of 1,130 to 1,190m a.s.l. It is a complex system composed of Sango Bay wetland; Kagera wetland and Flood Plain; and, encompasses Musambwa Island which lies about 3 km in the lake, from the Sango Bay shoreline - stretching to the Uganda-Tanzania National boundary, making it an important international cross-border management site. The site covers a total area of 55,110 hectares. The site has 331 species of vascular plants belonging to 88 families of these 122 are herbs, epiphytes or hemi-epiphytes belonging to 35 families; 68 lianas belonging to 38 families and 141 trees and shrubs belonging to 42 families.

The forest has 30 species of highland type tree species including Podocarpus sp that is important for its soft wood, as well as 12 restricted range tree and shrub species (Davenport and Howard 1996). The Sango Bay Forest Reserve are complex swamp forests with adjacent wetlands in the Kagera river floodplain. The reserves are very extensive and are mostly swamp forests. The forests represent the largest tract of swamp forests in tropical eastern Africa, making it of global importance for biodiversity conservation, especially because of their high diversity and endemism (Howard, 1991; Kasoma and Pomeroy, 1996).

Sango Bay Forest Reserve and Swamp are unique to the area in the whole world. They have steep edges between the swamp grasses and the Forest. The site is a breeding ground for several fish species, contains globally endangered mammals and restricted range primate species and is considered to be a Pleistocene refugium. The African Elephant Loxodonta africana (vulnerable) is a globally threatened mammal species found in the area. A subspecies of the Black and White Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza adolfi-friederici is restricted to Sango Bay in the Ugandan part of its range. In addition, a subspecies of the Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis doggetti occurs at Sango Bay as part of its limited range in southwestern Uganda, as well as the Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii.The Wetland System contains globally threatened species of birds. The Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea (vulnerable).

The Shoebill Balaeniceps rex (threatened) also occurs in the seasonally flooded swamps in Sango Bay area and is thought to occur in large numbers in the Kagera extensive wetlands. The site has huge congregations of migratory White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus. Unique to the area are Acacia woodland along the Bukola system; Papyrus mixed with Vossia swamp along the Kagera and Bukola Rivers; Phoenix species in the swamp forest; Miscanthus and Loudetia community in the permanent swamps. The area, also, contains one of the World’s Stone Age Sites, internationally known as the Sangoan, which dates to about 200,000 years ago.

Sango Bay Forest Reserve and Musambwa Islands: The Musambwa islands are three small rocky islands lie in the Lake Victoria. The largest is about 5 ha in area separated by about 800m from the smaller one covering about 3 ha and between them is the smallest which are just rocks jutting out of the water with little vegetation. The terrain of the islands is rugged, dominantly covered with shrubs of Earlangea spp interspaced with Ficus trees. The Musambwa islands section of the SAMUKA has 45 species of birds and it’s the biggest


Feature(s) Descriptionbreeding colony of the Grey Headed gulls (Larus cirrocephalus) in Africa hence a site for global biodiversity significance and an Important Bird Area. It’s also a breeding ground for the Long tailed and Greater Cormorants, White Egrets, Egyptian geese and Black crakes. The island has reptiles like the African rock Pythons, Cobras, Vipers and Monitor lizards Sango Bay Forest Reserve with Kagera Wetland System: Malabigambo Forest is contiguous with Kagera wetland and Floodplain, mainly composed of a mat of papyrus swamp sectioned by the meandering River Kagera. The Kagera wetland runs to the Tanzanian border. The major area of interest is the Kagera system and associated swamp forest in the Malabigambo Forest Reserve. The forest reserve is contiguous with the permanent swamp and completely floods in the wet season. The system has a high tourism potential ranging from sightseeing of the meanders which form letters of the alphabet, bird watching and it harbours crocodiles, hippos and statungas.

Biological Significance of Sango Bay Forest Reserve: The SAMUKA area is unique in many ways. It lies in the transition between the East and West African vegetation zones and this bio-geographical ecotone makes this area a unique complex of natural wetland and swamp forest. Sango Bay contains the biggest tract of swamp forest in Uganda. In addition, Sango Bay Forest Reserve represents a unique natural wetland type found in the transition of two vegetation zones within the biogeographic region. For this reason Sango Bay area is thought to be a Pleistocene refugium and extensive surveys of the swamp system may reveal more of the importance to conserve Sango Bay-Musambwa-Kagera area and its regional importance as a cross-border site.

Small sanctuary areas have been set aside at Entebbe (5200 ha) and Jinja (800 ha), otherwise the lake and its shore are unprotected in Uganda. Nkosi Island, south of Entebbe, is protected as a Sitatunga Sanctuary.

Lake Nabugabo: Lake Nabugabo was formed as a result of sand dunes resulting from strong winds. It is separated from Lake Victoria by a sand bar. The Lake covers an area of 22,000 hectares and lies 00°24’S 031°54’E. It is a shallow freshwater lake 8.2 km long by 5 km wide. This lake is surrounded by Loudetia swamp, especially to the north and has miscanthidium papyrus and sphagnum swamps. The 32 sq km (12 sq mi) lake is bordered by swamps, forest, and beaches and is separated from Lake Victoria by sand dunes formed by strong winds. Along with more than 300 species of plants, the lake is home to populations of hippos.

Lake Nabugabo catchment’s area has two flowering plants not found elsewhere and 14 species in Uganda are known only in this area. The most striking character of the rare Nabugabo plant is the relative dominance of carnivorous plants and members of the family Xyridacea; Many species of indigenous fish (Cichlidae) have been recorded. Three

fish species where introduced into Lake Nabugabo in the 1950’s, namely Oreochromis niloticus, O.leucosticus and Tilapia Zillii;

The fauna ecosystem consists of a wide variety of key animal Communities, hippopotamus and Sitatunga. While birds like king fisher’s, crested crane and some important migratory birds can be sighted; and

Nabugabo is an important migratory stopover-destination for Migratory bird species–at times during the year, the site (listed as an Important Bird Area) holds more than 15% of the world’s population of the Blue Swallow and support five globally threatened and nearly threatened birds.


2.3.2 Upper Nile WMZ


Feature(s) DescriptionSocio-economics The upper Nile region surrounding Lake Victoria is one of the most densely

populated of Africa with up to 1200 persons km in parts of Kenya. Population growth rates are among the highest in the world. In 1985, 32% of the Kenyan portion of the catchment was occupied by agriculture and, with population having doubled in the interim, deforestation and excessive cultivation with little input use have been the predominant land use trends. Additionally, the area has one of the poorest rural populations in the world.

The pervasive poverty has hindered sustainable use of land resources increasing degradation which is now the single most important threat to agricultural productivity. Much of the population depends on rainfed agriculture for its sustenance upon the cultivation of maize (Zea mays) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) which rank first and second in importance as food staples in this region. Food security is a major concern. Maize-bean intercropping is practiced on >80% of the area in the Kenyan catchment, 45-80% on the northern shores in Uganda, 25-45% on the west (Uganda and Tanzania) and >80% in the southern catchment (Tanzania).Northern Uganda’s main ethnic groups include the Alur, Acholi, Lugbara, Madi, and Karamojong. Except for the Karamojong, most of northern Uganda’s tribes originated in southern Sudan and, while maintaining distinct languages and rituals, share a similar approach to music, arts & crafts and dance.


The Upper Blue Nile River Basin is located in the Ethiopian Highlands and has a drainage area of about 176,000 km2 upstream of El Diem and comprises of six sub-basins. The river originates in Lake Tana and flows to the Sudanese Border to eventually meet the White Nile River at Khartoum, Sudan. The climate of this area varies from humid to semi-arid. Most precipitation occurs in the wet season called Kiremt (from June to September). The two other seasons are known as Bega (normally dry; from October to February) and Belg (normally mild; from March to May). The seasonal precipitation based on data from 1961 to 1990 shows about 240


Feature(s) Descriptionmillimeters (mm), 990 mm, and 190 mm in Belg, Kiremt, and Bega, respectively. About 70% of annual precipitation is concentrated on Kiremt.

The annual precipitation has an increasing trend from northeast to southwest. The estimated mean annual precipitation of the study area ranges from 1,200 to 1,600 mm based on data from 1961 to 1990 depending on the studies. The mean annual temperature estimated using the records from 1961 to 1990 is 18.3°C with a seasonal variation of less than 2°C. The annual potential evapotranspiration is 1,100 mm with a seasonal variation of less than 20 mm. Both cited studies used the Thornthwaite method based monthly temperature data from 1965 to 1969 and from 1961 to 1990, respectively.

Due to the summer monsoon occurring between June and September, more than 80% of the annual flow occurs from July to October and flows to the downstream countries due to the absence of storage capacity. Small tributaries in the mountainous region experience large fluctuations of streamflow due to the seasonal variation of precipitation (UNESCO, 2004). The monthly discharge time series at El Diem, which is the main outlet of the basin, between 1921 and 1990, taken from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, produce a mean annual discharge of 49 cubic kilometers (km3) with a minimum of 31 km3 (between 1972 and 1984) and a maximum of 70 km3. The estimates of mean annual discharge at the same location from previous studies range from 46 to 54 km3 due to the difference in recording periods and the number of data points.

Cultivated areas, woodlands, and grasslands/shrublands occupy about 60%, 25%, and 7%, respectively, of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin. The most common land use patterns are grazing and rain-fed agriculture, and as a result soil erosion is a big issue for the entire basin.

Hydrology The Nile River is about 6,700 km and it traverses international boundaries and travels through 10 riparian countries with variable water resources availability and dependency. It has a total catchment area of 3 million km2 its average run-off is 30 mm. The major contributors of the total flow come from the East African lake region and the Ethiopian Highlands. The Nile has three main tributaries, including the White Nile, Blue Nile and the River Atbara.

The hydrology of the Nile is contributed largely the many tributaries in the riparian water body systems and these range from Lake Victoria and its numerous tributaries, through the lower Lakes Kyoga and Albert which contribute inflows to the White Nile in different periods. A major feature of the Lake Plateau is the great increase in outflows between the periods before and after 1961–1964. The lake-fed inflow to the Bahr el Jebel where it enters the Sudd wetland is supplemented by the highly seasonal flow of the torrents, and half the inflow is lost by inundation of the wetlands and subsequent evaporation. The Blue Nile provides the greater part of the flow of the main Nile, but its contribution is more seasonal than that of the White Nile, being the residual of seasonal rainfall on the Ethiopian highlands. The regimes of the Atbara and the main Nile lead to a discussion of the Aswan High Dam and the variability of the tributary flows over the period of records. It can be summed that, the Nile River’s hydrology is highly influenced by the monsoon season. During the months of July-November the river Atbara and the Blue Nile contributes approximately 5/7 of the Nile’s mean annual flow.


Feature(s) DescriptionContrarily, the White Nile is not perennial, and as such, it produces a steady base flow year around.

Ecology The biota of the basin is moderately diverse, and endemism tends to be low, except in some of the old source lakes. The situation is complicated by the fact that at least two of these lakes (Victoria and Tana) dried out around or slightly before the beginning of the Holocene, and thereafter, speciation (especially of cichlid fish) may have happened at an unusually great speed. In general, the Nile offers a pathway for African species to extend from the tropics to a Mediterranean climate and spill over into the Levant and Arabia. Currently, as elsewhere in the world, invasive species in the Nile are becoming more and more common, although the oldest cases (some Ponto-Caspian cnidarians) may date back to the end of the nineteenth century.

The water hyacinth Eichhornia has invaded the Nile basin in at least three different zones. Since early pharaonic times, man has interfered with the river and its flow regime, in an effort to control the yearly flood of a hundred days, but large-scale damming only started in the nineteenth century, and culminated with the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s, reducing the river to a giant irrigation canal. More recent developments include the construction of the Toshka lakes diverticle to Lake Nasser. The river and its lakes are important fisheries resources; the various dams are generating large amounts of power, and fossil hydrocarbon deposits are under development in at least three zones of the basin. This may contribute to river pollution, which is still a local phenomenon, except in Lake Victoria, which suffers from eutrophication, and in Egypt, that combines a population explosion (almost four doublings in the last century) with a substantial industrial development.


The whole of the upper Nile River is squeezed through the narrow gap that is Murchison Falls. The Nile River of Murchison Falls National Park forces itself through a narrow gap in the rocks and drops 140 feet in three cascades. In addition to wildlife, the Murchison Falls reserve protects clean water and draws tourists that bring in much needed revenue. The park boasts at least 109 mammal, 476 bird, and 149 tree species. The park is also notable for its large population of Uganda kob, an antelope that has an unusual lekking breeding behavior in which males defend small territories and are visited by female mates. One of the world’s most easily visible wild populations of the rare shoebill stork occurs in this landscape.

Other important ecological areas include: Wildlife: Ajai Wildlife Reserve, East Madi Wildlife Reserve, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lomunga Wildlife Area, Tim Padwat Wildlife AreaSprings and waterfalls: Amuru Pii Hotsprings – Panyimur and Amuru, Aruu Falls, Moki Springs

Forest Reserves: Agoro-Agu Central Forest Reserve, Era Forest, Mt Waki. Two other important forests are the Mt Otzi forest ranges and Zoka forest. Mt. Otzi Forest Ranges are some of the most scenic mountains in northern Uganda. The mountain overlooks the confluence of Achwa River with the Albert Nile as it passes into Sudan. Mt. Otzi is adjacent to Nimule National Park in Southern Sudan and Dufile Wildlife Sanctuary in Moyo District, thus combining a wide variety of elevations and ecosystems, including the area’s highest point (Nyeri, 1,708 m asl) offering vistas of both Uganda and Sudan. It has the advantage of being higher and cooler than the surrounding land, so there is potential for hiking and mountain biking. The mountain ranked tenth


Feature(s) Descriptionout of 65 forest reserves in Uganda in species diversity and rarity of species. The Nyeri range is home to an isolated chimpanzee population, and is the sole habitat for chimpanzees in northern Uganda.

Zoka Forest is the northernmost tropical high forest in Uganda. While relatively small, it contains several primate species and an endemic flying squirrel only found in Zoka.

2.3.3 Albert Nile WMZ


Feature(s) DescriptionSocio-economics Agriculture: Crop farming is the main economic activity in the catchment

area that supports 75% of the population. It is characterized by subsistence farming with women providing the biggest agricultural labour force, smallholder out-growing, and plantation. The region enjoys favourable climate conditions and fertile soils that make it possible to grow a variety of food and cash crops. The main food crops grown include: maize, cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, beans, vegetables, millet, sorghum, simsim, groundnuts, Irish potatoes, soybean, and upland rice, beans, groundnuts, and fruits. These are grown for home consumption and for commercial purposes. The cash crops are sugar cane, tobacco, Distillation bananas, coffee, cotton, tea and cocoa.

The region receives a bi-modal type of rainfall with peak period of March to May and September to mid November that is favorable weather condition for crop production. However, crop production is well short of its potential because of the following: banana wilt disease (panama wilt), coffee wilt disease, soft rot of Irish potatoes, fungal injection of citrus, high costs of inputs, limited access to agricultural credit, inadequate extension services, poor management practices and lack of an organized marketing system. Livestock keeping and rearing is common along the river and lakeshores


Feature(s) Descriptionwhere there is high carrying capacity. The rivers and the lake are the main drinking points for the animals. The main types of cattle kept are sanga (Ankole and Zebu). Other animals reared are goats, sheep, pigs and chicken. Grazing of animals is done communally on the savannah woodlands, and forested areas during dry seasons. The livestock sector is faced by the following problems: epidemics like foot and mouth diseases, inadequate water supply, poor pasture and rangeland management, low animal genetic performance and poor livestock market facilities.

Fishing: Fishing is one of the main economic activities in the lakeshores of Hoima, Masindi and Kibaale districts. The sector provides employment, income to those engaged in the fishing process, distribution and marketing. It is also a source of protein for many families within and other districts in the country. Masindi district is popular for the production of salty delicious fish in Uganda that is caught in Lake Albert. The fish types that are caught include Tilapia, Nile perch, Nganya, Semutundu, Malapterurus electricus and cat fish. Gillnets are the most common type of fish gears used by fishermen and the mostly used gear size is 3.5 and 5 inches. Salting is the most common method of processing of fish in the area, followed by smoking.

The main fishing villages on Lake Albert are; Butiaba, Walukuba, Bugoigo Karakaba, Kabolwa, Wanseko and Kalolo. Minor fishing villages include Nyamukuta, Bisoma and Kamagongolo. The local traders and the truck traders carry out fish trading at the lakeshores. The local traders supply major markets and the surrounding rural areas. While the later supply fish to processing factories for export to outside countries and production of fishmeal for poultry respectively. However, the fishing activity has resulted in environmental sanitation problems on the landing sites and exerted pressure on the fragile ecosystem on lakeshores and in the rift valley. This therefore, requires constant and instant attention to ensure sustainable harnessing of fish resources and satisfactory human habitation.

Distillation: Distillation of waragi is a major income generating activity for the locals in the area. Distillation is commonly done along the river and the wastes are disposed off into the water. The raw materials used for making waragi are banana, molasses, maize and cassava.


The Albert Nile WMZ is largely comprised of the Lake Albert catchment area which is shared between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, is located at the northern tip of the western rift valley. On the Ugandan side, it stretches from the slopes of the Rwenzori Mountains in the Southwest, through the escarpment of Albertine Rift Valley down to the Victoria Nile delta in the northeastern end of the lake. The spatial extent of this catchment is a total area of 18,037 km2. Lake Albert covers an area of 5,270 km2 of which 2,850 km2 (54%) is on the Ugandan side. At an altitude of 615 m it lies between two parallel escarpments, that on the western side rising abruptly to nearly 2,000 m above the water surface. Like most large rift valley lakes, the lake is ribbon shaped lying in the northeast southwest direction and runs approximately 160km in length and is 35km at its widest point. The lake is relatively shallow with an average depth of 25m and maximum depth of 58 m, and has a total volume of about 280 km3. The lake is not regulated and has a normal range of annual water level fluctuation of about 0.5m. The main rivers flowing into the lake are the Semliki, Nkusi, Wambabya, Waaki, Musizi and Hoima.

Geology: The geology of the region comprises of the Bunyoro series, Pleistocene (sediments, alluvium) and undifferentiated gneisses. The dominants rocks in the southern part of the catchment are Porphyritic granites


Feature(s) Descriptionand gneissic complex which have undergone geomorphologic processes for a very long time. The rocks are mainly classified under pre-Cambrian era, cretaceous period and the present rock formations, which are as a result of sedimentation. The Rift Valley and the associated geology occur in areas affected by rift valley faulting. Their distribution follows the weathered detritus that had accumulated prior to faulting which has been removed by post rift valley geological erosion. Therefore the rock consists of quartzite stones. Other rocks affected by post rift valley include quartzite, granites and schist. Along Lake Albert shores there is a broad tract of river and lake alluvium land down as rift valley floor deposits. At Kaiso Tonya in the Albert rift, a fossiliferous ferruginous bed occurs in sediments making a period of recession during inter pluvial phase when Lake Albert was formed. In Uganda the oldest deposits are the Kaiso beds.

Soils: The practical application of geomorphology is in its use to interpret soils in a given environment. The nature and age of the earth’s surface, the type and magnitude of processes operating on the surface and the length of time to which it has been exposed have some bearing on the depth of weathering and soil formation. Ferralitic, ferrisol, and hydromorphic soils are the main types of soil found in this region. Ferralitic soils cover a vast part of the catchment. The soils are mainly yellowish-red clay loams on sedimentary beds. Highly leached, reddish brown clay loams are found in the extreme east of the Masindi District. These are of low to medium productivity. There are also dark brown, black loams (Bugangari series) found along the axis of the warp and these are mainly of low to medium productivity. The soils of recent origin that consist of quartzite are found along the escarpment. Their depth depends on the vegetation cover and land use. They are suitable for coffee and maize. Soils on high land areas developed on pediment fans are lateritised. They are red clay loams (kitonya catena) derived from K.A phyllites. They are of medium to high productivity especially for coffee and maize. On the other hand, greyish-black sands are base deficient, acidic and generally occupy rivers and valleys floors. These alluvial soils are of low productivity which includes Wasa Complex, Kifu and Bukora Series (NEMA, 1998).

Timber cutting and selling has become a lucrative business in the region and many people are engaged in the lumbering activity. Pit-sawing and chain sawing have been common both in gazetted central forest reserves and forests on private lands. Charcoal burning activity is being carried out in both gazetted forest reserves and forest on private lands. High demand for charcoal is as a result of rapid urbanization in the districts and the mushrooming trading centres in the region.

Agricultural encroachment and settlements in the forest reserve have resulted in massive deforestation. Almost no gazetted central forest reserves have clear boundaries. This has prompted immigrants and the indigenous people to cultivate in the forest reserves especially tobacco and sugarcane growing. Tobacco growing requires virgin land for high yield production. There is therefore annual clearing of forestland for tobacco growing. And this has drastically reduced on the forest cover in the past few years. People have settled in some areas of the reserve land with semi-permanent houses constructed.

Grazing of livestock along the forest reserves for instance pastoralists were sent out of the Kaiso-Tonya Community Wildlife Area, and instead went to the savannah woodland reserves like Bujawe Central Forest Reserve. Others


Feature(s) Descriptioncame close to Bugoma Central Forest Reserve boundaries, made enclosures outside the Reserve, but grazing of animals is done inside. This is affecting natural regeneration. Honey extraction by honey hunters who have on several occasions felled big trees in central forest reserves in search for honey. In the process, they set fire in the dry branch wood ending up burning the whole tree. There are also cases of periodic wild fires during the dry seasons affects natural regeneration especially in grassland patches of the natural high forest thus impending colonization process. All the above explains the high rate of depletion of vegetation cover in the region (Masindi District Environment Profile, 2005).

Impact of human activities on the quality of water in the catchment:Agricultural activities like poor farming methods, farming along river banks without living some distance as required by law causes a lot of siltation, tobacco nurseries close to the streams and river banks moreover with heavy use of fertilizers reported to have greatly impacted on the quality of water. River Waaki is fed by tributaries that flow around Kinyara sugar works factory, which is reported to have high phyio-chemical characteristics like high nitrogen, phosphates. Persistent deforestation due high demand of land for agriculture, timber for cash and fuel wood have left most land bare hence soil erosion into the water sources. This was reported to have caused river Nkuse to dry up in January and February – this had never happened before.

Overgrazing was reported to cause surface hardening by livestock movement causing high silt courage and distillation to the water resources. Distilling of the local gin (waragi), one of the major economic activities in the catchment using poor methods in which waste is discharged directed into the lake and rivers is one of the human activities believed to be impacting on quality of water. The activity of washing bays within the urban areas was identified as one of the human activities that drain contaminated water to the swamps and river tributaries. Human waste disposal by cesspool emptier which dispose off waste anywhere in river forest coupled with the poor sanitation at the landing site communities have greatly contributed to the deterioration of water quality in the catchment area.

Hydrology Lake Albert (main water source for the Albert Nile) lies between two parallel escarpments in the Western Rift Valley, at an altitude of 619 m, with an extreme length of 180 km and a maximum width of 43 km. Just over 56% of its surface is in Uganda. The principal affluent streams are the Semliki, which enters at the southern end from Zaire, and the Victoria Nile, which enters in Uganda very close to the northern end. Both rivers have built deltas into the lake, that of the Semliki is the larger and 90% of it is in Uganda. Although the Nile carries more water than the Semliki, it has little influence on the ecology of the lake, other than to maintain water levels. Lesser streams entering the lake from Uganda are, from south to north, the Waiga, Waisoke, Wald, Waisembe, Wambabya, Nkusi, Muzizi and Wasa Rivers. However, all these, and numerous small streams from Zaire, are highly seasonal and of only minor importance to the hydrology of the lake.

Ecology Vegetation: The vegetation of the area can be broadly be classified into forest, savannah, grassland and swamps. The main functions for vegetation include providing water catchments, food and being rich in biodiversity, climate modification and ecological indicator (NEMA, 1998; Plumptre et al. 2003). Forest vegetation covers most of the areas boarding Budongo forest and throughout the medium altitude forest zone. Small patches of original forest, forest regeneration stages, and the early herbaceous stage of the succession


Feature(s) Descriptionfollowing the abandoned cultivation of the area are characteristics of the vegetation. Vegetation cover includes broad-leaved plantations with species such as pine as well as riverine tropical high forests. Other reserves include Bugoma Central Forest Reserve, Bugungu Wildlife Reserve and Karuma Wildlife Reserve, which are in the catchment. Savannah vegetation constitutes of cauline-leaved perennial grass not exceeding 80cm in height, scattered trees and shrubs. The dry savannah lies contiguous to the Lake Albert and with the increasing altitude up the escarpment, turns into wet savannah and grassland. Swamp vegetation fills most of the water logged valleys. According to the Forest Department, some natural forest cover in the reserves has been lost. This has been due to illegal charcoal burning, timber harvesting and desire to create land for cultivation and settlement. There is licensed pit sawing taking place in some of these reserves. However, there is a problem of not replanting.


The northern extremity of the lake on the Ugandan side is protected in the Kabalega (Murchison Falls) National Park. The park is bisected by the Victoria Nile and the river delta and the Kabalega Falls (where the Albert Nile leaves the lake) are included. About 25 km of the lakeshore is included in the Bugundu Game Reserve, a buffer zone on the south side of the national park. A similar stretch is included in the Toro Game Reserve at the southern extremity of the lake, where there are grassy lakeshore flats, lacustrine swamps, and heavily wooded affluent streams.


3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICES

This document will comply with both the World Bank safeguard policies and the relevant GOU legislation as summarized below. Where there is a difference between the local regulations and World Bank policies, the Project will aim to apply the more stringent requirements.

3.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS

The WMDP has been assigned an EA Category B given that significant adverse environmental and social impacts are not expected due to the nature of the proposed activities. The applicable safeguard policies are:

Yes If applicable, how might it apply?[x] Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01)

OP 4.01 is triggered as the project may have potential impacts on the environment. The project will finance rehabilitation and/or expansion of urban water supply and sanitation systems (Component 2), as well updating of the hydrometeorological network and implementation of selected activities under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan (Component 1). The project may also finance physical investments in water resources management and development that are identified through a catchment planning process (Component 2) and civil works, e.g., construction and/or rehabilitation of office buildings (Component 3). Compliance will be handled through both a strategic environmental and social assessment (SESA) and an environmental and social management framework (ESMF). Specific costed EIAs and Environmental Management Plans (EMP) will be prepared as necessary, once the exact locations of those subprojects have been identified.

[x] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)OP 4.04 is triggered due to the project location that may include sensitive ecological areas of Uganda like the wetlands, Kalagala Offset,etc, even though activities in these locations are to improve the sustainable management of the offset. Compliance will be handled through the ESMF and site specific EIAs.

[x] Forests ((OP/BP 4.36)OP 4.36 is triggered due to potential project impacts on and in management of forests. Some of the project's interventions will include implementation of selected activities under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan that consist of afforestation and revegetation in the Kalagala area. Compliance will be ensured through the ESMF and EIAs.

[x]Pest Management (OP 4.09)OP 4.09 is triggered as afforestation in the watershed will likely entail use of pesticides for weed control. The ESMF will ensure that Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is enhanced and that the requirements of OP4.09 are mainstreamed into project implementation.


http://wbln0011.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/OPolw/665DA6CA847982168525672C007D07A3?OpenDocument

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http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/envext.nsf/47ByDocName/EnvironmentalAssessment

http://wbln0011.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/BProw/C4241D657823FD818525672C007D096E?OpenDocument

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http://www.worldbank.org/environmentalassessment

[x] Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)The ESMF defines the mechanisms to determine whether there are important physical cultural resources in project areas that will require special protection, and what additional studies will be needed as part of subsequent EIAs. Field surveys and environmental assessments during the feasibility studies will identify any important physical cultural resources that need protection.

[x] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)OP 4.12 is triggered due to potential for land acquisition associated with infrastructure development and limited access to natural resources based livelihoods in protected areas. Compliance will be ensured through the RPF and site specific RAPs.

[ ] Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10)OP 4.10 is not triggered as there are no known indigenous peoples in the project area of influence.

[x]Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)The project is unlikely to include any large dams. The development or rehabilitation of any small dams (i.e. dams smaller than 15m, as per OP 4.37) identified through the catchment planning process will follow required procedures, including ensuring that the structures are designed or upgraded by qualified engineers.

[ ] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60)OP 7.60 is not triggered as there are no known disputes over the project area of Uganda.

[x]Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50)The Bank/MWE technical evaluation needs to determine that the project will have no adverse impacts on any of the Nile riparian countries. In accordance with OP7.50, the process of notifying the riparian states of the Nile Basin of the proposed project will be completed either directly by MWE or via the Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat. The project encompasses international waters including the River Nile and Lake Kyoga.

3.2 UGANDAN POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The following section outlines the policies and regulations relevant to the WMDP. A more detailed discussion of Ugandan environmental laws and framework is provided in the SESA.

3.2.1 The National Environment Management Policy

The National Environment Management Policy (NEMP) was developed in 1994 as a follow up to the recommendations of the National Environment Management Action Plan. The NEMP sets out the overall policy goals, objectives and principles for environmental management in Uganda.

The NEMP recommended, among other actions, revision and modernization of sectoral policies, laws and regulations and establishment of an effective monitoring and evaluation system to assess the impact of policies and actions on the environment, the population and economy. The Policy also allowed for the formulation of sectoral or lower level policies concerning environment and natural resources management. Some of the policies that have been formulated in conformity with the NEMP include: the National Water Policy (1999), the National Wetlands Management Policy (1996), the Wildlife Policy (1996), the Fisheries Policy (2000), the Forestry Policy (2001), the draft National Soils Policy, and several District Environment Management Policies.


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3.2.2 The National Environmental Act, Cap.153

The National Environmental Act, 1995, is the principal law governing environment management and conservation in Uganda. The objective of the Act is to promote sustainable development by:

a) Integrating environmental requirements into all planning and production processes; andb) Ensuring that renewable resources are optimally used through reduced waste, use of

appropriate technology and finding of alternatives to present use of resources.

The Act also establishes NEMA as the overall body, charged with the overall responsibility of the management of environmental issues in Uganda. NEMA, in consultation with the lead agencies, is empowered under the Act, to issue guidelines and prescribe measures and standards for the management and conservation of natural resources and the environment in general.

3.2.3 Relevant Environmental Regulations and Standards

In order to operationalize the provisions of the National Environmental Act, a number of specific regulations and standards have been developed together with the accompanying guidelines for managing the environment. Those directly applicable to water resources management include:

Waste Discharge Regulations, 1999; Regulations on Environment Impact Assessment, 1998,\; Regulations on Waste Management, 1999; Standards for Discharge of Effluent or Wastewater, 1999; Draft Standards for Air Quality, 1997; Draft Standards for Noise and Vibration, 1997; Minimum standards for the management of soil quality, 2001; National Environment Instrument (delegation of waste discharge functions) 1999; National Environment Notice (designation of Environment Inspectors 2000; The National Environmental Statute, 1995; National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources, 1995; National Environment (Wetlands, River banks and Lake shore management) Regulations, 2000.

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES

3.3.1 The National Environmental Statute, 1995

The National Environmental Statute of 1995 regulates environmental issues in Uganda. Schedule III of the statute provides a list of projects that require an EIA to be undertaken prior to project implementation (refer to Table 3.1). The Statute defines an EIA as a systematic examination conducted to determine whether or not a project will have any adverse impacts on the environment.

Table 3.1 Schedule III Annex 1: Projects which Require an EIA

Category ActivityUrban development establishments of industrial estates

shopping centres/malls expansion of recreational townships in areas like

national parks or protected areas


Category Activity

Transportation all major roads all roads in scenic, wooded areas railway lines airports / fields water transport, pipelines

Aerial spraying

Mining: quarrying and open cast extraction of precious metals, metalliferous ores, limestone etc.

Dams, rivers and water storage sources: storage dams river diversions and water transport catchment areas drilling for purposes of utilising ground water

resources

Forestry activities: timber harvesting use of pesticides and fertilizers introduction of new crops

Processing and manufacturing products:

mineral processing foundries glass works oil refineries tanning and dressing of hides and skins food processing brewing and malting

Electrical infrastructure: generation stations, transmission lines, electrical substations, manufacturing storage schemes

Waste disposal: sites for disposal sewage disposal works offensive odours atmospheric emissions

Natural conservation areas: creation of buffer zones, national parks establishment of wilderness areas introduction of alien species of fauna and flora policies for management of ecosystems

3.3.2 Ugandan EIA Process

EIA regulations and procedures focus on the following points3:

(a) Screening Process

The screening process is designed to determine which projects require a full EIA process. The nature, type and location of the project are described in the environmental screening form with a preliminary indication of potential socio-economic and biophysical impacts (number of people/ communities affected, sensitive habitats, threatened species, etc). Based on the screening exercise, NEMA makes a decision on whether an EIA is required or not. In the event of an EIA is not required, the proponent is still obliged to describe methods and procedures for proper environmental management (storage of semi-hazardous materials, solid waste disposal, etc).

3 Local Government Management And Service Delivery Program (LGMSDP), Environmental And Social Management Framework, July 29, 2007


(b) Screening Form

A standardized Project Brief is submitted by a developer using a Screening Form. The form requires that the developer submit information on the proposed project/activity and inter-alia, on the following:

Developer; Contact points; Location and size of the site/facility; Inputs required (utilities and raw materials); Products and by-products (finished products and wastes); Methods of waste disposal; Anticipated environmental and social impacts (number of people/communities likely to be

be affected, sensitive habitats, vulnerable groups and species etc).

General information is required at this first stage. If in-depth analysis has already been done, results should be indicated on the screening form. If however, only preliminary analysis/surveys have been done, this will in general suffice for the screening form.

Where the developer needs assistance to complete the screening form, a lead sectoral department concerned or a consultant can be enlisted for help. Upon completion by the developer, the form is submitted to the lead department or the Authority. If the form has been completed correctly, the lead department forwards the form to the Authority for consideration. The Authority determines the follow-up actions required in consultation with the lead department. If necessary, the Authority, the lead department, and/or a designated sectoral working group may visit the proposed project site to clarify details or complete the information required.

(c) Authority Project Classification

Based on information obtained from the screening form, a systematic review of the information is completed by the Authority to determine whether an EIA needs to be conducted. Evaluation criteria have been established which provide a general guide for determining whether or not a full EIA is required. This ensures a fair and consistent review of all proposed projects at this screening stage, based on the information provided by the project proponent. As a result of this screening, the project is classified in the following manner4:

Class A: EIA Required – If the Authority, either based on the screening form or after additional information has been provided, has sufficient reason to believe that the project will cause a significant negative impact on the environment, it will require that an EIA be made in accordance with the provisions stipulated below.

Class B: Additional Information Necessary – In cases where doubts remain as to the significance of potential impacts on the environment, further information is required.

Projects categorized as Class B will be required to provide additional information prior to the Authority making a decision on classification. In this case, the Authority will give the project proponent, in writing, a clear indication of the information that needs to be provided. The Executive Director reserves the right to determine what additional information is required. After

4 Local Government Management And Service Delivery Program (LGMSDP), Environmental And Social Management Framework, July 29, 2007


additional information has been provided, the Authority will reassess the proposed project and will determine if it falls into Class A or C.

Class C: No EIA Required – A project may be categorized as Class C if it is determined that the proposed project will have no significant or adverse impact on the environment. The Executive Director may grant environmental approval to the project without further analysis.

Apart from the EIA content, the procedures require a public survey prior to the issuance of any authorization on the basis of the EIA. The EIA conducted by the consultants at the request of the proponent is submitted for approval to the NEMA that looks after the procedure for the conduction of EIAs (approval of the TOR, approval of the studies, authorization given to consultants and consultancy firms, etc.).

(d) Consultations during the EIA process

The Authority, upon receiving a project brief consults the lead sectoral department. It invites public comments on statements of project intent submitted to it especially from those most likely to be affected by a proposed project. It is only subsequent to these two consultations that the Authority is required to invite interested organs of the State to comment on both the statement and the comments to follow. A public enquiry is the final form of consultation.

To facilitate the EIA process, the following arrangements are proposed:

A special file is opened for every developer. Proper documentation of all the transactions and consultations for each EIA case, in addition to, where deemed necessary an environmental and social statement.

The Authority designs standard letters to be issued to developers who have submitted project briefs. The letter specifies the class of EIA required.

The Statement or its summary is published in local papers, also: (i) requesting members of the public to forward to the Authority any comments they may have and (ii) inviting the public to study and comment on the Statement which will be available at the Authority, the lead sectoral Departments and Local Government Offices in the relevant region.

The Authority, the developer, and the Permanent Advisory Group on EIA and interest groups hold consultative meetings with the communities after the public comments on a Statement.

The Authority issues a Certificate of Environmental Approval to any developer whose project has been approved.

Test cases assess the capabilities of local consultants to contribute to an environmental impact study (and in the process receive training); assess the strengths and limitations of the guidelines.

Testing will lead to modifications of procedures and guidelines. Documentation and annual statistics will be vital for modelling possible future expansion of development activities and related projects requiring EIA.

The impacts due to implantation of various industries in urban and peri-urban areas or the resettlement of populations close to these centers of economic activity will have to be dealt with in a timely manner for the safety, security and health of the communities. These issues will be addressed in the RPF. In cases where it is obvious that a project will not be in line with the laws of Uganda the Executive Director may reject a project without any obligation to carry out an EIA.


3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES FOR WMDP INTERVENTIONS

The environmental categories to be applied to WMDP subprojects will rely on the screening of environmental and social impacts which takes place during the pre-appraisal of the investments. Under the WMDP ESMF and in line with local regulations, the following categories will be used to screen subprojects5:

Category A are defined as those that pose significant environmental and social impacts (due to the scale, type and location of the investment) and will require the preparation of a site specific EIA for approval. For example, dams, reservoirs and/or associated small-scale hydropower6 may require an EIA during the design and preparation of the investment in order to ensure that engineering and feasibilities options being considered are environmentally sound.

Category B (e.g. valley tanks, check dams, small-scale irrigation) have moderate or limited environmental and social impacts, which can be mitigated and managed through an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and associated safeguard management plans.

Category C (e.g sanitation improvements, rehabilitation of office buildings) have minimal or no negative environmental and social impacts and the insertion of environmental clauses in the construction and supervision contracts for subprojects is adequate.

The majority of the proposed WMDP investments will be considered Category B since they are local level small-scale interventions which can be managed effectively by an EMP and related safeguard management plans where applicable. However, in cases where the proposed location and nature of the investment present potential adverse environmental and social impacts, an EIA will be required and findings of the EIA will be used to determine whether the WMDP will proceed with this investment.

3.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES

In 1998, Parliament enacted the Foreign Treaties and Relations Act which provides for entering into international, regional agreements and conventions. Uganda has entered into several international environmental conventions and agreements:

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat - Ramsar Convention (1971)

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CITES (1973) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) Convention Concerning Safety in the Use of Asbestos (1986) Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal.

In addition, Uganda has also entered into several regional environmental conventions and

5 For the WMDP ESMF, environmental ‘categories’ are equivalent to Ugandan environmental screening ‘classes’; however the term’ category’ is used to ensure consistency with the WB OP 4.01.6 These investments fall under Schedule III Annex 1 of the Ugandan EIA law.


agreements:

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968) Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (1994) Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme (LVEMP) Kagera Basin Agreement (1997) Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and

Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin (TECCONILE) Cooperation Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora

(the Lusaka Agreement) 1996 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

Uganda is not party to the Rotterdam convention that relates to hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade.


4. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

4.1 INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

The Project will be implemented by two agencies - MWE and NWSC - under the oversight of the Water Sector and Environment Sector Working Groups and relevant governing bodies (e.g. NWSC Board of Directors); and in support of de-concentrated regional entities (WMZs, WSDFs), local governments and their partners (e.g. District Officers, private sector operators) to deliver outputs. To facilitate integration within the sector, an MOU/MOUs outlining joint responsibilities will be signed between the implementing agencies and entities responsible for specific activities (e.g. NFA, districts).

As the GoU is currently implementing a SWAp, the Project’s institutional and implementation arrangements have been designed to align with existing structures, build on the comparative advantage and experience of the various departments in the Ministry, enhance coordination and synergy across the different departments, and implement the principles of integrated water resources management across the water and environment sectors from the central to the local levels. Day-to-day implementation will be carried out by MWE and NWSC.

The Project’s primary stakeholders are the: a) MWE through which the project will be implemented in coordination with its relevant departments (e.g. DWRM, DWD, DEA); b) NWSC which will play a key role in large urban investment activities; iii) local governments who will work with MWE to develop catchment plans and improve the framework for decentralized management of water resources; as well as to engage private operators to operate and manage small town water supplies; iv) and local communities and consumers who will participate in catchment based planning, and benefit from the outputs and outcomes of the project. Other stakeholders include the members (Government and Development Partners) of the Water and Environment Sector Working Group, which is responsible for making important sector planning and budget decisions, vetting new project proposals, and advocating for policy and institutional reforms. The Bank has agreed to collaborate in this effort with Working Group partners including Danida and AfDB.

4.2 PROJECT ADMINISTRATION MECHANISMS

To the maximum extent possible the Project implementation arrangements utilize existing structures and capacity within the Ministry and NWSC. The institutional arrangements are illustrated in Figure 4.1 and detailed below.

Component 1: Investment in Water Resources Development and Management

a) Component 1 will be managed and administered by the Director, Water Resources Management (DWRM). A Focal Point reporting to the Director will be appointed for the overall component who will be responsible for coordinating the activities of the three departments and the WMZs and for consolidating all required reports and annual plans and for regular progress reporting. Each of the DWRM departments will also appoint sub-component Focal Points for their respective sub-component. The WMZ will appoint Focal Points from among its staff that mirrors the Department sub-component Focal Points. The Focal Points will coordinate activities with their respective sub-components and with other sub-components; monitor work progress, implementation of the procurement plan, achievement of


sub-component miles and results; and prepare annual work plan in consultation with the activity teams. The Focal Points will also consolidate their respective annual workplans, procurement plans and progress reports.

b) Arrangements for implementation of the investments and management actions prioritized in the catchment in a plan agreed with the CMO. The Catchment Plan (CP) and its constituent investment and management proposals would be reviewed by Joint Sector Review Committee, which is a body establish by the Ministry and the donors to provide a mechanism for technical review and coordination. The final approved plan is then divided into two parts: (i) the proposed management actions would be prepared and implemented jointly by the WMZ and the concerned department within DWRM and the Ministry; and (ii) the proposed investment sub-projects which are to be prepared by the Water Sector Development Fund (WSDF) or the concerned Ministry Departments (DWD or DEA) depending on the current threshold for project implementation. Sub-project financing would be provided by the Project through the DWRM in accordance with an agree Sub-Project Technical Brief prepared by the WMZ for each proposed investment.

Component 2: Investment in UWSS services and catchment protection

a) The Directorate of Water Department (DWD) in the MWE will be primarily responsible for project management activities including for conducting EIAs, monitoring and evaluation, project management support, procurement, financial audits and capacity building.

b) A Project Implementation Team (PIT) is established in the MWE to implement the small town component and take the coordination responsibility between the other implementing agencies that are involved in the related project activities. Implementation of the catchment management and protection activities, project activities around the large towns, as well as in towns that are identified to be transferred to the NWSC require coordination among the implementing agencies. The DWD as the lead institution will take the coordination responsibility.

Figure 4.1: Organization of WMDP implementation arrangements within DWR


5. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

5.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF IMPLEMENTATION

The MWE and NSWC are the implementing agencies for the WMDP and have the responsibility for setting national policies and standards, managing and regulating water resources and determining priorities for water development and management. The MWE will coordinate with NEMA on ensuring that environmental and social issues are addressed effectively throughout the lifecycle of the Project.

NEMA was established under the Statute is the principal agency responsible for the management of the environment and was created as a result of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994. Implementation of the different environmental issues is done through the relevant government institutions (Lead Agencies) within whose mandate the respective issues lie. The role of NEMA is to coordinate the input by all the different lead agencies and ensure compliance with the National Environmental Policy and Law.

The following diagram presents an overview of the MWE with Directorates, Departments, and linkages to committees and parastatal agencies under the Ministry.

Figure 5.1 Overview of MWE with Directorates and Departments

Implementation of the ESMF will involve multiple institutions at all levels as seen in Table 5.1.


Table 5.1 Institutional roles and responsibilities for environmental management under the WMDP

MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS

MANDATES/RESPONSIBILITIES

The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED)

The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), mobilizes funds, allocates them to sectors and coordinates development partner inputs. MFPED reviews sector plans as a basis for allocation and release of funds, and reports on compliance with sector and national objectives.

The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE)

The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) has the overall mission: to promote and ensure the rational and sustainable utilization, development and effective management of water and environment resources for socio-economic development of the country. The ministry has three directorates: Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM), Directorate of Water Development (DWD) and the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA).

Ministry of Local Government

The Ministry is mandated to carry out a number of responsibilities in the Local Government Act as follows: to inspect, monitor, and where necessary offer technical advice/assistance, support supervision and training to all Local Governments; to coordinate and advise Local Governments for purposes of harmonization and advocacy; to act a Liaison/Linkage Ministry with respect to other Central Government Ministries and Departments, Parastatals, Private Sector, Regional and International Organizations; and to research, analyze, develop and formulate national policies on all taxes, fees, levies, rates for Local Governments.

STATUTORY AGENCIESNational Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA was formed under the Environment Act 1995 is the principal agency in Uganda for the management of the environment. It role is to coordinate, monitor and supervise all activities in the field of the environment. NEMA is under the Ministry of Water and Environment, and has a cross-sectoral mandate and is also to review and approve EIS submitted to it. NEMA has issued guidelines on EIAs (NEMA 1997), and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (1998) was approved by the Ugandan Parliament. The actual implementation of the EIA process remains a function of the relevant line ministries and departments, the private sector, NGOs, the developers, recipient communities and the general public.

NEMA retains its mandatory role of coordination, supervision and monitoring environmental issues. As for the implementation of the EIA process, NEMA’s role will involve coordinating the review of the EIS of the planned interventions with relevant line agencies. Other lead agencies that would participate in the review are the Ministry of Local Government and local governments.

Specifically, the Environmental Monitoring and Compliance Division of NEMA is responsible for the review and approval of EIAs, post-implementation audits and monitoring of approved projects. Although project sponsors have a responsibility for monitoring their own activities, NEMA carries out its own monitoring largely through district environmental officers and environmental inspectors at NEMA's head office.

Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)

Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), under the Uganda Wildlife Act, provides for sustainable management of wildlife; to consolidate the law relating to wildlife management, to establish a coordinating, monitoring and a supervisory body for that purpose and for other matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing. UWA in this case will have the role of monitoring the implementation of the EMPs to specifically ensure that the provisions for mitigating the impacts across protected areas are implemented by the project.

National Forestry Authority (NFA) National Forestry Authority (NFA), was established by the National Forestry and

Tree Planting Act 2003 to conserve, develop, and manage the Central Forest Reserves and to supply quality forestry-related products and services. NFA


manages Central Forest reserves on behalf of government and in partnership with the private sector and local communities. NFA will closely monitor the activities of the project across forested areas.

National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC)

The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) is a parastatal that operates and provides water and sewerage services for 23 large urban centers across the country including Kampala. NWSC’s activities are aimed at expanding service coverage, improving efficiency in service delivery and increasing labour productivity. Key among its objectives is to plough back generated surpluses for infrastructure improvements and new investments.

DIRECTORATESDirectorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA)

The DEA is responsible for environmental policy, regulation, coordination, inspection, supervision and monitoring of the environment and natural resources as well as the restoration of degraded ecosystems and mitigating and adapting to climate change. DEA comprised the four departments of Environmental Support Services (DESS), Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD), Wetlands Management (WMD) and the Department of Meteorology (DOM). DEA works in collaboration with NEMA and NFA.

Directorate of Water Development (DWD)

The DWD is responsible for providing overall technical oversight for the planning, implementation and supervision of the delivery of urban and rural water and sanitation services across the country, including water for production. DWD is responsible for regulation of provision of water supply and sanitation and the provision of capacity development and other support services to Local Governments, Private Operators and other service providers. DWD comprises three Departments; Rural Water Supply and Sanitation; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation and Water for Production.

Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM)

The DWRM is responsible for developing and maintaining national water laws, policies and regulations; managing, monitoring and regulation of water resources through issuing water use, abstraction and wastewater discharge permits; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) activities; coordinating Uganda’s participation in joint management of transboundary waters resources and peaceful cooperation with Nile Basin riparian countries. The directorate comprises three departments namely Department of Water Resources Monitoring and Assessments, Department of Water Resources Regulation and Department of Water Quality Management.

DISTRICTSDistrict Environment Officer (DEO)

The functions of the district environment officer includes the following: advise the district Environment committee on all matters relating to the

environment; liaise with the authority on all matters relating to the environment; to make such reports to the authority as may be prescribed; promote environmental awareness through public educational campaigns; assist local environment committees in the performance of their functions as

provided for in the National Environment Act Cap 153; gather and manage information on the environment and the utilisation of

natural resources in the district; to serve as secretary to the district Environment committee and such other

functions as may be prescribed by the District council in consultation with the authority.


District Environmental Committees

The functions of the District Environment Committees include:

Act as a forum for community members to discuss and recommend environmental policies and bye laws to the District Council;

Advise the District Technical Planning Committee, the District Council and NEMA on environmental management issues in the district.

Mobilize members of the public to initiate and participate in environmental activities;

Develop, in consultation with the District Technical Planning Committee, District Environment Action Plans;

Receive draft District Development Plans from the District Technical Planning Committee for review and endorsement;

Co-ordinate the activities of the District Council relating to the management of the environment and natural resources;

Ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into all district plans and projects; and

Coordinate with NEMA on all issues relating to environment management.

MUNICIPALMunicipal Environmental Officer

The functions of the a Municipal Environment Officer include the following: advise the urban Environment committee on all matters relating to the

environment; liaise with NEMA on all matters relating to the environment; to make such reports to NEMA as may be prescribed; promote environmental awareness in urban areas through public educational

campaigns; assist local environment committees in the performance of their functions as

provided for in the National Environment Act Cap 153; gather and manage information on the environment and the utilisation of

natural resources in urban areas; and perform any such other functions as may be prescribed by the Council in

consultation with NEMA.Development Partners The country has considerable Development Partner support for the development

budget. These include ADB, Austria, BADEA, DANIDA, EU, France, Germany, JICA, UNICEF and Sida.

Private Sector

Private Sector firms undertake design and construction in the sector under contract to local and central government. Private hand pump mechanics and scheme attendants provide maintenance services to water users in rural and peri-urban areas. Private operators manage piped water services in small towns and rural growth centers.

NGOs

The current drive by MWE to make it possible for Districts to engage NGOs in mobilization for Water and Sanitation activities is intended to address this challenge. Districts are being encouraged to engage NGOs that have the expertise to carry out community mobilisation, training, hygiene and sanitation promotion activities. The NGOs working in the sector are coordinated at the national level through UWASNET, Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network an umbrella organization, which has been largely funded by sector development partners through MWE.

Local Environmental Committees

Local Environment Committees are appointed by the Local Government System on the advice of the District Environment Committee. The functions of Local Environment Committees include:

Prepare Local Environment Work Plans; Mobilize people, through self-help projects to conserve the environment,

restore the degraded environment and improve the natural environment, and Monitor and report on any event or activity, which has or is likely to have a

significant impact on the environment.


Water Management at District Level

Local Governments (Districts, Town Councils, Sub-Counties) are empowered by the Local Governments Act (2000) to provide water services. They receive funding from the center in the form of a conditional grant and can also mobilize additional local resources for water and sanitation programs. Local Governments, in consultation with MWE appoint and manage private operators for urban piped water schemes that are outside the jurisdiction of NWSC.

The restructuring of Districts recommended that established posts in the District Water Office are the District Water Officer; Assistant District Water Officer; County Water Officers and Borehole Technician. This led to problems in implementation and follow up of community management and sanitation activities, as District Water Officers were overwhelmed with activities. The District Community Development Department and Health Directorate were supposed to fill the human resource gap but the high demand for their services by the agriculture and health sector further complicated the situation. In a bid to address the gap, MWE advised Districts to recruit staff on contract basis. Some Districts seconded staff from the other Departments. However there are still staffing gaps in many Districts, which undermine the capacity to effectively implement and coordinate software and sanitation activities.

COMMUNITYBeneficiary Communities The Communities are responsible for demanding, planning, contributing a cash

contribution to capital cost, and operating and maintaining rural water supply and sanitation facilities. A water user committee (WUC), which is sometimes referred to as a Water and Sanitation Committee (WSC) should ideally be established at each water point. Being the primary beneficiaries of the project, the community will be made to participate fully in all aspects of the program including project identification, preparation, implementation, operation and maintenance.


6. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

6.1 APPROACH TO THE CONSULTATIONS

In order to ensure that key interests of the public, at various levels of governance, are addressed and incorporated into the design and implementation of the WMDP safeguard tools, stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the ESMF and RPF process.

The MWE conducted rapid stakeholder consultations at various levels of governance to solicit information on the implementation of WMDP subprojects. This was undertaken between March 5 to 8, 2012 for the following districts7 (further detailed in Table 6.1):

Mukono District which represents the Victoria Water Management Zone; Mbale, Butaleja, Kumi, Ngora, Lira and Nakasongola Districts which represent the Kyoga

Water Management Zone; and Kamwenge District in Western Uganda which shares the largest part of the Mpanga Water

catchment that falls under the Albert Nile Water Management Zone.

Table 6.1 Targeted locations for consultations

WMZ Districts Municipality Town Board Sub-County CommunitiesLake Victoria Mukono Mukono Mukono Kabibiri KasawoLake Kyoga Nakasogola Wabale Wabale

Mbale MbaleButaleja Kachonga NabigandaKumi Kumi Town BoardNgora AguLira Lira Aromo

LiraAromoLira

Albert Nile Kamwenge Kahunge Kahunge

6.2 METHODOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholder consultations were interactive in nature and targeted at different levels: district, municipal council, sub-county and communities and included the relevant representatives in each, as illustrated in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 Key stakeholder groups and representatives

Level RepresentativesDistrict Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)

Water Management Zonal Officials (WMZO) District Chairperson (LCV) District Technical Planning Committee DTPC (comprises of all sectors at district level) Political Wing: District Secretary for Environment, Production, Health and Works

Municipal Council Municipal Technical Planning Committee (MTPC) Municipal Committees on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Political Wing

7 The Upper Nile Water Management Zone was not visited as part of this consultation due to a limited budget for consultations.


Level RepresentativesSub-county Sub-county Chief

Sub-county Chairperson (LC III) Sub-county Technical Planning Committee

Communities Rural settings Urban setting

Consultations were undertaken through the use of key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Questionnaires were developed to guide the discussions and community meetings were held at the village level.

The questionnaires and discussions aimed to enlist feedback from stakeholders on the following:

Issues that can be addressed through changes in project scope and design, and reflected in the basic documentation such as the Project Appraisal Document, ESMF and RPF;

Issues that can be addressed during project implementation;

Issues to do with Local Government and other stakeholders’ capacity to manage WMDP investments and their related environmental and social impacts;

Issues that are beyond the scope of the project and are better addressed through alternative projects, programs or initiatives; and

Issues that cannot be addressed by the project due to technical, jurisdictional or excessive cost-associated reasons.

A list of the interviewees is provided as Annex A.

6.3 SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION FINDINGS

The consultations undertaken by the MWE were elaborate and have been summarized in this section to highlight what is most applicable to the implementation and success of the ESMF and RPF and to achieving the goals of the WMDP.

Based on the consultation findings, it is clear that the WMDP is supported by stakeholders especially where project investments will have a positive impact on improving social and public welfare and addressing environmental concerns primarily those related to wetland degradation, pollution of water resources and water shortage. Social concerns highlighted in the consultations relate to displacement of households, land availability and ownership, land conflict, destruction of cultural sites, and employment related to labour camps.

Resettlement is typically addressed during the sub-county development plan as is the environmental screening and impact assessment. EIAs are not commonly undertaken due to the size of subprojects (generally district level), so EMPs are prepared during project design and costed for in the Bill of Quantities. Monitoring is carried out as part of the subproject’s monitoring schedule.

A consistent concern across the districts is the need to address gaps and build capacity within the district, municipal councils and sub-counties to improve environmental management and


ultimately support the development and implementation of water management projects. These concerns will be addressed in the WMDP through the various training and capacity building initiatives proposed under Component 3 which are budgeted for under the ESMF.

A summary of the key issues identified through questionnaires and meetings with stakeholders in these WMZs is presented in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3 Findings of consultations for the 8 Districts within the WMDP targeted WMZs

District Key Issues and Concerns Raised by Stakeholders

Lira Environmental screening and management The District has a process in place for environmental screening of projects. EIAs and EMPs

are prepared where necessary and the proposed mitigation measures are then incorporated into the Bill of Quantities (BoQ) of specific projects. Monitoring checklists are prepared in line with the mitigations measures put in the BoQ.

Monitoring is done by sub-county stakeholder / technical committees and the district authorities.

The District reportedly does the ESIAs for all the projects within the District Development Plan. Certificates are generally obtained prior to the project commencements; however, the DTPC also acknowledged some inconsistencies where certificates were obtained after the commencements of the projects and sometimes not at all. These were reported to be common with projects which influenced by politicians and other partnership projects.

Resettlement processResettlement and compensation issues/action plan are incorporated into the sub-county development plans. The steps taken to handle the issues follow a systematic approach of: involving the inspection and assessment of the affected properties or households, valuation of the properties using local rates prepared and approved by the district; and valuation reports prepared and forwarded to the central governments who prepared compensation for the affected communities.

Capacity gaps and training needs As mentioned by the DTPC, the training needs/gaps for municipal council officers include the

following: general induction on the roles and responsibilities of the committee as new councils are constantly voted in and out on a regular four year election period.

Other areas needs would involve areas like project management, monitoring, evaluation and reporting; project operational procedures and guidelines as required by Ministry of Local Government.

Finally, sensitization on the emerging issues such climate change variability and its implication on water and environment sector.

Key environmental concerns Abandoned borrow pits which accumulate stagnant water and thus form breeding sites for

mosquitoes. Loss of wetland vegetation and interference with stream hydrological cycle in case of dam

construction and vegetation clearance during site clearance. Waste accumulation from excavations and drill sites of which some could be hazardous. Flooding of the area in case of dam construction.

Key social concerns Displacement of households Land conflict as the project might be establish in private lands Destruction of cultural sites Accidents which are likely to occur during the construction of the project. Labour camps during the construction process. This would lead to other associated

problems such as social disorders eg prostitution, Labour flux to construction sites as people look for employment and thus deny other sectors

such as agriculture manpower consequently leading to food insecurity.



Concerns regarding natural disasters Flooding from the construction of dams Displacement of households Conflicts over water resource use among the communities Effects of drought

Mbale Environmental screening and management Incorporation of environmental safeguards in projects is done during the planning stages of

the project with support from the District Natural Resources /Environment Officer, who provide technical advice to sectors. It is at this stage that issues requiring mitigation are identified. Environmental issues are included in the Bills of Quantities (BoQs) to ensure that at the time of implementation the issues are captured.

The District Natural Resources /Environment Officer monitors implementation of the project regularly to ensure that negative environment impacts are mitigated. However, due to limited funding, the District Environment Office to relies on other sectors to do its work and writes reports.

Resettlement process It was suggested that most of the projects in the district are demand driven and therefore the

communities provide land for the projects. In cases where some few individuals felt aggrieved, the local communities, sub-counties, or local politicians raised funds and communities are compensated at that level to enable the projects to proceed, without necessarily involving the district. This is common where access roads, schools, boreholes and wells are constructed.

The population in the district is one of the highest in the country, 648 people per square kilometer, so where it involves massive resettlement, the district is incapable of implementing due to lack of land to resettle the people. The district relies on the Office of the Prime Minister to deal with resettlement.

Capacity gaps and training needs The District Natural Resources Office does not have enough capacity to deal with issues of

land acquisition because there is no land valuer at the district. The district also lacks capacity to review progress reports on implementation of resettlement action plans. Although the district has personnel, there is need for more training and facilitation for them to effectively deal with issues of resettlement. The District Natural Resources Office also lacks field equipment such as vehicles.

The district has environment officers and community development officers who can monitor compliance to environment and social issues but the environment office does not have adequate facilitation to monitor compliance. The Councilors who are also involved in the monitoring do not have adequate knowledge to carry out compliance monitoring.

Lack of capacity greatly affects compliance because the district does not have resources for effectively monitoring environment and social safeguards for the project. Lack of funds for compensation of people affected is also a big problem. The district can only talk to affected communities to allow the project to continue without compensating them for displacement or loss of land or crops.

Butaleja Environmental screening and management The district does not consult NEMA when it carries out its work but does environmental

screening. The social issues dealt with by the sub-county include awareness on HIV/ AIDs. Billboards on HIV/AIDs are displayed.

The sub-county handles most projects which are minor and do not need full EIAs. Sub-counties prepare environment management plans for compliance.

Sub-counties implement projects of low impacts that do not require strict environmental


District Key Issues and Concerns Raised by Stakeholdersassessment. Therefore no certificate, permits licenses are issued for them. The sub-county does not pay for permits for its projects. The district issues local permits for small projects.

Kumi Capacity gaps and training needs Kumi district has capacity needs including filling up the existing positions and training staff to

deal with the new water supply systems. There is need for equipment such as computers and vehicles for supervision and monitoring the performance of the new water system. Kumi Town Council also has limited office accommodation.

The likely challenges associated with is project include compensation costs for people who are likely to be displaced, resistance from the community whose land might be required for the project at abstraction points and location of reservoirs. Ensuring sustainability of the project, where the water catchments have been degraded is also a challenge.

Ngora Key environmental and social concerns Diseases such as bilharzias, typhoid and malaria were cited as some of the problems

associated with water sources in Agu. Safe water sources such as boreholes and protected springs are not available in Agu, which

is why people consume stream water. Poor sanitation and hygiene was also cited as a problem due to lack of water. The community also experiences high prevalence of malaria because of the water bodies

near the village. Women complain of walking long distances to collect water.

Kamwenge Environmental screening and management Only environmental safeguards are incorporated in district planning. No monitoring data. Monitoring is supposed to be done by the District Environment Officer but is not facilitated.

Capacity gaps and training needs Lack of information Due to inadequate funding at the district, training of these committees is not a priority Training technical staff in water management

Mukono Key environmental and social concerns

Dealing with minor environment impacts such as siltation Drying up of water sources Wetland abuse/degradation in the catchment area is a biggest challenge because this

affects the water sources and the regulating function of wetlands specifically recharge, discharge and purification;

Social issues include – land availability, ownership, and resettlement.

Environmental screening and managementCurrent process involves:

Screening of the projects with full participation of the users All projects at district and sub county levels must be screened for environment issues to

ensure that mitigations are integrated, including the costs in the BoQs; Instead of EIAs, rapid assessments are done for projects with less significant impacts; Water committees put in place to ensure operation and maintenance is observed; Community Development Officers sensitize the community on best practices; Bye-laws to guide use and management have been in put in place; The Environment officer monitors compliance to these requirements; Two percent is budgeted at the district for monitoring, but this is insufficient.

Capacity gaps and training needs Skills are available within the district for execution of water related projects, however need



additional capacity development for resettlement and restoration. The District has some capacity to conduct involuntary resettlement, compensation and

grievance redress, using a multi-sectoral approach and has a draft Disaster Preparedness Plan. However they could rely a lot on the center for backup, including the compensation fund.

The District Environment Committee exists and is catered for in the district budget since it doubles as a Standing Committee for production and natural resources. However at Sub County and in Parishes these are not funded.

Community participation to ensure interests is catered for. Creation of Village Water User Committees, whose main tasks include – managing and

protecting water sources, water quality, regulating access and but ensure transparent accountability to the users.

Nakasogola Key environmental and social concerns

Environmental problems include: siltation, poor and lack of catchment management, overstocking, over grazing and soil compaction.

Land ownership and access issues sometimes arise.

In many instances communities donate land for water projects. In others Government either uses public land or purchases the land.

Social problems include: diseases, conflict over land, and ownership rights.

Environmental screening and management

EIAs are being under taken to ensure the needs of the community are addressed. Resettlement programs are also an undertaken and this is part of the framework of the RAP.

There however remains a challenge in implementing the Resettlement Plan where people have settled in a Forest Reserve as a result of government policies. This raised the issue of implications of Government Policies to Water Development Projects and other interventions; they may be a block rather than enabling.

An Environment Officer at senior level is in place and s/he ensures that impact studies are conducted before any project work starts.

Sensitization exercises are conducted to communities on various natural resources. A Water user Management Committee is in place for most water projects; Conflict and sensitization meetings are common and at times involves the Political Leader

e.g. RDC; A budget for monitoring is set aside.


7. IMPACT ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION

The proposed WMDP subprojects are not likely to result in significant adverse environmental or social impacts if carefully managed as their main objective is to provide local communities with adequate financial and technical support for water supply and sanitation services. However, if not carefully designed and implemented, these types of subprojects can lead to negative environmental and social impacts, particularly those which entail investments in infrastructure development and new construction (e.g. water and sewerage supply). Furthermore, weak or inadequate capacity for designing, managing and monitoring subprojects can lead to poor design and implementation and exacerbate adverse impacts.

Thus, it is important to identify potential risks early in subproject preparation and design, both in terms of the Project’s overall design and of the specific investment activities. Impacts can be divided into negative and social impacts associated with construction and operation, which depends specifically on the size and nature of the subproject and the environmental and social sensitivities associated with the location of the subproject (refer to Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 Environmental and social issues and sensitivities associated with each WMZ

WMZ Environmental SocialLake Kyoga

The savannah woodlands areas in Nakasongola and other districts such as Masindi, Kiboga and Mubende have been extensively cleared of tree cover to produce charcoal;

Soil and water conservation practices, which rely on planting trees and grass, have not been successful principally due to high termite activity;

The Kyoga WMZ/catchment is prone to rampant floods that destroy crops and farmlands as well as displacing people. This indirectly leads the area to problems of food insecurity;

Increased reclamation of wetlands in the WMZ especially in areas of Kumi, Bukedea, Ngora, Pallisa, Budaka, Mbale and a number of areas in the Zone;

Rampant seasonal fires are a threat to the ecosystems in the areas and this is further made worse during the dry and windy conditions which prevail during the dry seasons;

Overgrazing in the areas Nakasongola areas has led to loss of vegetation and degradation of ecosystems and this is now causing increased soil erosion concerns;

Brick making is of increase in the areas of Lake Kyoga especially near urban set ups;

Sand mining in wetlands is equally of

Poor farming methods, rural-urban migration and landslides are some of the effects of poverty in Bududa;

Areas bordering Karamoja region are prone to rampant cattle raids by the Karimojong warriors leading to loss of livestock and human lives;

Poor road network characterize the WMZ which makes access to the fish landing sites and marketing of fish difficult;

Use of undersize fish nets is leading to over-exploitation of the fishery stock in the Lake Kyoga MZ. However, the GOU’s effort to curb such fishing approach has led to conflicts between the fishermen and law enforcement agencies.


WMZ Environmental Socialconcern in the areas close to the urban areas and this is being driven by the rapidly growing construction sector;

Pollution of wetlands through dumping of solid waste is equally posing a threat to the conservation status of wetlands especially those close to urban areas.

Albert Nile Concerns of over-exploitation of trees for tobacco curing has led to over-cutting;

There are also threats on natural resources in this zone. For instance, there is illegal logging of timber trees in some of the central forest reserves in the areas;

Impacts of infrastructure developments such as Nyagak and Karuma hydropower projects;

Impacts related to oil and exploration in the broader Albertine Region are also being undertaken in areas of Pakwach;

Increasing charcoal burning in the Nebbi and Arua which is degrading the environment;

In some of the areas, cultivation is extending close to the banks and shores of water bodies and this brings about siltation of such ecosystems.

This region has suffered from insurgency for over 20 years hence, environmental good governance issues have been a challenge;

This region especially areas of Masindi, Acholi and Lango areas has been hosting refugee communities (South Sudanese, Kenyan after the 2007 elections) and impacts of these on environment is evident to date;

The practice of paddy rice growing is gradually catching up in these areas and with time, it can be a challenge with respect to the management of wetlands;

The recent discovery of oil and gas in the Albertine Region has a number of social challenges to the wildlife and tourism sector.

Lake Victoria

Evidently industrialization in and around Kampala and other urban areas is a big and a rapid threat to ecologically sensitive ecosystems (wetlands and forests). For instance, some investors have set up factories in areas which were originally wetlands;

The issue of pollution from agro-chemicals from flower farms in the vicinity of Lake Victoria wetlands is of concern. The areas of Lutembe bay and most others in Entebbe are subject to these impacts;

Wetland degradation through solid and effluent waste dumping and discharge are a threat to the ecosystem health in Lake Victoria areas;

There are also impacts relating to over-exploitation some wetland related

There is some eminent contradiction as far as landownership law is concerned. Some of the ecologically sensitive areas such as wetlands are owned by individuals and they claim their titles are issued by government;

Population pressure is mounting in the zone and this equally being exerted on the natural resources in the areas of this zone;

Rapid and unplanned urbanization is encroaching on wetlands and some of the ecologically sensitive ecosystems. This pressure is through industrialization and construction of affluent and luxury dwellings.


WMZ Environmental Socialresources in the WMZ especially in areas in Mukono where they harvest forest resources such Calamus reeratus, Phoenix reclinata and Raphia farinifera are all currently over-exploited for crafts. Inaddition, the wetland habitats are faced with increasing threats of reclamation for cultivation;

Extraction of infrastructure construction materials in terms of sand, clay, murram and stone products is posing environmental challenge in this WMZ. Hills, wetlands and rocks are being exploited at a faster rate and this poses a host of environmental and social challenges in this WMZ;

The are eminent/potential threat to the Lake Victoria WMZ from expansion of sugar estates especially by Lugazi based Metha Group of Companies who have pressing Government of Uganda to degazzete parts of Mabira Forest Reserve. In Sango Bay (SAMUKA) sugar plantation has been set up and with time expansion of such enterprises will put pressure on the forests and wetland ecosystems in its vicinity.

Upper Nile There are concerns regarding implementation of a number of road infrastructures that are likely to lead to a number of environmental and social impacts on the environment.

Until 2005, the areas of the Upper Nile (South Sudan) had been in war and this led to a break in environmental good governance which meant poor and un regulated exploitation of natural resources;

The region has impacts of refugees on the environment and these have led to environment degradation in terms of over-cutting of trees and settlement related issues.

The following section discusses the types of impacts that may be expected during the Project.

7.1 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The implementation of the proposed WMDP will result in a number of environmental and social impacts for the program as a whole. Some of these impacts may be negative or adverse while others are positive and beneficial. The potential adverse environmental and social impacts (both direct and indirect) of the proposed WMDP include the following:


Temporary disturbance of the land surface during construction of the water facilities and offsite facilities;

Land surface uptake and occupation of the land surface with permanent water structures and offsite facilities;

Displacement of settlements in order to set up dam, water reservoirs and their support facilities;

The construction and rehabilitation works for the dams and reservoirs will generate huge volumes of cut to fill materials whose transportation and disposal can be a challenge in the projects;

Disturbance of the water sources during the construction of water intake and discharge structures and during any maintenance dredging that may be required for the intake and discharge;

Maintenance of some of the infrastructures such as dams will generate dredge materials whose disposal can pose environmental and public health challenges;

Impacts of water intake and discharge structures on the water bodies especially with respect to the operations and running of navigation and on fishing equipment;

Abstraction of substantial quantities of water from the water bodies for project related activities and these can bring about hydrological impacts on the main water bodies;

Generation of particulate matter (dust) and emission of exhaust combustion gases products into atmosphere during construction and operation of facilities affecting ambient air quality;

HIV/AIDS concerns will likely increase due to influx of people to the areas in search of employment opportunities thereby contributing to the levels of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the areas;

Increasing generation of solid waste during construction and operation of the planned facilities;

Employment (and attraction into the local site area) of substantial numbers of workers for water facilities construction and operation which can trigger social conflicts in terms of housing and supply of basic necessities amongst the communities;

Potential conflicts over water use especially amongst pastoral communities can arise especially where those with large herds tend to dominate the small herd owners. Furthermore, some of the valley and small dams areas supply water for domestic use to the communities. The project should plan to provide alternate water sources for the local communities in such locations;

Indirect and induced impacts associated with accelerated socio-economic development due to improved water supply, sanitation and irrigation services;

Potential risks of livestock disease proliferation amongst the pastoral communities due to communal watering from valley tanks and dams;

It is also envisaged that, if the construction of valley tanks and dams does not include support public health facilities such as toilets, areas around such dams will face challenges of human


waste management especially when herdsmen congregate to water their animals yet they have no public toilets in the vicinities; and

Some of the investments will involve acquisition of electronic equipment whose operations can have differing levels of greenhouse effects especially use of ozone depleting coolants in their operations.

7.2 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The Project is supporting the GOU’s effort to introduce a new paradigm of catchment planning that improves participatory water planning at all levels to better reflect the needs of local communities. The following are the likely positive environment and social (direct and indirect) impacts of the Project and will contribute to other beneficial initiatives supporting the Project including the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan8.

Overall, the concept of basin-wide management of environmental resources as advanced in the program has a number of benefits especially its holistic approach to the conservation and protection of ecosystem goods and its services. It builds complementarity, synergy and eliminates duplication of effort in environmental management;

The WMDP is cognizant of the transboundary nature of environment hence, it seeks to bring related and key stakeholders responsible for the management of given natural resources in neighbouring districts and countries on board in the management of the project interventions;

Investments towards climatic data management and forecasting will help in developing fairly precise climatic forecasting which will equally be of use to the farmers in timing crop regimes and production;

Investments geared towards developing capacities of the stakeholder institutions that manage the natural resources will go along way to ensuring good environmental governance of the natural resources, hence ensuring their sustainability;

Construction and rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities will have significant positive impacts on the health of the communities and populations in the targeted project areas;

The boreholes, wells and supplies derived from springs will make safe water fully available to the populations as well as their assets emanating from projects in livestock watering points and associated animal tracks (reducing or eliminating prevailing agriculturalist/pastoralist conflicts) and small scale agricultural activities and essentially improve their quality of life;

Investments in river banks stabilization will protect the rivers from siltation and sedimentation from run-off;

Rehabilitation and construction of community roads will improve safety and access to markets and social services centres amongst the communities thereby improve their livelihoods;

The contour bands will help in checking erosion on hilly areas and this will lead to improved productivity in the areas;

Investments in rainwater harvesting will ensure availability of water supply for domestic and agricultural use including livestock production. This will help communities move from rain fed agricultural production and also reduce water use conflicts during the rainy seasons;

8 The purpose of the Sustainable Management Plan for Kalagala Offset is to provide measures for ensuring sound environmental management of the Mabira ecosystem housing KalagaLa and ltanda Falls for purposes of "counter balancing or making up for" some of the negative impacts caused by Bujagali dam on the environment.


Afforestation programmes will have a multiplicity of social, economic and environmental benefits in terms of contribution to carbon sequestration, supply of firewood and source of income at household and local government levels;

The plans to have in place irrigation technologies will ensure efficient use of water resources which is consistent with environmental sustainability principles;

The activities of the program will help to identify and to implement the necessary measures for the protection of biodiversity areas thus conserving the wealth of the species at the local and national level. Also, these investments will contribute to combating desertification; enhancing reforestation, soil restoration and the implementation of national conservation activities.

The water catchment basins will be better used for the socio-economic benefits of the communities whilst at the same time establishing sound management practices to conserve water resources.

7.3 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

Impacts resulting from construction of small scale infrastructure (municipal water supply, sewerage, etc) does not present significant impacts if carefully managed. These concerns are usually minor and can be easily addressed using appropriate mitigation measures in the civil works contracts.

The most important issues include: Construction and demolition waste Risk of damage to archaeological or historical sites Risk of destruction of wildlife habitats

General issues during operation include: Availability of functioning and maintained sanitation facilities (often not functioning due to

a water shortage); Improper disposal of wastewater (e.g. construction of infrastructure may dispose wastewater

in percolation pits without conducting as assessment of the surrounding environment, so it is important to identify its sensitivity and accordingly whether there are potential environmental and/or public health risks); and

Improper management of solid waste generated by the subproject (and other potential sources). This usually results in the accumulation of waste on or around the subproject premises/area.

7.4 POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

WMDP subprojects may individually have insignificant adverse environmental impacts. However, several projects in combination, or in combination with other government or private sector activities, could have a larger, more significant cumulative impact. This is particularly likely to be the case for:

Deforestation due to the exploitation of forest resources, owing to the use of timber and poles for construction, combined with greater access to forests;

Groundwater depletion owing to the demand for water for construction; Surface water depletion, owing to the impact of several diversion schemes on small

streams and watercourses.


In addition, resettlement due to the acquisition of land for sub-projects may combine with induced migration of people (for labour, services etc) to place greater pressure on natural resources in particular areas. The avoidance and mitigation of cumulative impacts requires: avoidance and mitigation of the impacts of individual projects; careful planning, based on sound technical knowledge, of the location, size, and material requirements of infrastructural projects, within the district and regional planning cycles.

7.5 PROPOSED MITIGATION AND MONITORING MEASURES

In order to avoid or minimize impacts associated with activities to be funded under the Project, mitigation measures must be implemented as part of the subproject construction and operations to ensure compliance with local and international environmental and social guidelines and standards. These measures must be included as part of the subproject EMP and will be budgeted for in the Technical Specifications of each subproject.

A set of monitoring indicators will be used to verify compliance with local and international standards and to identify correction actions for subprojects failing to meet these standards. These indicators will be applied when undertaking annual monitoring reports. Examples of mitigation and monitoring guidelines have been provided in Tables 1 and 2 in Annex G for the types of activities anticipated to be funded under this Project.

.


8. PROCESS FOR SUBPROJECT PREPARATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

This section sets out the environmental and social assessment procedures, reporting systems, and responsibilities to be adopted by the implementing agencies for the WMDP. The design of this assessment system complies with both the World Bank’s safeguard policies and the Ugandan EIA regulations and related guidelines.

The section begins with details of issues that will be addressed, and the specific next steps to be taken. It then describes the various elements of this ESMF including:

Steps to be taken for the screening, review and appraisal of proposed investments; Procedures for preparation of EMPs for subprojects; Terms of reference for an annual environmental and social audit of the WMDP; Guidelines on the environmental and social impact of project investments; and Compliance mechanisms.

The following table outlines the key roles and responsibilities for implementing the subproject screening, appraisal, review, and monitoring requirements under the ESMF.

Table 8.1 Roles and responsibilities in subproject environmental and social planning and implementation

Activity Responsible person/authorityInitial screening in the field Focal Point Officer (FPO) in each WMZAssignment of environment category DEA for Component 1 and DWD for

Component 2Analysis of screening findings and preparation of EIAs/EMPs and related management plans

FPOs and independent contractor

Review and approval of screening forms and EIAs reports and submission to NEMA

DEA for Component 1 and DWD for Component 2

Prepare and submit recommendations on EIAs to NEMA

DEA for Component 1 and DWD for Component 2

Issue environment permit that confirms EIA is satisfactory

NEMA

Public consultation and disclosure DEA for Component 1 and DWD for Component 2

Environment Monitoring D/MEO, DEA, DWD, NEMA, NFA, UWA

8.1 SCREENING AND REVIEW PROCESS

Once a subproject has been submitted for financing, the investment will have to be screened using the screening form provided as Annex B. The Focal Point Officer (FPO) in each WMZ will carry out the initial screening in the field. For subprojects supporting the KOSMP, FPOs will submit screening forms along with their workplans to the DEA. For UWSS investments, NWSC/DWD staff will undertake the screening. The screening form will determine what level of environmental and social assessment is required.

A key element of the national guideline document is the distinction between three categories of projects:


Class/Category A: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts, and may, therefore, require full EIA;

Class/Category B: Projects of the type or scale that have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but which do not warrant a full EIA;

Class/Category C: Projects which would have no impact and do not require EIA.

Under the WMDP, the investments to be financed under Component 1 subcomponent 1.3: Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan are most likely to be considered Category B projects. It is expected that some investments under Component 2 subcomponent 2.1 and 2.2 (water supply and sanitation infrastructure) may require EIAs, in which case funding has been recommended in the ESMF to address this.

The FPO will be responsible for categorising an activity as an A, B, or C in coordination with the DEA and DWD.

8.2 APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL

8.2.1 Appraisal

After analyzing the data contained in the environmental and social screening form and after having identified the right environmental category and level of assessment needed, the FPO will make a recommendation to NEMA establishing whether: (a) any environmental assessment will be required; (b) the implementation of mitigation measures via an EMP (and associated management plans, ie Pest Management Plan, Dam Safety Plan, and RAP) will be enough; or (c) a separate EIA is required.

If a subproject is screened and considered to be a Category A, it will not be eligible for financing under the WMDP unless the subproject is formally restructured, ie its category is changed from A to B, which is then subject to Bank Board approval.

The EIA will identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts for the planned activities, assess alternative solutions and present the mitigation, management and monitoring measures to be adopted. These measures will be quoted in the EMP that will be prepared as part of the EIA for each subproject. The preparation of the EIA and the EMP will be done in consultation with all relevant stakeholders and project affected people.

8.2.2 Preparation of an EMP

The Proponent will undertake the assessments in consultation with NEMA. Under the proposed WMDP arrangements, the DWD will be responsible for preparation of the EMPs. The DWDs may consult with the NWSC and DEOs for technical advice.

The format for the EMPs will follow the requirements under the NEMA guidelines document and the OP 4.01 requirements. As part of the EA process, EMPs will need to be prepared and implemented for Category B projects. For those subprojects which trigger the safeguard policy on pest management, dam safety or cultural property, associated plans will be required (e.g. a pest management plan or dam safety plan). The EMP should be a short and concise document (between 5 – 10 pages) and must contain the necessary sections as outlined below:


Box 8.1Contents of an EMP

Description of the possible adverse effects that the EMP is intended to address; Identification of project design alternatives that would meet similar objectives, and a description

of why these projects are not viable, especially if they have a lesser environmental or social impact; Description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented Program for monitoring the environmental and social impacts of the project, both positive and

negative; Description of who will be responsible for implementing the EMP; and Cost estimate and source of funds.

Templates for an EMP are provided in Annex C.

Environmental contract clauses should be included in the Technical Specifications and be accounted for as part of the Project investment’s overall implementation budget. Annex D provides a set of recommended contract clauses to include in contractor agreements. Effective implementation of the EMP will ensure that the appropriate mitigation measures have been employed to avoid and/or minimize any potential impacts resulting from the proposed activity.

8.2.3 EMP Budget

The EMP for each investment scheme will outline the appropriate budget required to implement measures for mitigation and monitoring. It will also indicate the costs of training and capacity building required. Costs should be calculated based on estimates provided by Contractors for any mitigation measures required during the civil works. For example:

Costs of ensuring the appropriate dust suppression mechanisms are in place during excavation works must be calculated and included in the tender documents;

Costs of installing erosion control measures should be estimated as part of the engineering costs;

Training of staff on environmental and operational, health and safety issues should be outlined in detail; and

Costs of monitoring noise during construction should be calculated based on the frequency of monitoring and cost of equipment.

8.2.4 Approval

For Component 1, the DEA will review the EIAs/EMPs, and will make recommendations as to whether the results of the screening process or the EIA/EMPs are acceptable. For Component 2, the DWD will undertake the same procedures. The DEA/DWD in conjunction with the relevant sector heads will review:

The results and recommendations presented in the environmental and social screening forms.

As appropriate, the results of EIAs to ensure that all environmental and social impacts have been identified and effective mitigation measures have been proposed and incorporated into the sub-projects and an EMP with associated costs prepared.

Following the review of the EIA by DEA/DWD, the EIA will be forwarded to NEMA for final review and clearance. The EIA will have to be reviewed in the light of the FPO’s recommendations prior to approval/rejection by NEMA. If the EIA is approved, NEMA issues the


necessary environmental permit that confirms the EIA has been satisfactorily completed and the project may proceed. A record of the decision explains how environmental issues were addressed in the process.

It is important to note that this review and approval process is to be carried out in parallel with the review and approval of the technical, economic, financial and other aspects of the subprojects. Implementation of subprojects cannot commence until the environmental and social aspects have been reviewed and appropriate mitigation measures have been adopted.

As regards social impacts due to land acquisition, the implementation of subprojects cannot proceed until the resettlement and/or compensation plans have been prepared and implemented. This is further detailed in the WMDP RPF.

8.3 DISCLOSURE OF SUBPROJECT INFORMATION

In compliance with World Bank guidelines and in Ugandan EIA regulations, before a subproject is approved, the applicable documents (EIA, EMP and/or RAP and associated management plans) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. at a local government office), and in a form, manner, and language they can understand. It is recommended that the EMPs and RAPs be disclosed in the same location that the community development plans are made public to ensure that there is wide access to the documents.

8.4 MONITORING AND ANNUAL REPORTS

Monitoring is done by the Proponent, DEA and DWD, NEMA (through the Department of Environmental Monitoring and Compliance), the UWA if there are issues related to protected areas, NFA if there are issues related to forestry, and the public.

FPOs as well as the trained persons at lower local government level will, depending on the scale or scope of the projects, undertake the monitoring exercises in sequences and frequencies stipulated in the Project Implementation Schedule including where appropriate a Maintenance Schedule.

The FPOs in conjunction with the relevant Districts and Directorates will monitor the implementation of environmental mitigation measures based on the Contractor’s workplan for subproject investments.

8.4.1 Monitoring and Reporting of Subproject Mitigation and Management Plans

The MWE should agree with the implementing agencies participating in the WMDP on the supervision of the EMP within the overall plan for the project. Accordingly, the supervision arrangements for the EMP should summarize key areas on which supervision will focus—critical risks to implementation of the EMP, how such risks will be monitored during implementation and agreements reached with the Proponent.

Supervision of the EMP, along with other aspects of the project, covers monitoring, evaluative review and reporting and is designed to:

determine whether the project is being carried out in conformity with environmental safeguards and legal agreements;


identify problems as they arise during implementation and recommend means to resolve them;

recommend changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves or circumstances change; and

identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate risk management strategies to the Proponent.

It is vital that an appropriate environmental supervision plan is developed with clear objectives to ensure the successful implementation of an EMP.

The MWE and NWSC in collaboration with NEMA will monitor the implementation of the environment mitigation measures on a sample of subprojects on quarterly basis. On annual basis the NWSC and MWE in collaboration with NEMA will carry out a national assessment of subproject performance in environment and natural resource management as part of the Project’s overall monitoring program.

Monitoring of the compliance of project implementation with the mitigation measures set out in its EMP and associated management plans will be carried out by the DEA/DWD respectively. These officers will have responsibility for carrying out this monitoring by regularly visiting the projects, and pursuing the following corrective measures as required. Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of construction activities to verify that measures identified in the EMP are included in the clauses for contractors are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the normal tasks of a supervising engineer whose task is to ensure that the Contractor is achieving the required standards and quality of work.

The following outcome indicators will be used to track project implementation:

a) The number of people provided with access to “Improved Water Sources” under the project The number of new piped household water connections that are resulting from the project intervention

b) The number of piped household water connections affected by rehabilitation works undertaken under the project (number)

c) The number of water utilities that the project is supporting d) The number of other water service providers that the project is supporting, and e) The number of catchment protection plans implemented.

Once implementation of the subproject has started, regular supervision missions should be carried out (preferably by a third party) and an annual monitoring report must be submitted to the MWE, MWSC and World Bank for review.

8.5 ANNUAL REVIEWS

An independently commissioned environmental and social audit will be carried out on an annual basis. The audit team will report to NEMA, the MWE, the NWSC and the World Bank, who will lead the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. An audit is necessary to ensure (i) that the ESMF process is being implemented appropriately, and (ii) that mitigation measures are being identified and implemented. The audit will be able to identify any amendments in the ESMF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness.

The annual audit also provides a strong incentive for the MWE to ensure that the ESMF will be implemented, and the individual EMPs will be developed and implemented. An annual audit report (refer to example format in Annex E) will include:


A summary of the environmental performance of the WMDP based on EIAs and EMPs; A presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the subproject EMPs; Number of D/MEOs trained in implementation of this ESMF; Number of relevant Municipal and District Office staff attending training courses in EIA; Number of written warnings of violation of EIAs/EMPs issued to project proponents;

A synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual subproject monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject EIA/EMPs).

8.6 ISSUES RELATED TO RESETTLEMENT, PEST MANAGEMENT, PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES AND DAM SAFETY

If identified as a requirement of the subproject through the screening process, a Resettlement Action Plan, a Pest Management Plan, and/or a Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan, dam safety measures or a combination of these, is prepared alongside or as an integrated part of the subproject’s management plan.

8.6.1 Resettlement Action Plan

Abbreviated RAPs will be needed for each subproject that may result in the loss of access to resources. An abbreviated RAP will focus on the procedure and amount of loss and compensation and be around 10 pages at most (refer to the WMDP RPF). The District Offices responsible for planning and implementing the subprojects will coordinate with the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development in preparing the RAP. The RPF outlines the relevant steps required in order to ensure that appropriate measures are put in place to safeguard the rights of affected communities.

8.6.2 Pest Management Plan

As the WMDP has triggered the OP 4.09 for pest management, it is important to ensure that Pest Management Plans (PMP) are prepared for the proposed WMDP investments (refer to Box 8.2). These would encompass requirements under the Word Bank OP 4.09 for Pest Management and the Ugandan Control of Agricultural Chemicals Act (Ch 29). Pesticide legislation in Uganda is primarily based on the 20 years old Statutory Instrument Supplement No. 23 of the Agricultural Chemical Regulation. An Agricultural Chemicals Board is responsible for the registration of agricultural chemicals of which pesticides are an important part. The criteria for registration is that it, in regular use, has proved efficacious against the pest(s) it is supposed to control over three growing seasons, and that its profile of toxicity to humans and animals as well as its eco-toxicology, including degradation data and proof of its maximum residue limits in agricultural produce, are acceptable. Consequently, the registration criteria in Uganda follow the same lines as elsewhere, for example to comply with the Plant Protection Product Directive of EU, US Environmental Protection Agency, FAO code of conduct and international conventions on pesticide exports and restrictions.

In the context of the WMDP, the assessment of pest management requirements is made in the context of the subproject's environmental assessment and screening and is recorded in the subproject documents. The subproject documents also include (in the text or in an annex) a list of pesticide products authorized for procurement under the Project, or an indication of when and how


this list will be developed and agreed on. This authorized list is included by reference in legal documents relating to the Project, with provisions for adding or deleting materials. Any required measures to manage and/ or mitigate adverse impacts of pesticides should be considered as part of the EMP.

Box 8.2 Proposed Format of a Pest Management Plan

1. PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES USED IN COUNTRY1.1 Overview of forest, livestock and crop management problems1.2 Current crop/pest management approaches1.3 IPM experience

2. PESTICIDE USE AND MANAGEMENT2.1 Pesticide use in country2.2 Circumstances of pesticide use and competence to handle chemical products2.3 Assessment of risks2.4 Promoting IPM/ICM in the context of current practices

3. POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY3.1 Plant protection policy3.2 National capacity to develop and implement IPM/ICM (IPPM)3.3 Control of the distribution and use of pesticides

4. IMPLEMENTING THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)4.1 Strengthening national capacities4.2 Activities of the PMP

5. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP6. PHASING PLAN 7. MONITORING AND EVALUATION8. BUDGET ESTIMATES

Annex 1. List of pesticides approved for importation and use in countryAnnex 2. Documents consulted in the preparation of this PMPAnnex 3. Key contacts/persons encountered

8.6.3 Physical Cultural Resources Management

As the WMDP has also triggered the OP 4.11, it is important that the EIA also include identify the process for addressing impacts on cultural property. Measures will need to be integrated into the EMP to address the following areas:

• Avoidance or mitigation of identified adverse impacts;• Provisions for chance finds;• Measures for strengthening institutional capacity; and• Monitoring systems to track progress of these activities.

The plan should be consistent with the Uganda’s overall policy framework and national legislation, the World Bank OP 4.11 for Physical Cultural Resources, and should take into account institutional capabilities relating to the management and preservation of physical cultural resources. Examples of contract clauses to address physical cultural resources are outlined in Annex C.


8.6.4 Protected Areas, Natural Habitats and Forests

OP 4.04 is triggered due to the fact that investments may be situated in or around sensitive ecological areas of Uganda like the wetlands, Kalagala Offset (refer to Section 2.3.1 which identifies protected areas and areas of ecological importance within the targeted WMZs) even though activities in these locations are to improve the sustainable management of the offset. Compliance will be handled through the ESMF and site specific EIAs.

OP 4.36 is triggered due to potential project impacts on and in management of forests. Some of the project's interventions will include implementation of selected activities under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan that consist of afforestation and revegetation in the Kalagala area.

8.6.5 Dam Safety

The project is unlikely to include any large dams. The development or rehabilitation of any small dams (i.e. dams smaller than 15m, as per OP 4.37) identified through the catchment planning process will follow required procedures as outlined in the World Bank’s OP 4.37 (Safety of Dams). The following section outlines the key issues to be taken into consideration.

When the World Bank finances a project that includes the construction of a new dam, it requires that the dam be designed and its construction supervised by experienced and competent professionals. It also requires that the Borrower adopt and implement certain dam safety measures for the design, bid tendering, construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam and associated works.

The World Bank distinguishes between small and large dams:

a) Small dams are normally less than 15 meters in height. This category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks.

b) Large dams are 15 meters or more in height. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters in height are treated as large dams if they present special design complexities--for example, an unusually large flood-handling requirement, location in a zone of high seismicity, foundations that are complex and difficult to prepare, or retention of toxic materials. Dams under 10 meters in height are treated as large dams if they are expected to become large dams during the operation of the facility.

For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate

Competent experienced engineers, preferably with international experience and familiarity with World Bank, FERC and CDA requirements, should carry out dam designs. Where possible the designs should be reviewed by a dam safety expert. Construction supervision should be comprehensive and carried out by competent site staff familiar with construction of dam projects.

Key issues to consider include:

Users should restrict themselves to the construction of earth dams no higher than 5 m from streambed to finished crest level.


Dams on catchment areas exceeding 25 km2 or with reservoir areas storing more than 50,000 m3 may require the advice of a hydrologist to assist in the design of spillways and other outlets and for the estimation of freeboard.

No spillway should be less than 10 m wide and 1 m deep for catchments up to 5 km 2 and should be at least 15 m wide and 1.5 m deep for catchments exceeding this area.

Any dam that involves out of the ordinary topography (i.e. steep slopes upstream, risks of landslips), hydrology (i.e. flash floods, droughts, snowmelt) or soils (i.e. poor quality soils, sodic soils, permeable layers in the soil, bare earth surfaces in the catchment) should only be designed and constructed under the supervision of a qualified engineer.

During construction site inspection visits by a recognized dam expert would be valuable to ensure that the works are being constructed to acceptable international practice.

8.7 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

In order to ensure transparency and accountability, a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) should be established by the Project Support Team in line with the ESMF implementation. The GRM should have a clear set of goals and objectives and a well-defined scope for its interventions. A set of procedures for receiving, recording, and handling complaints should be available in the GRM. These will be managed by a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) consisting of a MWE/NWSC Chair, the WMDP Project Coordinator, the assigned Resettlement Officer/Social Scientist, the Project’s Environmental Focal Point, the chair of the community mediation board, a member of a recognized non-government organization, and a community leader. The GRC members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. The GRM should include procedures for:

recording, registering, and sorting grievances; conducting an initial assessment of grievances; referring grievances to appropriate units or persons; determining the resolution process; making decisions, including parameters and standards for accurate and consistent decision

making; directing relevant agencies responsible for implementing decisions; notifying complainants and other affected parties of eligibility, the resolution process, and

outcomes; and tracking, monitoring, documentation, and evaluation.

Depending on the nature and the severity of the complaint/s, the GRC in consultation with the Project Affected Persons (PAPs), should identify and decide on an approach for grievance resolution. Where appropriate, APs should be given the choice of selecting an affordable approach with which they are comfortable and confident and that is beneficial to them.

In projects with small-scale infrastructure, construction-related complaints can be numerous and managing them is the Contractor's responsibility under its contract with the implementing agency (refer to Table 8.2). Usually these kinds of complaints are described as environmental impacts and include issues related to dust, flooding, blasting (noise, vibration, evacuation), lost access, dangers to life, damage caused to public roads from heavy machinery, deteriorating water quality and quantity, damage to property and crops, soil erosion, and others.

Table 8.2 Types of grievances expected and recommended measures to address them


Grievance Redress Damage to house walls and roofs due to blasting,

vibration, and heavy vehicle movement Damage to access roads, culverts, and canals Temporary evacuation of residents Obstructions to access roads

Providing alternate land for house construction Referral to conduct vibration tests and/or post-crack

surveys Conducting assessments on the current status of

damaged houses, e.g., quality standards and monitoring the situation

Damage to private property Decrease in water level and water pollution in private

and public wells due to blasting Damage to crops and business premises, with

concomitant loss of income

Issuing assurance letters to PAPs (by contractors and/or road agencies for reconstruction or repair after completing the road construction work)

Providing alternate access roads Getting relevant agencies to construct or improve

drainage systems, roads, culverts, and wells Getting contractors to pay compensation for

damage and loss of livelihood Waterlogging and flooding Dust, noise, and air pollution Dumping of solid wastes around houses Threats to statues and monuments Requests for alternative land or compensation for

remaining land (as it can no longer be used as a separate entity)

Disputes related to ownership rights Lack of clarity concerning boundary marks on

acquired land

Referral to technical experts to conduct necessary assessments of damage to property, livelihood, and environment, e.g., engineers, environmental officers

Referral to relevant agencies to take appropriate action, e.g., contractors, road agencies

Getting contractors to spray adequate water to control dust emissions

The FPOs would be responsible for monitoring impacts based on the GRM. Duties would include:

Maintaining a database of all complaints related to environmental issues and forwarding them to the supervision consultants;

Assisting the PAPs to submit their environment-related complaints directly to the contractor; Maintaining a list of PAPs who are directly or indirectly affected by construction,

operations, and maintenance work, and monitoring the implementation of mitigation plans; Consulting the environmentally affected PAPs and communities and participating in

grievance resolution processes; and Ensuring that compensation for PAPs complies with the entitlement matrix in respect of

resettlement and land acquisition (refer to WMDP RPF).


9. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

The goal of the WMDP is to the maximum extent possible utilize existing institutional structures and capacity within the MWE and NWSC to implement the Project. In order to successfully implement the guidelines and recommendations in the ESMF, it is important to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who play a role in implementing the ESMF are provided with the appropriate training and provisions.

9.1 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING

Under the current WMDP arrangements, a Focal Point for the DWRM reporting to the Director will be appointed for the overall component and will be responsible for coordinating activities of the three departments and the WMZs. However it will not be efficient to extend the duties of the Focal Point to include management and supervision of the safeguard provisions (the ESMF and RPF). Hence, it will be important to support this capacity with an Environmental Coordinator who will be able to manage and monitor the implementation of the ESMF and RPF and liaise with the WMZ Focal Point Officers and other stakeholders (federal, regional and district) on environmental and social issues related to the WMDP.

Terms of reference for this Specialist are outlined in Box 9.1 and proposed budget for the appointment of this Specialist is included in Section 10.

Box 9.1 Terms of reference for the WMDP Environmental Coordinator


Role and responsibility

The main role of the Environmental Coordinator (EC) is to provide technical advice on environmental and social management and mitigation planning and ensure that the ESMF is fully implemented. The EC will report directly to the DWD in the MWE responsible for project management activities of the WMDP. The EC should hold a degree in environmental science and/or related discipline, have a minimum of 5 years experience working with similar projects, and be highly familiar with Ugandan environmental laws and regulations.

Tasks Liaise with NEMA on a regular basis; Ensure EIAs/EMPs are carried out, as required, to meet Ugandan and World Bank

requirements; Commission an independent consulting firm to carry out an environmental performance audit of

the WMDP on an annual basis; Provide technical advice to regions and districts on all technical issues related to natural

resources and environmental management. These issues will relate to impacts on surface water, groundwater, agricultural resources and vegetation, sourcing of materials used in construction, human health, ecology and protected areas, land and soil degradation;

Provide specific technical advice on mitigation measures for water supply and sanitation investments and catchment protection;

Monitor the implementation of safeguard management plans (EIAs/EMPs, RAPs, etc) using monitoring indicators provided in the ESMF and prepare quarterly monitoring reports;

Raise awareness and proactively create demand for this technical advice among District/Municipal Officers;

Lead the delivery of capacity-building programs for District/Municipal Officers and communities/affected persons.

9.2 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING

It is recommended that funds allocated to Component 3 of the WMDP be used to provide the technical assistance to support the capacity needs of the implementing agencies to apply the ESMF tools and requirements. Funding under this component would be used to undertake workshops, trainings and ESMF monitoring which are needed to ensure effective implementation of the ESMF throughout the life of the Project. Targeted training and workshops should also be provided under Component 1 to support capacity needs under the Kalagala Offset Sustainable Management Plan.

It is clear, as emphasized in both the Ugandan Country Environmental Analysis (2011) and supporting government and donor reports and noted during the consultations that were carried out in the 8 districts (refer to Section 6), that there is need for capacity building in environmental management at the district and sub-district levels and in parts of the DEA. The weakness in managing environmental needs is compounded by a lack of funding, equipment and qualified staff despite the plentiful donor support that is available.

9.2.1 Regional and District Level Training

The following tables outline recommended trainings and workshops to support capacity needs and institutional strengthening under the WMDP ESMF. It is recommended that these trainings and workshops be prepared and undertaken by a local Consultant with relevant experience in the proposed topics and highly familiar with the water sector and proposed WMDP catchment areas.

Table 9.1 Proposed WMDP Training and Workshops

Type Topics Intended Audience

Courses Environmental and Social AssessmentsEnvironmental Information Systems/ Water Catchment PlanningResettlement & Land AcquisitionCommunity Consultation/Participatory PlanningWater quality management, pollution, surface and groundwater monitoring

Federal: MWE and NWSCRegional: WMZs, WSDFsDistrict: DEAs, DWDs, DWRMs

Study Tours Developing Catchment Plans for “Hot spot” Catchments (2 – 3 samples per WMZ)

DWRMs and DWDs

Community Training

Technical (e.g. Participatory Water Resource Planning, Development of Catchment Plans, Sustainable Livelihood Planning)

Community Groups (for Catchment Plan investments)

It is also recommended that during the first year of the project, a 2 day workshop is held in Kampala targeting the MWE and NWSC and at least one workshop per WMZ targeting the regional groups. The workshop outline as detailed below aims to provide attendees with the basic approach to implementing the guidelines provided in the ESMF combined with the use of the appropriate tools, such as the screening form, EMP template and ESMF Annual Reporting Form. Refresher courses should be held as needed during the course of the project lifecycle.


Table 9.2 Proposed training format for ESMF implementation

Module DurationDay 1Introduction 1

Objective of the ESMF Key stakeholders with a role in the ESMF Relevant legislative and regulatory acts and World Bank safeguard policies Structure and role of relevant governmental authorities and NGOs as relates to the WMDP

Day 2Summary of guidelines for the subprojects 0.5

Screening Appraisal and approval Disclosure Annual Review Annual Reporting

Capacity building requirements 0.25

Budgeting for the implementation of EMPs, RAPs and other safeguard management plans 0.25

Total 2 days

9.2.2 Training of contractors and supervision consultants

As part of best practice, and in order to comply with international standards for Occupational, Health and Safety (OHS), contractors and supervision consultants should be provided with awareness raising and environmental and OHS training on site. These should focus not only on the construction phase but also operational phase of the Project.

A proposed format for a 1 day training is provided in the following Table 9.3.

Table 9.3 Awareness raising and training for civil work contractors and supervision consultants

Topic InputAwareness raising

Environmental awareness and the importance of effective mitigation Practice mitigation measures and environmentally sound construction techniques Compliance with local legislation on OHS, EIA and EMP requirements

0.5 day

Technical training Implementation of the EMP (contract clauses) Monitoring of EMPs (and RAPs) Preparation of budgets

0.5 day

Total 1 day


10. ESMF IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET

It is estimated that the implementation of the ESMF including the required provisions, training and capacity building will cost approximately $2,000,000. This entails:

Component 1: Investment in IWR Development and Management ($500,000)Component 2: Investment in UWSS Services and Catchment Source Protection ($1,200,000)Component 3: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Project Implementation ($300,000)

The provisions proposed under Component 1 and 2 account for the majority of the costs in line with the proposed Project budget.

The costs of preparing and implementing the safeguards aspects of the project are estimates as the size, type and location of the subprojects are not fully determined at this stage. It is not expected that there will be any significant land acquisition as part of the project; however, some financial provision has been made under contingencies in case there is any need. In there is a need for land acquisition, RAPs will be prepared and the project will consider any further re-allocation of budgets as needed when the project is reviewed at supervision and mid-term stages. This is described in more detail in the WMDP RPF.

The costs outlined below may vary depending on when and how the ESMF implementation takes place; therefore it can be expected that the proposed ESMF budget may increase or decrease depending on the workplan agreed upon.

Table 10.1 Budget Estimate for the Implementation of the ESMF

Recommendation Responsible authority Schedule Estimated costComponent 1: Investment in Integrated Water Resources Development and ManagementSub-component 1.1 Preparation, implementation and monitoring of

EIAs, EMPs and related safeguard management plans for investments funded from the investment pool under 1.1 (b) (iv)

DWD - MWE FY 2012 - 2017 $300,000

Subcomponent 1.3 Preparation, implementation and monitoring of

EIAs, EMPs and related safeguard management plans for activities to be financed under the KOSMP

DWD - MWE FY 2012 - 2017 $200,000

Component 2: Investment in UWSS Services and Catchment Source Protection Preparation, implementation and monitoring of

EIAs, EMPs and related safeguard management plans for water supply infrastructure and sanitation/sewerage services for 4 towns

DWD - MWEFY 2012 - 2017 $ 100,000 per town:

$ 400,000


Recommendation Responsible authority Schedule Estimated costSubcomponent 2.2 Preparation, implementation and monitoring of

EIAs, EMPs and related safeguard management plans for water supply infrastructure and sanitation/sewerage services for 8 towns

DWD – MWE and NWSC

FY 2012 - 2017 $100,000 per town: $ 800,000

Component 3: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Project ImplementationSubcomponent 3.1 Environmental Coordinator for the WMDP:

Responsible for annual monitoring of ESMF implementation.

World Bank / MWE FY 2012 – 2017 $100,000

Subcomponent 3.4 2 day workshops on ESMF implementation to

MWE, WMDP Focal Point Officers, NWSC, WSDFs, WMZs, Districts (DEOs, DWDs, and DWRM); training for contractors and supervision consultants.

Refresher trainings on ESMF implementation

DEAFY 2012 – 2017

Annually

$150,000

One day trainings on topics such as EIAs, Environmental Information Systems/ Water Catchment Planning, Community Consultation/Participatory Planning, and Water Quality Management to DWDs and DWRMs

DEACompleted by end of FY 2012 with 4 annual refreshers

$50,000



Water Management and Development Project

ESMF TOOLS AND GUIDELINES

Annex A: Stakeholder Consultations March 5 – 8 , 2012

Lira DistrictType of group: CommunityDate: 07/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact1. Omonya John Charles Parish Chief Amuca 0784-42701102. Odur Paul V/Chairman Lciii lira 0782-56624523. OJAH victory speaker 0785-6881824. Tom Parakak C/man Lc1 0782-47881825. Amoka Molly LC 3 councillor 0774-6120846. Olet Denisa Business man 0757-5674817. Otiti Charles peasant 0788-1001098. Akello grace Peasant -9. Sophia peasant -10. Okany George P/chief 0782-64280111. Akullu milly H/A 0782-51212512. Okello David C/man 0781-707975.

Lira DistrictType of group: Technical Planning Community (TPC)Date: 05/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact1 Otike pabious Ag. DNRO 0772-4534352 Okello Tom R Ag. ACAO 0772-6459223 Okello Francis Dist. Planner 0701-590214 Ajungo P DPMO 0772-3325965 Hudson Omoko DWO 0752-57881316 Adoko George CAO 0704606086

Mukono DistrictType of group: TOC and Political LeadershipDate: 06/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact- Telephone/E-Mail

1 Mujuni William District Natural Resources Officer 07724145092 Anne Nalimbugwe Senior Environment Officer 07724702853 Mayanja Henry ACAO 07763571554 Mugisa John District Engineer 07724764595 Kasmoto Tosa District Healy Inspector 07724819196 Njoola Charles Planner 07128473847 Buteraba Eunice Acting District Water Officer 0772 5608678 Kumbura James Deputy Speaker 0772 4930309 Muhumuza Asuman Secretary Finance 0772 947560


Mukono DistrictType of group: Municipal OfficersDate: 06/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact- Telephone/E-Mail1 Kalule James Act. District Water Officer 07726552592 Waswa Kasumba District Water Officer 07726644113 John M.Behangana Town Clerk 0772 5534744 Masenger George Municipal Environment Officer 0772956502

Mukono DistrictType of group: CommunityDate: 06/03/2012

No. Name Gender Contact- Telephone/E-Mail1 Tukundane J Male 07030720252 Mukwaya Nicholas Male -----------3 Nakato Lydia Female4 Nakato Fatumah Female5 Ndagire Rehema Female6 Nantume Hadija Female7 Nanono Rehemar Female8 Abudalah Kyeyune Male 0702146483

Nakasongora DistrictType of group: TPC and Political LeadershipDate: 07/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact- Telephone/E-Mail1 David Mutahunga Masereka RDC 07828796132 Tince Mark Deputy CAO 07740308743 Wandira M.James District Chairperson 0772 4988284 Nsamba David District Production Officer 07724903535 Kawesi Henry Senior Agriculture Officer 07728948766 Mullondo Hussein Ag. District Water Officer 07724903537 Sanyu Phionah Principal Assistant Secretary 07724644688 Okecho Mephsah DIS 07825604179 Dr.Eswagu Samuel District Veterinary Officer 077249282110 Masembe Bob Senior Water Officer 077257524911 Kasigwa Robert Senior Personnel Officer 077257524912 Nakamya Sarah Principal Agriculture Officer 077752565213 Katemba David B CIA 077260419114 Mbaagwa Muwonge A. Town Clerk 0772 66328515 Sekitende Emmanuel Urban Water Officer 0772975006


Nakasongora DistrictType of group: Community / Water CommitteeDate: 07/03/2012

No. Name Gender Designation Contact- Telephone/E-Mail1 Sarah Busulwa Female Mutuzze 07032224362 Nakayagaba Sirivia Female Mutuzze 07787053133 Busulwa Hannington Male Chairman LC1 07032224364 Maitek Eriyasafu Male Muttuzze 07020146045 Makka John Male Water Committee member 07720833436 Sebufu Jeboph Male Muttuzze 07730471757 Kayise Zephania Male Mutuzze 07876150368 Nansusu Brenda Female Mutuzze -9 Mikeal Mukama Male Mutuuzze -

Kamwnege DistrictType of group: Political and Technical StaffDate: 05/03/2012

No. Name Designation Contact- Telephone/E-Mail1. Kamasaka Robert District Chairperson 07731815872. Magara Nicholas District Environment Officer 07725041833. Kasango William District Natural Resources Officer 07824567924. Ahimbisibwe Vincent Physical Planner 07012345675. Tukamubera Emmily Secretary for Production and

Environment0712389854

6. Rujumba Muhemda Chief Administrative Officer -7. Katagira Kiiza Binyina Education Officers; Inspection 07721345678. Ninyingira Harriet Sub-county Chief Kahunge 07823456789. Bahemuka Nelson Kamwenge Town Council 077985044110. Mubangizi Johnson Kahunge Township 077356439011. Mutesasira Keneth Kahunge Township 077513564312. Mutamba Hillary Parish Chief 077654332113. Mubangizi Africa Kagazi Gravity Scheme 077834521114. Baryaiza Moses Rwenzaza Township 077345123215. Katabazi Simon Rwenzaza Township 077654329016. Bananuka Gabriel Kahunge Township 078235675417. Bagorogaza Charles Kahunge Township 077346732118. Tendyebwa Gaudence Kahunge Catholic Church 0772567708

Kamwnege District, Sub-county Kahunge, Parish Mpanga, Villages Nyamisekye and Buka (II) Date: 06/03/2012

No. Name Gender Contact

1. Akankwasa Beatresi F -

2. Nyampenda Perus F -


3. Ngaruye Enock M 0773265754

4. Ruseirekyere Bonefasi M 0775165350

5. Kayira Lamaki M 0773265893

6. Mukamusoni Veneranda F -

7. Koti James M 0775986110

8. Tumwebaze Eliyosi M -

9. Owamahoro Rossette F -

10. Shatari John M -

11. Mbinigaba Fred M 0787734195

12. Nyabilezi Robert M 0781226876

13. Balinda Thomas M 0773653090

14. Kazooba Yanasani M -

15. Bazana Bananda F =

16 Turyatunga Felix M 0777742009

17. Mpagazehe Grace F -

18. Tibengana Peteronia M -

19. Mugabirwe Scovia F -

20. Kyarisima Medius F -

21 Byarugaba Milton M 0789134331

22. Mugisha Donozio M 0787916675

23. Ezilon Baguma M -

24. Karuhanga Gregory M 0777742086

25. Nzine Hamuza M -

26. Ngabirano Sestoni M 077845008

27. Tindyebwa Emmanuel M 0777742069

28. Bashaija Irene F 0771634803


List of People Consulted

MBALE DISTRICT TECHNICAL PLANNING COMMITTEEName Designation Contact

1 Waniaye John Baptist DHO 07725035982 Khaukha John PIA 070296038534 Nagudi Regina PO 07723584965 Wakube Charles E/O 07768500186 Ayo Julius Peter DAO 07729039747 Simiyu Peter Ag. SPO 07824947958 Wamburu David Ag. CAO 07827664509 Nangosya Willy DE 077243388310 Nanjala Rabecca TACC Project Manager 039284042611 Madoi Ayub DHI 077690982312 Alupo Debora DHE 071295090813 Mubuya Constance DTB 078383193014 Eseuk E. Julius Accountant 078242527915 Wandawa Jennifer Ag. ADHO MCH/RP 078213432516 Ddme Fred M. DWO 071903858317 Watenga Abednego CCBS 0779038583

DISTRICT NATURAL RESOURCE OFFICEName Designation Contact

1 Opio Henry Ogeyi Senior Land Officer 07726322682 Wakube Charles Environment Officer 0752850078

MBALE MUNICIPAL COUNCILName Designation Contact

1 Nyaribu Rhoda Municipal Environment Officer 07726937222 Nambafu Fred Physical Planner 07779121553 Kimbowa John Town Clerk, Mbale 0772434329

KUMI TOWN COUNCIL1 Okurut Vincent Town Clerk 07835042032 Ogutu George W. Water Officer 0774445661

AGU COMMUNITY IN NGORA SUB-COUNTY IN NGORA DISTRICT 1 Atai Margaret2 Opio Anthony3 Onunya Michael4 Olesdag5 Ongodia CH6 Ojibo Francis7 Eriadda M.8 Odeke David9 Okello Pantaleo10 Amugo Conslant11 Olupot S. J.12 Atai M.


13 Akiteng14 Apedun15 Apal S.16 Igimu D.17 Arima S.18 Ajalo M.19 Among M.20 Asio V.21 Amayo A.22 Auma J.23 Apedun V.24 Asio G.25 Ogaino Wilson26 Opolot Gregori27 Emorut Richard28 Eria Tom28 Otukei30 Ongiro Max 31 Ojangole Silver32 Adotu Sakaria33 Omedel 34 Ewangu Agustine35 Oluka Joseph36 Esiku Sidoro37 Opolot John38 Mbodo Edward39 Ocom Charles Roy40 Oginya Bernard41 Oguti James


Annex B: ESMF Screening Form

Sub-project name:Subproject Location (include map/sketch):

(e.g. WMZ, district, etc).

Type of activity: (e.g. new construction, rehabilitation, periodic maintenance)

Estimated Cost: (x)Proposed Date of Commencement of Work:Technical Drawing/Specifications Reviewed:

(circle answer): Yes No

This report is to be kept short and concise.

1. Site Selection:

Physical data: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.Site area in ha Extension of or changes to existing alignmentAny existing property to transfer to sub-projectAny plans for new construction

Insert location map and longitude – latitude coordinates (GPS reading):



Refer to project application for this information.

2. Impact identification and classification:

When considering the location of a subproject, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects. The following table should be used as a reference.

3. Checklist of environmental and social impacts

Roads and Footpaths Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

Soil erosion or flooding concerns (eg, due to highly erodable soils or steep gradients)Number of stream crossings or disturbancesWet season excavationCreation of quarry sites or borrow pits Significant vegetation removalWildlife habitats or populations disturbedEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbed


IssuesSite SensitivityLow Medium High

Natural habitats No natural habitats present of any kind

No critical natural habitats; other natural habitats occur

Critical natural habitats present

Water quality and water resource availability and use

Water flows exceed any existing demand; low intensity of water use; potential water use conflicts expected to be low; no potential water quality issues

Medium intensity of water use; multiple water users; water quality issues are important

Intensive water use; multiple water users; potential for conflicts is high; water quality issues are important

Natural hazards vulnerability, floods, soil stability/ erosion

Flat terrain; no potential stability/erosion problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ flood risks

Medium slopes; some erosion potential; medium risks from volcanic/seismic/ flood/ hurricanes

Mountainous terrain; steep slopes; unstable soils; high erosion potential; volcanic, seismic or flood risks

Cultural property No known or suspected cultural heritage sites

Suspected cultural heritage sites; known heritage sites in broader area of influence

Known heritage sites in project area

Involuntary resettlement Low population density; dispersed population; legal tenure is well-defined; well-defined water rights

Medium population density; mixed ownership and land tenure; well-defined water rights

High population density; major towns and villages; low-income families and/or illegal ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights

Indigenous peoples No indigenous population Dispersed and mixed indigenous populations; highly acculturated indigenous populations

Indigenous territories, reserves and/or lands; vulnerable indigenous populations

Svetlana Khvostova, 13/03/12,

Should this also include some social impacts? Estimated number of PAPs in the project area, etc.

Roads and Footpaths Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

Cultural or religious sites disturbedEconomic or physical resettlement requiredNew settlement pressures createdOther (specify):

Drinking Water Projects Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

New access (road) constructionExisting water sources supply/yield depletionExisting water users disruptedDownstream water users disruptedIncreased numbers of water users due to improvementsIncreased social tensions/conflict over water allocationSensitive ecosystems downstream disruptedEconomic or physical resettlement requiredLocal incapacity/inexperience to manage facilitiesOther (specify):

Irrigation Projects Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

Existing water sources supply/yield depletionExisting water users disruptedDownstream water users disruptedWater storage requirement and viability (soil permeability)Vulnerability to water logging (poor drainage)Vulnerability to soil and water salinizationSensitive downstream habitats and waterbodiesEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbedCultural or religious sites disturbedIncreased agric. chemicals (pesticides, etc) loadingIncreased social tensions over water allocationLocal incapacity/inexperience to manage facilitiesLocal incapacity/inexperience with irrigated agricultureOther (specify):

Catchment, Forestry, Grasslands Projects Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

New access (road) constructionWet season soil disturbancePotential for debris flows or landslidesSensitive downstream ecosystemsRemoval of native plant/tree speciesIntroduced plant/tree species Invasion of native speciesWildlife habitats or populations disturbedEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbedInsufficient capacity to manage catchment pondsInsufficient capacity to prohibit or control open grazingInsufficient capacity to manage new plantations/pasturesEconomic or physical resettlement required


Catchment, Forestry, Grasslands Projects Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

Other (specify):

Infrastructure Projects Potential for Adverse ImpactsNone Low Med High Unknow

New access (road) constructionAlteration of existing drainage conditionsVegetation removalWet season soil disturbanceConstruction materials impact on adjacent forests/landsQuarries and borrow pits createdCultural or religious sites disturbedWater supply development effects in available supplyEffect of sanitation development on existing disposal sitesEffects of medical waste on existing disposal systemEconomic or physical resettlement requiredNumber of potential Project Affected Persons (PAPs)In-migration/settlement induced by facilities developmentLocal incapacity/inexperience to manage facilitiesOther (specify):

4. Detailed questions:

Preliminary Environmental Information: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

State the source of information available at this stage (proponents report, EIA or other environmental study).Has there been litigation or complaints of any environmental nature directed against the proponent or sub-project

Refer to application and/or relevant environmental authority for this information.

Identify type of activities and likely environmental impacts: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

What are the likely environmental impacts, opportunities, risks and liabilities associated with the subproject?Refer to ESMF– Impact Mitigation, Disclosure and Monitoring Guidelines

Determine environmental screening category: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

After compiling the above, determine which category the subproject falls under based on the environmental categories A, B and C.

Refer to ESMF– Screening and Review ProcessMitigation of Potential Pollution: Yes/No answers and bullet lists

preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

Does the subproject have the potential to pollute the environment, or contravene any environmental laws and regulations? Will the subproject require pesticide use?


If so, then the proposal must detail the methodology and equipment incorporated in the design to constrain pollution within the laws and regulations and to address pesticide use, storage and handling.Does the design adequately detail mitigating measures?

Refer to ESMF– Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

Environmental Assessment Report or environmental studies required: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

If screening identifies environmental issues that require an EIA or a study, does the proposal include the EIA or study? Indicate the scope and time frame of any outstanding environmental study.

Required Environmental Monitoring Plan:If the screening identifies environmental issues that require long term or intermittent monitoring (effluent, gaseous discharges, water quality, soil quality, air quality, noise etc), does the proposal detail adequate monitoring requirements?

Refer to ESMF– Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

Public participation/information requirements: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

Does the proposal require, under national or local laws, the public to be informed, consulted or involved? Has consultation been completed? Indicate the time frame of any outstanding consultation process.

Refer to relevant legislative acts in Uganda.

Land and resettlement: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

Will the subproject require the acquisition of land? If so, what is the likelihood of land purchase for the subproject?Is the land public or privately owned? How will the proponent go about land purchase? What is the plot currently being used for? (e.g. agriculture, gardening, etc) List the key resources.Will people need to be displaced, and therefore require compensation and resettlement assistance? Are the relevant authorities aware of the need for a Resettlement Process, involving a census, valuation, consultation, compensation, evaluation and monitoring? What level or type of compensation is planned? Who will monitor actual payments?

Refer to the Resettlement Policy Framework.

Actions:List outstanding actions to be cleared before subproject appraisal.


Approval/rejection Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

If proposal is rejected for environmental reasons, should the sub-project be reconsidered, and what additional data would be required for reconsideration?

5. Recommendations

Environmental category: A B C

Requires an EIA to be submitted on date:. Requires a RAP to be submitted on date:. Requires an EMP to be submitted on date:. Requires preparation of additional plans (e.g. Pest Management Plan or Dam Safety Plan) Does not require further environmental or social studies

Reviewer:Name:Signature:Date:


Annex C: Sample Terms of Reference for an EIA

Introduction: state the purpose of the terms of reference.

Background information: briefly describe the need for, objectives of and major components of the proposal.

Objectives: summarise the scope of the EIA and timing in relation to project preparation, design, and approval.

EIA requirements: identify the regulations and guidelines governing the conduct of the EIA and/or specify the content of its report.

Study area: outline the time, space and jurisdictional boundaries of the study.

Scope of work: identify the tasks to be carried out, information deficiencies to be addressed, studies to be carried out, methodologies etc.

Task 1. Description of the proposed project: provide a brief description of the relevant parts of the project, using maps (at appropriate scale) where necessary.

Task 2. Description of the environment: assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area. Include information on any changes anticipated before the project commences.

Task 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations: describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, siting, land use control, etc.

Task 4. Determination of the potential impacts of the proposed project: distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental costs and benefits.

Task 5. Analysis of alternatives to the proposed project: describe alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the proposed project and identify other alternatives which would achieve the same objective.

Task 6. Development of management plan to mitigate negative impacts: recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels and describe the actions necessary to implement them.

Task 7. Identification of institutional needs to implement environmental assessment recommendations: review the authority and capability of institutions at local, provincial/regional, and national levels. Recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented.

Task 8. Development of a monitoring plan: prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation.

Task 9. Public/NGO participation and inter-agency co-ordination: describe how the arrangements for obtaining the views of local NGOs and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their deposition.

EIA report: keep it concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used.


Annex D: Terms of Reference for an EMP

The EMP should be formulated in such a way that it is easy to use. References within the plan should be clearly and readily identifiable. Also, the main text of the EMP needs to be kept as clear and concise as possible, with detailed information relegated to annexes. The EMP should identify linkages to other relevant plans relating to the project, such as plans dealing with resettlement issues. The following aspects should typically be addressed within EMPs.

Summary of impacts: The predicted adverse environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required should be identified and briefly summarized.

Description of mitigation measures: The EMP identifies feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels. Each mitigation measure should be briefly described with reference to the impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (for example, continuously or in the event of contingencies). These should be accompanied by, or referenced to, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures which elaborate on the technical aspects of implementing the various measures. Where the mitigation measures may result in secondary impacts, their significance should be evaluated.

Description of monitoring program: Environmental performance monitoring should be designed to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented, have the intended result, and that remedial measures are undertaken if mitigation measures are inadequate or the impacts have been underestimated within the EIA report. It should also assess compliance with national standards and World Bank Group requirements or guidelines.

The monitoring program should clearly indicate the linkages between impacts identified in the EIA report, indicators to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions, and so forth. Although not essential to have complete details of monitoring in the EMP, it should describe the means by which final monitoring arrangements will be agreed.

Institutional arrangements: Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring should be clearly defined. The EMP should identify arrangements for coordination between the various actors responsible for mitigation.

Budget: Outline the estimated costs for implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures.

Example formats for an EMP are provided overleaf.


Environmental Management PlanA. Mitigation

ProjectActivity

PotentialEnvironmental and Social Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures(Incl. legislation & regulations)

Responsibilities CostEstimates

Comments (e.g. secondary impacts)

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Operation and Maintenance Phase

Environmental Management PlanB. Monitoring

ProposedMitigationMeasure

Parametersto be monitored

Location Measurements(incl. methods & equipment)

Frequency of measurement

Responsibilities(Incl. review and reporting)

Cost(equipment & individuals)

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Operation and MaintenancePhase

Total Cost for all Phases


Annex E: Examples of Contract Clauses for Civil Works

Proper environmental management of construction projects can be achieved only with adequate site selection and project design. As such, the EA for projects involving any new construction, or any rehabilitation or reconstruction for existing projects, should provide information as to screening criteria for site selection and design including the following:

Site selection Sites should be chosen based on community needs for additional projects, with specific lots chosen based on geographic and topographic characteristics. The site selection process involves site visits and studies to analyze: (i) the site’s urban, suburban, or rural characteristics; (ii) national, state, or municipal regulations affecting the proposed lot; (iii) accessibility and distance from inhabited areas; (iv) land ownership, including verification of absence of squatters and/or other potential legal problems with land acquisition; (v) determination of site vulnerability to natural hazards, (i.e. intensity and frequency of floods, earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions); (vi) suitability of soils and subsoils for construction; (vii) site contamination by lead or other pollutants; (viii) flora and fauna characteristics; (ix) presence or absence of natural habitats (as defined by OP 4.04) and/or ecologically important habitats on site or in vicinity (e.g. forests, wetlands, coral reefs, rare or endangered species); and (ix) historic and community characteristics.

Project designProject design criteria include, but are not limited to, the consideration of aspects such as heating, ventilation, natural and artificial light energy efficiency, floor space (ft 2) per bed/ward, requirements for x-ray rooms, adequacy of corridors for wheel chair/bed access, adequate water supply and sanitation systems , historical and cultural considerations, security and handicapped access.

Construction activities and environmental rules for contractorsThe following information is intended solely as broad guidance to be used in conjunction with local and national regulations. Based on this information, environmental rules for contractors should be developed for each project, taking into account the project size, site characteristics, and location (rural vs. urban).

After choosing an appropriate site and design, construction activities can proceed. As these construction activities could cause significant impacts on and nuisances to surrounding areas, careful planning of construction activities is critical. Therefore the following rules (including specific prohibitions and construction management measures) should be incorporated into all relevant bidding documents, contracts, and work orders.

Prohibitions The following activities are prohibited on or near the project site:

o Cutting of trees for any reason outside the approved construction area;o Hunting, fishing, wildlife capture, or plant collection; o Use of unapproved toxic materials, including lead-based paints, asbestos, etc.o Disturbance to anything with architectural or historical value;o Building of fires; o Use of firearms (except authorized security guards);o Use of alcohol by workers.


Construction Management Measures

Waste Management and Erosion: Solid, sanitation, and, hazardous wastes must be properly controlled, through the implementation of the following measures:

Waste Management:o Minimize the production of waste that must be treated or eliminated.o Identify and classify the type of waste generated. If hazardous wastes (including health

care wastes) are generated, proper procedures must be taken regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal.

o Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each.

o Control placement of all construction waste (including earth cuts) to approved disposal sites (>300 m from rivers, streams, lakes, or wetlands).Dispose in authorized areas all of garbage, metals, used oils, and excess material generated during construction, incorporating recycling systems and the separation of materials.

Maintenance:o Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m from rivers, streams, lakes

or wetlands). o Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including oil changes, are conducted

within demarcated maintenance areas; never dispose spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems.

o Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to site vegetation.

o Install and maintain an adequate drainage system to prevent erosion on the site during and after construction.

Erosion Controlo Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts, disposal pits, and roadways.o Spray water on dirt roads, cuts, fill material and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced

erosion, as needed.o Maintain vehicle speeds at or below 10mph within work area at all times.

Stockpiles and Borrow Pitso Identify and demarcate locations for stockpiles and borrow pits, ensuring that they are

15 meters away from critical areas such as steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, and areas that drain directly into sensitive waterbodies.

o Limit extraction of material to approved and demarcated borrow pits.

Site Cleanupo Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate

disposal facilities for construction debris.

Safety during Construction


The Contractor’s responsibilities include the protection of every person and nearby property from construction accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for complying with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents, including the following:

o Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes.o If school children are in the vicinity, include traffic safety personnel to direct traffic.o Maintain supply of supplies for traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.),

road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.o Conduct safety training for construction workers prior to beginning work.o Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust

masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce their use.

o Post Material Safety Data Sheets for each chemical present on the worksite.o Require that all workers read, or are read, all Material Safety Data Sheets. Clearly

explain the risks to them and their partners, especially when pregnant or planning to start a family. Encourage workers to share the information with their physicians, when relevant.

o Ensure that the removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances be performed and disposed of by specially trained workers.

o During heavy rains or emergencies of any kind, suspend all work.o Brace electrical and mechanical equipment to withstand seismic events during the

construction.

Nuisance and dust controlTo control nuisance and dust the Contractor should:

o Maintain all construction-related traffic at or below 15 mph on streets within 200 m of the site.

o Maintain all on-site vehicle speeds at or below 10 mph.o To the extent possible, maintain noise levels associated with all machinery and

equipment at or below 90 db.o In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods, hospitals, rest homes, etc.) more

strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels.o Minimize production of dust and particulate materials at all times, to avoid impacts on

surrounding families and businesses, and especially to vulnerable people (children, elders).

o Phase removal of vegetation to prevent large areas from becoming exposed to wind.o Place dust screens around construction areas, paying particular attention to areas close to

housing, commercial areas, and recreational areas.o Spray water as needed on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material.o Apply proper measures to minimize disruptions from vibration or noise coming from

construction activities.

Community RelationsTo enhance adequate community relations the Contractor should:


o Following the country and EA requirements, inform the population about construction and work schedules, interruption of services, traffic detour routes and provisional bus routes, as appropriate.

o Limit construction activities at night. When necessary ensure that night work is carefully scheduled and the community is properly informed so they can take necessary measures.

o At least five days in advance of any service interruption (including water, electricity, telephone, bus routes) the community must be advised through postings at the project site, at bus stops, and in affected homes/businesses.

Chance Find Procedures for Culturally Significant ArtifactsThe Contractor is responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including:

o Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities;

o Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts

o Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifactso Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities.

Environmental Supervision during ConstructionThe bidding documents should indicate how compliance with environmental rules and design specifications would be supervised, along with the penalties for non-compliance by contractors or workers. Construction supervision requires oversight of compliance with the manual and environmental specifications by the contractor or his designated environmental supervisor. Contractors are also required to comply with national and municipal regulations governing the environment, public health and safety


Annex F: Format of an Annual Environmental Report for the WMDP

Relevant environmental authority:Reporting dates:WMZ/District/Municipality/Town:Subprojects approved:

Subproject title Activities Project phase (1) Env.category EIA / EMP completed?

Environmental Permit granted?

Effectiveness of EMP

Issues (2)

(name, location, title or reference)

(new construction, rehabilitation, maintenance)

See note below (A, B or C) Yes, No or N/A Yes, No or N/A Good, poor, or needs improvement

See note below

123etc

Subprojects rejected:Subproject title Activities Reasons for rejection Remarks (3)

12etc

Notes:a) Subproject phase will be one of the following: (a) under project preparation or appraisal, (b) appraised, or (c) implementation.b) Issues: accidents, litigation, complaints or fines are to be listed.c) e.g. if an environmental permit was not granted, explain why.

Ugandan Ministry of Water and Environment 92 FINAL WMDP ESMF

Annex G: Impact and Mitigation Guidelines For Proposed WMDP Investments

Table 1: Small-scale Irrigation and Drainage

Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators ResponsibilityLoss of vegetative cover, decrease in soil fertility Avoid infringing on protected areas, critical habitats or areas with

significant biodiversity (e.g. wetlands) Decreased productivity Community/NGO

Reduction in soil and groundwater quality, declines in plant growth and reduced harvests

Use the right fertilizers at correct time (e.g. before field crops are planted), and in correct amounts for the specific crop and soil type

Decreased productivity Community/NGO

Fertilizer runoff leading to degradation of aquatic environments in nearby ponds, streams and other water bodies

Use manure to help fertilize crops and build soil quality Do not apply agro-chemicals too close to streams, ponds and drinking

water sources Do no wash fertilizer bags in streams or ponds

Quality of liquid effluent and receiving waters

Decreased productivity

Community/NGO

Illness or disease due to pollution of water sources from food processing wastes

Ensure thorough training in safe storage, handling, use and disposal of agro-chemicals

Do not apply agro-chemicals too close to streams, ponds and drinking water sources

Do no wash fertilizer bags in streams or ponds

Occurrence of human (or livestock) illness or disease

DEA/ NGO/ Community

Health effects on workers Ensure thorough training in safe storage, handling, use and disposal of pesticides

Wear protective clothing Consider training and use of integrated pest management (IPM)

Incidence of worker disease or illness

DEA NGO/ Community

Degradation of groundwater, streams, and rivers from solid and liquid wastes, and consequent

Locate waste disposal sites away from surface and groundwater sources, watercourses, housing and town centers

Install grease traps and skim tanks Ensure receiving waters for liquid wastes are able to absorb and naturally

decompose the effluent Screen waste liquids to remove coarse solids Ensure waste that is stored before transport to treatment facility or landfill

cannot leak into the ground

Occurrence of illness in livestock or community

Surface water flows and ground table levels in project area

DEA/ NGO/ Community


Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators ResponsibilityUpsetting existing social and economic community management relationships, land tenure systems, security of livelihoods, and gender division labour

Avoid sites that require: Resettlement Displacement of other important land uses Encroachment on historical, cultural, or traditional use areas

Number of people displaced and compensated

Encroachment onto historical, cultural or protected areas

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development/ NGO/ Community

Conflicting demands on surface or groundwater supplies

Locate and size irrigation schemes: Where water supplies are adequate and the scheme will not conflict with

existing human, livestock, wildlife or aquatic water uses, especially during dry seasons

Withdrawals should not exceed “safe yield” from groundwater resources

Involve community in local planning

Complaints from community about water use

DWD/ NGO/ Community

Creating habitats in canals and ditches for disease carriers such as mosquitoes and snails

Assess ecology of disease carriers in the project area, and employ suitable prevention and mitigation measures, e.g.:

Site and orient water works, fields and furrows to ensure adequate natural drainage of surface water

Avoid unsuitable gradients, and creating stagnant or slowly moving water Construct straight or only slightly curved canals Install gates at canal ends to allow complete flushing Ensure adequate sub-surface drainage of fields Avoid over-irrigation Maintain water works, and clear sediment and weeds, regularly

Occurrence of higher numbers of disease carriers such as mosquitoes and snails, as documented by community survey/complaints

DEA/ NGO/ Community

Spreading infection and disease through the inappropriate use of irrigation canals for water supply, bathing or human waste disposal

Provide/ensure alternate facilities for domestic water supply, bathing and human waste disposal

Involve community in local planning

Periodic survey of community about which facilities they use for which activity

Community/ NGO

Health effects from improper storage, handling, use or disposal of agro-chemicals (pesticides, herbicides)

Training/supervision of farm workers on use of agro-chemicals to protect worker health and safety along with the environment

Training of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) scouts for early recognition of pest outbreaks and the most environmentally sound methods to combat outbreaks

Pest outbreaks Occurrence of illness or

disease among workers

Community/ NGO

Waterlogging Thoroughly assess project soils and their management needs under irrigated agriculture

Apply water efficiently (consider drip or dawn/evening sprinkler system) Install and maintain adequate surface and subsurface draining Use lined canals or pipes to prevent seepage

Incidences of gathering water from improper drainage

Soil erosion Dampening of surrounding

area due to seepage

Community/NGO


Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators ResponsibilitySalinization Avoid waterlogging (above)

Mulch exposed soil surfaces to reduce evaporation Flush irrigated land regularly Cultivate crops having high tolerance to salinity

Maintain log of hours/water used for irrigation

Community/local government

Erosion Design and layout of furrows appropriately Avoid unsuitable gradients Avoid over-irrigation Install sediment traps in fields and canals to capture sediment for return to

fields Minimum tillage, contour cropping, terracing and other methods of

conserving soil moisture

Involve community in local planning of sites

DEA/ NGO/ Community

Reduced quality of surface and groundwater receiving excess irrigation water or drainage (nutrients, agro-chemicals, salts and minerals)

Minimize risks of waterlogging and salinization (see above) Use agro-chemicals appropriately (see above) Prevent surface drainage of fields into nearby water bodies (streams,

ponds, etc.)

Involve community in local planning of sites

Training/practices of local farmers

Community

Overgrazing Development of range management specialists in Agricultural Ministry Training/supervision of herders in range management

Involve community is local planning of range management

Practices of local herders

DEA/ NGO/ Community


Table 2: Water Supply and Sanitation

Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators ResponsibilityCross contamination sewage and water lines due to pressure differentials and leaks

Employ suitable prevention and mitigation measures (e.g. good drainage around water supply points)

Complaint from community Occurrence of disease or illness

DWD

Negative social and economic effects on existing community water management practices and relationships

Consider water conservation measures instead of or in addition to a new water supply project, for example:

Upgrade or renovate existing systems (e.g. deepen and clean existing wells, reduce leakage, evaporation and seepage loss)

Introduce water recycling and reuse

Level of community participation (number of individuals involved and allocated responsibilities) in management of water supply structures

Level and quantity of water recycling and reuse carried out per community

Community/NGO

Potential land use conflicts Avoid locating project works that require: Resettlement Displacement of other important land uses Encroachment on historical, cultural, traditional use

areas, or protected areas

Number of people displaced and compensated

Encroachment onto historical, cultural or protected areas

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development/Local government/ Community

Conflicting demands on surface or groundwater supplies

Ensure sufficient community participation and organization for effective planning and management of water supply system, and for equitable water distribution

Develop water supply sources: Where water quantities are adequate and the

project will not conflict with existing human, livestock, wildlife or aquatic water uses, especially during dry seasons

So that withdrawals do not exceed “safe yield” from groundwater resources

Level of community participation (number of individuals involved and allocated responsibilities) in management of water supply structures

Local government/ Community

Illness or disease related to poor source water quality or from contaminants entering water supply system

Ensure that water is fit for drinking (make regular testing a part of the project if possible)

Ensure planning, design, and maintenance of supply, sanitation, and wastewater works is appropriate to local needs, and to soil and water table conditions

Occurrence of illness or disease Regular testing (if possible) Involve community in local planning process

Local government/ Community


Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators ResponsibilityContaminated soils from disposal of inadequately decomposed wastewaters

Ensure planning, design, and maintenance of supply, sanitation, and wastewater works is appropriate to local needs, and to soil and water table conditions

Involve community in local planning process DEA/ Community

Contamination of water source supply Protect groundwater sources from surface runoff (e.g. rainwater, spillage around wells, wastewater from latrines or homes) that may enter as drainage from above or as seepage from below

Locate source well away from latrines, septic systems, traditional defecating areas, and animal pens

Protect surface water sources from contamination from:

Runoff from nearby agricultural areas (e.g. silt, agro-chemicals, animal waste)

Other uses such as bathing, laundering, and animal watering

Garbage and vegetative debris

Occurrence of illness or disease Decrease in production due to water

contamination (e.g. stunted growth, no growth)

Complaints/problems documented form local community

DEA/DWD/Community

Groundwater contamination Ensure adequate design, installation, and maintenance of latrines, holding tanks, septic systems and wastewater soak-aways

Ensure adequate spacing between latrines and soak-aways



DEA/ Community

Surface water contamination Ensure proper maintenance of latrines, holding tanks, septic systems and wastewater soak-aways

Locate latrines, septic systems and soak-aways at least 30 meters from any waterbody (e.g. stream, lake, river)



DEA/ Community
